HIST289Y Midterm – Flashcards
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Singular natural world
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Gods and mortals all exist in the same singular world, with separate realms. Groups can leave their realms
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Journey of the Soul
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Soul retains personality and memories Charon leads souls across the rivers Acheron where they are judger (Underworld, Elysium)
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Restless Dead
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Souls can make it to the underworld and become restless (angry/wants revenge)
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: The dead affect the living
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Indirect: Restless dead could petition the gods to enact wrath (They are not crossing into the mortal realm) Direct: Restless body could ask permission to cross into the mortal realm
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Disembodied ghost
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Stereotypical ghost, white, gray, black, black,
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Embodied ghost
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Matter, look like humans, reanimated corpse
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Funeral rites
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Death is polluting (Burials outside city walls, have to pay money for this, chin strap allows the soul to escape) Living > Dead Burial of offerings: Food, wine Festivals of the dead: Lasts for weeks or days, Lemuria Festival was aimed at dangerous spirits
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Deviant burials
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Deviates from burial plot norms i.e. cutting heads off weighing bodies down with stones binding Stakes in places on the body Burying with objects in the grave
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Necromancy
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Reanimation of the body to communicate with the dead
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Ancient Roman Philosophy of Death: Corpse Reanimation Process
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Cleansing Herbs Incantations Sacrifice Outlawed because people tried to see when emperors would die
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Eschatology
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Part of theology concerned with death, judgement, and destiny of the soul
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Christianity in context: Roman Empire Teachings vs. Practice
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What the church is saying vs. what people are actually doing
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Christian Philosophies on Death: The soul and the afterlife
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Soul carries sins to the afterlife Otherworldly place: Proto-purgatory space where souls go to while their waiting Purifying fire Resurrection: People are not on the same page on the state in which you come back. Many people think you come back whole because God is divine
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Non christian views on the resurrection
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If you're resurrected, someone is bringing you back for a reason Romans thought the Christian view was weird
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Purifying fire
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In purgatory, you experience a fire that cleanses you of your sins Before decision on whether you enter heaven
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Christian Philosophies on Death: Necromancy in the early period
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No true consensus on how Christians should feel Justin Martyr vs. King Saul
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Christian Philosophies on Death: The living help the dead
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Can communicate the dead in any way shape or form: Spiritual gifts Eucharist Good burial Ransom of the soul
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Eucharist
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A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.
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Christian Philosophies on Death: Revenants and Religious Syncretism
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Spread of Christianity is a process and they had to convince people to follow this ideology Took folk myths and rewrote them with Christian teachings i.e. Hellequin's Horde
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Christian martyrs
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Christian martyrs persecuted for their faith, they loudly denounced the Roman Religion
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Principles of the Roman Religion
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Rituals: They wanted a peaceful relationship with the Gods, i.e. if they wanted good crops they would pray to the God of Crops Imperial Cult: Emperor is divine, not God/Jesus
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Christian Philosophies on Death: The very special dead
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They die and they immediately ascend to the right hand of God Because of their close proximity to God, they are able to help the living People were buried near them because proximity next to something holy may help in the afterlife Relics: body parts or material items of a Saint
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Roman reception of the relics
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They are opposed to this because they want a proper burial for the dead Death is polluting, moving around body parts is not sanitary They thought this was ghoulish and dark
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The Black Death: Clinical view
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Bacteria Types: Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicemic
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The Black Death: Humoral Theory and Miasma Theory
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Humoral: Health is based on a balance of your humors, sickness is caused by an imbalance of those humors. Miasma: Disease is spread through bad air, smell of sewage and dead bodies
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The Black Death: Geography
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Came from the silk trail and spread to cause mass death across Europe
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The Black Death: Apocalypse
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Everyone believed it was the end of the world Caused feelings of dread, fear, hopelessness because Physicians couldn't heal you Christians attached apocalyptic feeling to final judgement which helped them reconcile
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The Black Death: Christian response
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Should still remain faithful and continue to go to church to pray for Saints to help Flagellants (People who subject themselves to flogging) Many people turned away from the church because God wasn't answering any prayers. Jewish pogroms
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The Black Death: General Response
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Examples: Paying people to come and pick up bodies People lost all emotion about death Very dirty and non hygienic Coordinated efforts to stop spread: Ordinance of Pistoia Rituals about death are gone Bodies were often burned because there wasn't enough man power to bury in a mass grave
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Memento Mori
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Reminder of human mortality (Three living and Three Dead poem) Recognizing the vanity of Earthly life, in the end we are all just organic bodies feasted on by worms The art of dying well: Making sure you had your last rites, confessing your sins, talking to family members, not panicking
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Memento Mori: Transi sculptures
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When people die, rich upper class have a sculpture made of themselves, putting themselves in the best light and clothes A spectacle of one's mortality
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Proper Christian Practice: Necromancy
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Church prescribes, authorized by the church Priest or cleric could perform the rites to purify the body Exorcism: bleeding out a demon from someone's body and casting it down to hell Emergency baptism: Infants who died in infancy without being baptized are revived, baptized and allowed to die again
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Improper Christian practice: necromancy
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Non church authorized and satanic
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19th and 20th Century Notions on Human Dissection
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Western society has always felt that dissection of bodies while alive or dead should not happen Practicality: cutting into a body leads to death and infection Sanctity: Notion that the body is sacred, been around for a long time. Great chain of being: strict religious hierarchy in terms of Earth, humans are at the top The idea of cutting into the body troubles this notion: are humans just like animals if they are up? Destroying the body is destroying the soul.
