HIST 1302 Chapter 28-32 – Flashcards

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America's Good Neighbor policy:
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supported the idea of nonintervention in Latin America
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American foreign policy in Latin America in the period between world wars included all the following EXCEPT:
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insisting that the Monroe Doctrine provided a valid justification for intervention
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The Great Depression and the economic struggles it caused during the early 1930s generally made Americans:
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more isolationist in sentiment
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President Roosevelt did not intervene in the Spanish Civil War because:
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he accepted the French and British position that the western democracies should not intervene
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What did the governments of Italy and Germany have in common by the 1930s?
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Both had established fascist forms of government.
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The Marco Polo Bridge incident brought Japan to war against what country?
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China
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During the Spanish Civil War:
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Hitler and Mussolini helped the armed uprising led by Francisco Franco
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Winston Churchill, who would become the British prime minister in 1940, described which agreement as "a defeat without a war"?
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Munich Pact
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The Nye committee:
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investigated and criticized the role that bankers and munitions makers played in America's entry into World War I
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The Neutrality Act of 1935:
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forbade the sale of arms and munitions to warring nations
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The Panay incident:
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was a Japanese attack on an American ship in China
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The German occupation of Czechoslovakia had what effect on Roosevelt?
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He no longer professed impartiality in the impending European struggle.
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Germany's invasion of what country triggered the beginning of World War II in Europe?
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Poland
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The 1939 Neutrality Act's cash-and-carry provision:
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permitted the United States to sell arms to Britain and France if they paid up-front and carried their purchases on their own ships
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All of the following statements about the German blitzkrieg of spring 1940 are true, EXCEPT:
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Germany carefully avoided attacks on neutral nations and only targeted professed enemies
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In 1940, the Battle of Britain:
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saw the British turn back a massive German air attack and force Germany to postpone its invasion plans
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In late summer 1940, President Roosevelt agreed to send fifty "overaged" destroyers to Britain in return for:
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for allowing the U.S. to build naval and air bases on British islands in the Caribbean
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Members of the America First Committee were likely to be all of the following, EXCEPT:
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supporters of Roosevelt's foreign policy
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Which of the following statements about the 1940 presidential election is true?
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Franklin Roosevelt became the only president to run for and win a third term.
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Franklin Roosevelt's opponent in the 1940 presidential election was:
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Wendell Willkie
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Through the lend-lease bill, passed in March 1934, "any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States":
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could receive military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials even if that country lacked the funds to pay for those items
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The passage of the lend-lease bill in 1941 signaled what about American opinion?
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Isolationist strength was weakening.
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The offensives Italy launched in 1940 against Greece and British forces in Egypt:
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came with the help of German forces
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Which of the following countries was NOT an Axis power by June 1941?
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the Soviet Union
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In June 1941, Germany widened the war by:
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invading the Soviet Union
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The Atlantic Charter:
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was a joint British-American statement of anti-Axis war aims
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The Atlantic Charter included all the following principles EXCEPT:
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the elimination of communism
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By the autumn of 1941:
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the U.S. Navy was engaging the German Navy in the Atlantic
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During the summer of 1941, the United States attempted to restrain Japanese expansion by:
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restricting oil exports to Japan and freezing Japanese assets in the United States
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By November 1941, the United States insisted it would reopen trade with Japan only after that country:
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withdrew completely from China
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What significant objective motivated Japanese expansion into Southeast Asia and the Pacific during 1940-1941?
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the expansion's provision of access to vitally needed oil, rubber, and other strategic materials
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Which of the following statements about the attack on Pearl Harbor is NOT true?
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A specific attack on Pearl Harbor had been long expected by American officials.
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From late 1941 into early 1942, World War II in the Pacific included:
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a succession of Japanese victories that saw numerous Allied outposts fall
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Following the Pearl Harbor attack:
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Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States
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Which agency was created to direct industrial conversion to war production?
