hist. chapter 1 – Flashcards

-inventors and businessmen in the industrial revolution became VERY wealthy -the lower class lived in filthy environments and worked long weeks/hours in dangerous conditions -the middle class did well: their standards of living bettered, life expectancy increased and infant mortality went down -GDP increased almost yearly (besides recessions)

-Industrial revolution began in England with steam power -The revolution spread to America around the war of 1812 -successes in America: mass production (firearms, shoes, sewing machines), interchangeable parts, agriculture improved (more crops/rivers and canals- specifically Erie canal) -southern cotton went to northern textile mills -north had the majority of industry/factories -south=agriculture/cotton

-Edison invented the stock ticker- which updated stock prices nationwide -Charles Dow reported stock patterns and made future predictions which allowed for public participation in investments (people had preferred bonds to stocks)

Edison and Tesla competed over which of their electricity systems would be used: Edison's DC system or Tesla's AC system. Edison's system was better suited for just light bulbs and would lose power over distance, etc. The AC system was more powerful and efficient at powering more stuff, but it was also more dangerous. They attempted to sway the public opinion on which system was better. -Edison inventions: stock ticker, phonographs, vita-scopes (motion pictures)/movies, the light bulb, research and development labs, rechargeable nickel iron batteries, x-ray, burglar/fire alarms, talking dolls/ -Tesla inventions: generators, conductors, motors (used in today's factories/cars), neon/wireless florescent lights, speedometers, helicopters, radio, remote control, death ray (tasers), -today: the majority of America is powered by AC. However, Edison's HVDC system is making a comeback for natural energy sources (wind/solar)

the cycle technology goes through from invention to maturity and widespread use

The Wright brothers won the patent on the first successful flight, however, got too caught up in legal battles of keeping the patent that Curtiss surpassed their inventions. Patents loosened when WWI came about and Curtiss as well as Boeing sold the military planes to meet war demands.

-freight trains changed the economy with their ability to hook up. -trains moved product and brought iron work in building them. -they made men rich: Vanderbilt (builder of Grand Central Station). -The union connected trains to California (instead of being separated as the south, north and Cali-- connected divided regions of America) -created huge labor market -led to national parks, traveling businessmen/circuses and the first govt. regulated industry (Interstate Commerce) -people could travel for campaigns and reach a bigger audience -created access to better nutrition bc food could be more easily transported (changing our bodies due to better nutrition)

-Chicago was located by the Great Lakes-- which was a hub for railroads (brought a lot of people in and out of the city) -Sears used the mail order catalog (used as toilet paper and had smaller design than other magazines as a marketing tactic), he used warehouses/pneumatic tubes to quicker move product-- which led to bulk stores like we now have. He was also a philanthropist and money sharer. 1/30 of the American people worked for sears (similar to walmart today) -Sauenders came up with self service at the grocery store (more time efficient)

-Carnegie didn't only pocket profits, he used money towards research to better improve his product of steel (to have the strongest structure). His steel built railroads, sky scrapers, bridges and helped the navy. He would close his plants and open better ones later-- the best was homestead steel plant. His plants had terrible work conditions- dangerous and hot/miserable environments. He sold his company and became the richest man in the world. Philanthropist that funded hospitals, libaries, etc. -Rockefeller funded the world trade center, Rockefeller, colleges, national parks, etc. He bought ships and leveraged railroad costs-- until he went around them and just made his own pipeline. His focus was on refining oil. His oil was the safe standard bc drilling was a risk. He was rich from the small use for lubericant and lamps, but became richer when oil was incorporated in automotives and machinery. He also used horizontal integration. He temporarily lowered prices to drive others out of business. -They both donated a lot of money. -They both bought up the entire process of production (raw materials-->shipping-->manufacturing, etc.) and this cut overhead costs for them through vertical integration.

-vertical integration: running more than one process of production or combining more than one company for stages of production. -horizontal integration: increasing production or goods at the same part of the supply chain-- merges with companies doing the same thing (monopolies)

Democrats in the north catered to immigrants and democrats in the south supported the KKK & did not like immigrants. In the North democrats (the ward boss) would meet immigrants where they were being processed in to the country and offer them work/housing, etc. in exchange for them voting for the democratic party. This created "political machines" bc the single party ruled big cities. (both parties did this)

-graft: (mostly Irish-American) "skimmed profit made possible by controlling the municipal government= city hall/police/utilities -kickbacks: "Politicians in charge of dispensing contracts to construction companies expected kickbacks from winning bidders — enough to pay other staff to look the other way and keep the rest for themselves" -racketeering: dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

" Management and labor didn't get along well in the late 19th century, especially during downturns like the Panic of 1873, caused by collapse of a railroad bubble, and Panic of 1893, caused by general market saturation or over-production. Miners and factory workers could unionize but management could fire the workers or break up strikes with force. Unions lacked the legal right to collective bargaining, meaning management wasn't compelled to negotiate with unions the way they were in many industries after the 1930s"

He was a socialist that believed in the distribution of wealth & that frightened the government. He spent a lot of time in jail (due to fear that it would bring communism to America). America's political system was free as long as it didn't become too liberal. He gained a surprising amount of support.