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Human dissection: Medical science and education in the 19th century
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New medical technologies happening: Germ theory, sepsis, anesthesia As a result, physicians start using these technologies to improve their status in society against other doctors Changed how medical students were being taught: anatomy was now an essential class for medical school Doctors and medical students all accept dissection as a good idea, while others do not agree
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Medical science: Regulation of cadavers
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Anatomy acts to avoid body snatching Anatomy acts were humiliation for social outcasts Demand for bodies > supply of bodies Laws didn't do enough Thus men stole bodies
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Sources of cadavers
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Vulnerable populations: African Americans, mentally ill, immigrants and the poor
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Potter's field
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is a place for the burial of unknown or indigent people
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Dissections and medical ethics dilemma examples
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Students propped up dead bodies People were being paraded around Resistance ensued
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Doctor's riot of 1788
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Group of young boys playing outside hospital and saw a surgeon dangle an arm outside the window of one of the boy's dead mother Riot broke out
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Medical dissection: Burial practices altered
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Upper class people attempted to fight off body snatchers People invested to keep snatchers out of their graves (Mortsafes, Man traps, Cemetery guns, Coffin torpedo, Grave Torpedo)
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Electric Reanimation
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Electricity was a new notion People questioned if electricity was the spark of life
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Electric Reanimation: Galvani experiments
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attached rod to frog legs and sees legs moving
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Electric Reanimation: Galvanized corpse
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George Forster: They ran electricity through his face and he started spasming and making faces Reaction: People were fascinated and also horrified Andrew Ure: Attached electrodes to his chest and it looked like he was breathing, people were worried about humans going too far Reaction: Raised a lot of questions about the boundaries of science
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Electric Reanimation: Reactions/Questions
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Are we reviving people from the dead? Is the soul present in the reanimated corpse? Should science be limited?
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Electric Reanimation: Prometheus
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Stole first from the gods and gave it to man Frankenstein: modern prometheus
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Electric Reanimation: Scientific hubris
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Science has the power to solve all our problems but has a negative outcome People believed that god smites people for trying to prove they are better than him
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Archetypal Scientist
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Obsessive, reckless, focused, arrogant, inhumane Tunnel vision Never stopping to think if it's a good idea Inhumane Hero in his own head
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Monster Theory
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Disturbing hybrid Threatens society(Doesn't have to be violent) Embodies difference (Unnatural things coming together)
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Electric Reanimation: Consent
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Stripping people of their own agency
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Slavery and French Colonialism: Historical roots
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16th century slave trade: globalism, exploiting goods and resources of the territories Asymmetric power dynamic and economic exploitation
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Slavery and French Colonialism: Plantation colony
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High mortality rates, high suicide rates, cruel work, very profitable
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Western African Vodou vs. Haitian Vodou
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Vodou came with slaves into Haiti Slaves practiced beliefs under the radar Merging belief systems with Christianity and Vodou
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Haitian Revolution
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Plotted behind closed doors Important impact on how the world viewed slaves Maroon colonies
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Bizango Societies
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Linked to bokors Secretive Protecting society Align with local government Can also work on dark magic Work towards controlling society Discipline communities
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Haitian Vodou Concepts: Serving the spirits
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Combined Vodou and Catholicism Never truly understand what or purpose of God Loa/Iwa: Use Spirits as an intermediary Catholic saints assigned to Loa Community centered Organized around a vodou priest
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Haitian Vodou Concepts: Death and the Afterlife
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Death is celebrated and revered Death is an important transition into the afterlife: Peaceful eternal rest
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Haitian Vodou Concepts: Unnatural Death
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Unnatural death: part of the spirit becomes vulnerable before reaching the afterlife
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Haitian Vodou Concepts: Little spirit and big spirit
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Little: gives personality, tells you who you are, will linger around the grave for a few days until it moves to afterlife Big: Life force, literally attached to your body, goes away when you die
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Bokors
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Practiced light and dark magic Light: Used for good, spells, moral compass Dark: fringe of Vodou, not mainstream, unorthodox, evil, Talisman, Wanga/Ouanga/Spell work/ZOMBIES
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Haitian Zombification
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Spirit: Capturing the little soul and putting it into an animal or another human being Herbal: Through the allusion of death, give poison to victim, use zombie for slave labor, little soul always there
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Herbal zombies
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Vacant eyes Emaciated face Disorientation Shuffling gait See Wade Davis Theory
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Clairvius Narcisse
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Classified as a recovered zombie
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Wade Davis Theory
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Stage 1: Clinical death, paralysis, shallow breathing, burial, allusion of death Stage 2: Continuation of poison Makes you feel confused and have no sense of self Used for slave labor Loss of self an autonomy: problematic for Haitians