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War Production Board
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Following the declaration of war:
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men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five were drafted
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The Office of Price Administration:
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set price ceilings on and rationed highly demanded items such as tires, sugar, and gasoline
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The bracero program:
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brought some 200,000 Mexican farmworkers into the western United States
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Which statement best describes the Native American experience in the armed forces during World War II?
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Indian servicemen were integrated into regular units.
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"War relocation camps":
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housed over 112,000 Japanese Americans during the war
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British and American differences over where to attack Germany first were resolved with the decision to launch an offensive:
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in North Africa
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In early 1942, the biggest challenge the United States faced in the Atlantic was:
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German submarine warfare
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In the presidential election of 1944:
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Franklin Roosevelt won a fourth term as president
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At the Battle of the Bulge:
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the destruction of Germany's last reserve units left open the door to Germany's heartland from the west
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Less than a month before the surrender of Germany:
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President Roosevelt died in office
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Following the defeat of Germany:
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came the shocking realization of the full extent of the Holocaust
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The use of atomic bombs against Japan had what significance?
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They shocked Germany into surrendering before facing the same fate.
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The Potsdam Declaration:
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accepted the Japanese surrender and allowed the emperor to remain on the throne "subordinate to the authority of the Allied occupation"
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The country that suffered the most deaths in the fighting of World War II was:
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the Soviet Union
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Following the conclusion of World War II, the two most powerful nations in the world were:
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the United States and the Soviet Union
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All of the following are true of Harry Truman EXCEPT that he:
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had an Ivy League education
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One of Truman's great strengths as he assumed the presidency was his:
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decisive character
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On the domestic front, President Truman soon made clear his intention to:
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enlarge the New Deal
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The GI Bill did all of the following EXCEPT:
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pay veterans large bonuses to remain in the military
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A major economic problem President Truman faced immediately after the war was:
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high rates of inflation
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When confronted with strikes in the coal and railroad industries in 1946, President Truman's response was to:
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temporarily seize those industries
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The 1946 congressional elections resulted in:
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Republican control of Congress
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The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947:
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allowed the president to impose a "cooling-off" period during major strikes
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All of the following were established by the National Security Act of 1947 EXCEPT:
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the Department of Homeland Security
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Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council:
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can veto any major proposal
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The conventional, or "orthodox," view of cold war history holds whom or what most responsible for beginning this conflict?
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Stalin's quest for world domination
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By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain were becoming deeply concerned over Soviet actions in:
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Eastern Europe
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The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe:
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proved to be meaningless
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As a result of the Truman Doctrine:
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Greece and Turkey were less vulnerable to communism
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State Department official George Kennan:
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said the United States should contain Soviet expansionist tendencies
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All of the following were original NATO members EXCEPT:
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Japan
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Soviet and Communist activities in regard to Turkey and Greece were intended to:
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gain the Soviets access to the Mediterranean
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The secretary of state who devised the plan of massive economic recovery aid to Europe was:
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George Marshall
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Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to:
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launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin
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In regard to Israel's founding in 1948, the United States:
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became the first country to recognize the Jewish state
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One major reason that World War II inspired postwar changes in race relations was the:
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racist nature of the enemies of the United States
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In 1948, President Truman desegregated:
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the military
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Baseball was integrated in 1947 when Jackie Robinson played for the:
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Brooklyn Dodgers
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The United States experienced a shock in 1949 when Communists took over:
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China
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As the 1948 election approached:
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Truman seemed to be in deep political trouble
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During the 1948 presidential campaign, Truman endorsed all of the following EXCEPT:
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abolishing Social Security
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At the 1948 Democratic convention, Minneapolis mayor Hubert Humphrey urged his party to:
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adopt a strong civil rights plank
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In the 1948 campaign, the Dixiecrats did all of the following EXCEPT:
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influence Truman to slow down on civil rights
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The 1948 election is probably best remembered for:
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Truman's upset victory
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Truman viewed his victory as a mandate for:
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moderate liberalism
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By and large, Truman's Fair Deal proposals:
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were thwarted by a conservative coalition in Congress
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The Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb in 1949 inspired Truman to:
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order the development of a hydrogen bomb
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With the end of World War II, Korea:
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became divided into northern and southern halves
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When North Korea attacked South Korea, Truman concluded:
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that Stalin and the Soviets were behind it
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When North Korean Communists invaded South Korea:
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the United Nations authorized military intervention against the aggressors
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Inch'ŏn was the site:
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where General MacArthur turned the war around with an amphibious landing
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UN forces reaching the Yalu River brought about:
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a massive Chinese intervention
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Truman fired MacArthur:
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for insubordination
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The Korean War did all of the following EXCEPT:
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bring about major changes in boundaries
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In 1947, President Truman took actions to banish Communists from:
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the federal government
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The Hiss-Chambers case:
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resulted in Hiss's being convicted of lying about espionage
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The person who benefited most from the outcome of the Hiss-Chambers case was:
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Richard Nixon
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In his Wheeling speech, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists in:
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the State Department
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Senator McCarthy was very effective in:
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exploiting public fears
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President Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Act:
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because he felt it promoted thought control
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In retrospect, the cold war was probably:
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inevitable
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In the Truman years, the United States abandoned a longtime tradition with its involvement in:
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peacetime alliances
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The postwar economic boom was fueled mainly by:
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cold war-related military spending
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After the war, Americans were most eager to:
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purchase
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Two decades after 1940:
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life expectancy for nonwhites rose ten years and black wage earnings increased fourfold
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During the 1950s, the income gap between whites and blacks:
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widened
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Between 1945 and 1960, home ownership:
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significantly increased
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All of the following increased through the postwar years EXCEPT:
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family savings
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A very important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to:
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prevent the return of the Depression
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Which of the following is NOT true of the GI Bill?
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Its huge cost did not justify its benefits.
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While college enrollments soared in the postwar period:
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black veterans encountered barriers to entrance
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The baby boom:
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started in 1946
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The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:
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the sunbelt
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The location of William Levitt's first suburban development was:
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Long Island
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Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT:
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new construction of mass public transportation
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The phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s:
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was a major cause of the growth of the suburbs
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Most blacks who moved to Chicago were fleeing terrible poverty in:
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the rural South
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Blacks who moved to northern cities found:
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new problems and forms of exploitation
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By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing:
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uniformity
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By the mid-1950s, most workers:
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were white collar
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In the postwar era, the trend in the corporate sector was toward:
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consolidation and concentration
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Many critics of American life in the 1950s believed that middle-class society suffered from:
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excessive conformity
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Life magazine's ideal woman of the mid-1950s was:
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a white suburban housewife
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Newsweek magazine discouraged women from even attending college when it proclaimed that:
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"books and babies don't mix"
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By 1960, about 65 percent of Americans:
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belonged to a church
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One sign of the times came in 1954 when Congress added the words "under God" to:
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the Pledge of Allegiance
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One major reason for religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was:
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the desire to combat godless communism
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The Reverend Norman Vincent Peale emphasized:
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faith, enthusiasm, and joy
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In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the:
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persistence of poverty
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In The Crack in the Picture Window, John Keats described suburban life as:
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"homogeneous, postwar Hell"
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During the 1950s, novelist John Updike observed:
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he and other writers felt estranged "from a government that extolled business and mediocrity"
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The African American writer who explored the theme of social alienation in Invisible Man was:
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Ralph Ellison
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Jackson Pollock pioneered the style of painting known as:
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abstract expressionism
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Elvis Presley's recordings:
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blended a variety of musical styles
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Elvis was especially controversial because of his:
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suggestive gyrations on stage
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Before becoming president, Eisenhower was most shaped by his experience in:
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the military
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In regard to New Deal programs, Eisenhower:
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retained most and even expanded some of them
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Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in:
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the U.S. Army
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In regard to the Rosenbergs, who had been convicted of atomic espionage, President Eisenhower:
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refused to halt their executions
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In the Brown decision, the Supreme Court:
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struck down "separate but equal" in public education
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Secretary of State John Foster Dulles could be viewed as a sixteenth-century religious zealot in that he:
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divided the world into forces of good and evil
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Dulles's policy of "brinksmanship" involved:
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averting war through the threat of nuclear force
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Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by:
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France
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The First Indochina War ended when the French suffered a major defeat at:
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Dien Bien Phu
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Adlai E. Stevenson was:
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Eisenhower's opponent for president in both 1952 and 1956
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Richard Nixon:
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had a reputation for hard-line anticommunism and rough campaign tactics
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John F. Kennedy was careful to conceal from the public during the 1960 campaign his:
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personal health
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In the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy:
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promised to get the country "moving again"
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President Kennedy's cabinet was dominated by:
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men with new ideas and fresh thinking
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Kennedy's inauguration is best remembered for:
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his elegant and inspiring rhetoric
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Early in his presidency, Kennedy accomplished all of the following EXCEPT:
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the passage of a large tax cut
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In its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision, the Warren Court:
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required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights
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The protest tactic initiated by black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, was:
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the sit-in
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Student civil rights activists in the South would likely experience all of the following EXCEPT:
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Kennedy's public encouragement
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Violence erupted in 1962 when James Meredith attempted to integrate:
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the University of Mississippi
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In his Letter from Birmingham City Jail, Martin Luther King:
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declared his willingness to break unjust laws
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When Alabama governor George Wallace was ordered by federal marshals to stand aside from the doorway at the University of Alabama so that black students could enter, Wallace:
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stood aside
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The Bay of Pigs invasion:
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was thoroughly bungled by the CIA
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In 1961, Khrushchev escalated tensions over Berlin by:
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erecting the Berlin Wall
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The major purpose of the Soviet missiles placed in Cuba was to:
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deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba
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All of the following are true of the Kennedy assassination EXCEPT:
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the Warren Commission concluded there may have been multiple gunmen
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The Cuban missile crisis:
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brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war
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The Cuban missile crisis led to all of the following EXCEPT:
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a U.S.-Soviet agreement to scrap nuclear weapons
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Tensions escalated in Southeast Asia by 1961 with increasing Communist influence in:
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Laos
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In South Vietnam in the early 1960s:
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Kennedy was increasing the number of American military advisers
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The strongest and most visible opposition to Diem's government was led by:
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Buddhists
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President Johnson's first priority on the domestic front was to:
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get Kennedy's legislative program through Congress
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The Equal Employment Opportunities Commission was created by the:
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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The purpose of Kennedy's proposed tax cut was to:
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help the economy by stimulating consumer spending
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President Johnson labeled his overall program of domestic reform the:
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Great Society
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In the 1964 campaign, Republican nominee Barry Goldwater:
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offered a sharply conservative alternative to Johnson's policies
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Johnson's Medicare program provided medical benefits to:
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those over age sixty-five
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964:
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outlawed segregation in public facilities
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The legislation passed by Congress at Johnson's urging in 1965 included all of the following EXCEPT:
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government guarantee of full employment
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Changes in immigration law in 1965:
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removed quotas based upon national origin
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In retrospect, Johnson's war on poverty:
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generated middle-class resentment that benefited the Republicans
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965:
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dramatically expanded black votes in the South
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Beginning with Watts, the major race riots of 1965 and 1966:
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occurred largely outside the South
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By 1966, black leaders like Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown were proponents of what they termed:
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black power
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Malcolm X:
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said blacks should be proud of their African heritage
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One of Johnson's major goals in Vietnam was to:
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avoid losing it to communism
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The Tonkin Gulf resolution:
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was used by Johnson as a substitute for a declaration of war
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The Tet offensive of early 1968:
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dramatically affected public support for Johnson's war policy
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In early 1968, increasing opposition to the war within his own party:
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ultimately forced Johnson out of the presidential race
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On June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot and killed:
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Robert Kennedy
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The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago:
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resulted in massive rioting in the streets
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All of the following are true of the 1968 presidential election EXCEPT:
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Hubert Humphrey lost because he refused to alter Johnson's Vietnam policies
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In 1964, the University of California at Berkeley:
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was the site of a free-speech movement (FSM)
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Young men were able to avoid service in Vietnam by all of the following methods EXCEPT:
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joining VISTA or the Peace Corps
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By 1971, the New Left:
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had split into factions and largely self-destructed
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The hippie movement ultimately:
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began to wane as counterculture had become counterproductive
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Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique:
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explained the unhappiness of so many middle-class women
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The feminist movement suffered a setback with the:
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failure of the states to ratify the equal-rights amendment
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The most important factor behind the sexual revolution of the 1960s was the:
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development of birth-control pills
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By 2012, Hispanics:
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had become the country's largest minority
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One major impetus behind the rise of a Native American rights movement was the:
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terrible levels of poverty that persisted in the Indian population
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Indian activists ultimately discovered that their most effective tactic for bringing about change was:
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taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treaties
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In its earliest years, the gay rights movement especially emphasized:
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the importance of gays "coming out"
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The "silent majority":
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quietly approved of the social and cultural changes of the 1960s
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The figure who most influenced Nixon's foreign policy was:
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Henry Kissinger
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Nixon's "southern strategy" involved winning southern support by:
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capitalizing on their skepticism of federal social welfare programs
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In the early 1970s, angry protests began to erupt in cities outside the South over:
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busing
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The energy crisis of the early 1970s increased support for:
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environmentalism
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Economists coined the term stagflation in the early 1970s to describe:
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a simultaneously stagnant economy with inflationary prices
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To punish the United States for supporting Israel during the Yom Kippur War, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC):
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threatened to cut off oil shipments to the United States
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In 1971, in an effort to curb inflation, President Nixon:
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imposed a freeze on wages and prices
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In regard to Vietnam policy, Nixon:
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insisted that he would pursue "peace with honor"
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Vietnamization" involved:
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gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam
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In April 1970, Nixon extended the war when he sent troops into:
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Cambodia
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Shocking events at Kent State University involved:
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the killing of four students by the National Guard
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The Pentagon Papers:
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revealed that the Johnson administration had deceived the public in regard to war policy
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The Nixon Doctrine implied a foreign policy that was shaped more by:
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the effort to reshape the world in our own image
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Nixon's new relationship with China was made possible by:
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China's growing fear of the Soviet Union
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Nixon's trip to the Soviet Union resulted in:
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U.S. wheat sales to the Soviets
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The Vietnam settlement signed on January 27, 1973:
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was followed by massive bombings of North Vietnam a few months later
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As the 1972 election approached, the biggest threat to Nixon's reelection seemed to be:
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George Wallace's potential to drain away conservative votes from the Republicans
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On October 26, 1972, only a week before the U.S. presidential election, Kissinger announced:
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"Peace is at hand"
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Senator George McGovern of South Dakota:
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was the democratic nominee for president in 1972
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The burglars arrested at the Watergate apartment complex:
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had connections to the CIA and the Nixon campaign
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Essential to breaking the Watergate case was the testimony before the Ervin committee of White House legal counsel:
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John Dean
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The major motivation behind the Saturday Night Massacre was Nixon's desire to:
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avoid handing over the key White House tapes
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A sad legacy of Watergate was:
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lasting damage to the image of the presidency
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Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he:
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pardoned Nixon
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During his presidency, Gerald Ford achieved a record for:
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vetoes
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All of the following were consequences of the Vietnam War EXCEPT:
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Americans were more determined than ever to spread democracy
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James Earl (Jimmy) Carter Jr. represented:
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the new moderate wing of the Democratic party
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Within a year after taking control of the South, the Vietnamese Communists were at war with the:
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Cambodian Communists
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Nixon's Watergate-related resignation came with the revelation that he had:
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ordered a cover-up of the original Watergate break-in
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Jimmy Carter's victory in the 1976 election was aided by all of the following EXCEPT:
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a huge voter turnout
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