-farmers/rural workers (coal miners/railroad workers) -created due to exploitative railroads/banks -railroad companies received a lot of free land from the govt. that they would resale cheap or give to farmers... although the land was cheap farmers were forced to ship their goods East and it was costing a lot of money. Railroads took advantage and charged diff. prices based on vulnerability. This lead to an alliance of granges where they would set costs together. -first grassroots political system in the US that didn't have large funding -they forced change such as bank and railroad regulations (Interstate Commerce)

-two party system came about -first time republicans openly took campaign donations -President James Garfield was killed because someone thought they deserved a political position from him. This lead to civil service positions based on actual merit.

-manifest destiny: the belief that God destined white protestants to rule over inferior people/lands -profit/glory/happiness

-Americans benefited from Hawaiian agriculture (coffee, pineapple, etc.) -attempted to convert Hawaiians to Christianity -they outlawed the Hawaiian's ways (nudity, hula, polygamy, surfing, their language etc.) -whites brought disease to Hawaii -feudal land system: Natives only got 1/3 of land (2/3 to Royalties-- who started selling land to Americans also) -Hawaiians lost more land b/c they were indebted to sugar farmers -other populations also ruined the Hawaii natives (Mexicans, Japanese, etc.) -Hawaii lost it's monarchy and Europe gave up on taking over and gave it to Yankees -"Rather than simply taking over the islands, Americans had (cynically?) helped transform feudalism into a constitutional, western-style monarchy for indigenous Hawaiians and then overthrew it in the "Spirit of '76," complete with declarations and committees of safety" -Americans went to Japan for trade and demanded they open ports to the US -Japan didn't want a war so they agreed to a treaty -America gained trade access but didn't open ports

-annexation of Hawaii=expansion in the pacific connected to a recession -the U.S. was overproducing=needed foreign trade/exports/expansion -economic power

-wrote on the importance of sea power -wanted Islands in the Caribbean -influenced by the British who took over Canada and many other territories

-made Cuba controlled and protected by the US -gave Cuba self rule but used them to profit off exports -U.S. dismantled the Cuban govt. -Roosevelt brought in and fought with the Rough Riders and he was seen as heroic (battle of San Juan)

-Filipinos thought Americans were just there to liberate them from Spanish control -The U.S. was there to claim Filipino territory as their own and not a protectorate like Cuba

-" a two-year Nativist uprising that killed 30k Chinese Christians and over 500 "foreign devil" missionaries and merchants. Westerners called the rebels boxers to describe their martial arts, though they called themselves what translates directly into "Righteous Harmony Fists." The Boxers held Peking (now Beijing) under martial law for 55 days. Such anti-foreign sentiment could be found anywhere — " -open door policy: dictating that each country could develop railroads and telephone lines in their respective sphere but had to maintain open trade with the other countries

-without the canal the US had to operate 2 separate navies and shipping/trade had to navigate different routes -The US helped Colombian rebels gain independence (Panama)

-1904 Corollary: The U.S. would not only repel any foreign interference in Latin America; it would also intervene to resolve disputes on its own behalf. Without saying as much, the U.S. assumed the right to overthrow and replace any Latin American regime unfriendly to American interests -Monroe Doctrine warned Europe that the US would not tolerate any further colonization

-a policy of extending a country's power/influence through diplomacy/military force

support for or advocacy of social reform. -rejected social Darwinism -college educated/believed in college education -address political corruption/the real meaning of democracy, encourage voting -associated with Roosevelt -improve American society

the science of studying genetic differences on behalf of ethnic cleansing through selective breeding and sterilization. Early eugenicists didn't believe in killing anybody for the most part, but rather limiting the reproductive rights of those they deemed inferior -Nazi Germany was a mass genocide rather than sterilization. Americans didn't believe in killing people (at least not on a large scale).

-european women were voting - Women protested at the White House and Wilson had the women arrested, but when wardens force-fed them in prison to stop their hunger strikes, public sentiment swung in their favor

-critiqued capitalism -The author had worked undercover in a Chicago meatpacking plant. It wasn't pretty. He described how they shoveled dead rats into sausage-grinding machines, how filth and guts were swept off the floor and packaged as "potted ham," and how diseased cows were slaughtered for beef. Some workers were so frozen that when they rubbed their ears they broke off -this led to the creation of the FDA and Pure Food & Drug Act

too many rules and regulations. thousands of them to follow. they are well intended for safety but can grow too much overtime.

-fight poverty, laziness, abuse, low productivity, drunk driving, Catholicism