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Influences of the American view of Haiti
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Americans saw Haitian revolution as a potential threat to their slaves: a blueprint for a slave uprising in America Black republic: Americans were concerned because it seemed self constructive, unstable government
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American curiosities about Haiti
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Embargos on Haiti because it was a black republic created virtual isolation Many countries did not want diplomatic ties Travelogues: People stopping by and writing about their experiences
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Spencer St. John's view on Haiti
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Describing culture and people as backwards Stories that they participated in cannibalism Human sacrifice Black magic Did not provide context for what vodou was No perspective from Haitians
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Bizotan affair
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Voodoo murder Laborer wanted to improve his lifestyle so he called upon the spirits He consults sister, who says they need human sacrifice Murder young girl and tear body apart, People involved are arrested and governor orders investigation Trial: Alleged murderers were bullied and cajoled, tortured, they all confessed, all found guilty and sentenced to execution
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US anxieties about Haiti equate to
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US anxieties about Voodoo
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Response to Bizotan Affair
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Legal prohibition of vodou criminalizes herbal zombies Criminalized large groups of Haitians gatherings Criminalized spellwork
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Why did the US intervene in Haiti in 1915?
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Haiti was having a lot of problems with political and governmental stability Haiti had 200 German businessmen living there and they controlled 80% of foreign international trade in Haiti (Americans were concerned about foreigners influencing Haiti economically) Germans were there in violation of the Monroe Doctrine US reasoning: White man's burden i.e. US had the notion of Us vs. them
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Seabrook's Magic Island
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Explorer and journalist Went to Haiti and learned about the process of Zombies Haiti is then painted as a nation of eternal slaves, very primitive
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American response to Haitian Worker Zombie
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Seeing Haitian worker as a Zombie makes sense to them and it natural. Reinforces what they know about slave labor and zombies Reinforces deadening effects of capitalism
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White Womanhood in the early 20th century
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white woman are supposed behave virtuously, modestly white woman should be an object of desire White female sexuality: requires protecting from other marginalized groups (POC) White women were "victims" of black men
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Response to white zombie
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Violation of white womanhood Violation of white female sexuality Violation of racial purity and miscegenation, and threatening social order
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Purpose of white zombie
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Inspire horror along racial lines Source of horror: loss of autonomy, fear of unnatural servitude, white woman not in control of herself, white people becoming slaves under the control of a creole Threatens white supremacy, racial purity
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Germany and Global Anxieties: Background
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Germany defeated in WW1 Led to issues within Germany (economic collapse, wounded pride) Provides a good environment for German nationalism (Nazi party)
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Germany and Global Anxieties: Nazism
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Goal: unifying Germany, acquiring new territory, racial purity (Aryan), antisemitism Rise of Adolf Hitler: Eloquent speaker, populist
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Germany and Global Anxieties: American response
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Concerned with what is happening and scared of another war Nazism reflected in films
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Science and the body: Eugenics in Germany and the US
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Goal: improve human population by controlled breeding Only superior people should be producing offspring
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Views on race: Historians vs. Scientists
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Historians: race is a category used to naturalize the hierarchies that order society Science is a powerful tok used to prove that quantifiable existence of race
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Nazi Human Experimentation
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Temperature, twin, toxins, transplants etc. Purpose: Wanted to improve soldier's likelihood on surviving war. Means justified the ends for the Nazis.
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Nazi Human Experimentation: US Response
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Horrified by what is happening Inhumane and Unethical Created the Nuremberg Code
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Nuremberg Code
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A set of ten principles that serve as a guide to ethical research on human subjects. No legal binding
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Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
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The purpose of this study was to observe the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama under the guise of receiving free health care from the United States government Why this group?: Vulnerable
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Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: Controversy
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There was already and cure of Syphilis, and the people in the experiment were not provided access to the treatment. They were not told they had syphilis.
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Belmont Report
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ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research Becomes law
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Rise of the Nazi Zombie: Recurrent Themes
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Nazi scientist Weaponized zombie soldier Uncontrollable, incredibly powerful and agressive Lying in wait Fantasy history, Films are about what happens if Germany had actually won World War 2
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Bioethics in the Apocalypse
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Should zombies have the rights of humans? Should they fall under the belmont report? Did they give consent? What defines a human?
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Primary sources on a proper burial
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Odyssey Jason and the Fleece
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Primary sources on a restless dead
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Philinnion
