HIS 7,8,9 – Flashcard
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Great Wall
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a rammed-earth fortification built along the northern border of china during the reign of the first emperor
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Confucian Classics
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the ancient texts recovered during the Han Dynasty that Confucian scholars treated as sacred scriptures
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Records of the Grand Historian
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A comprehensive history of china written by Sima Qian
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Silk Road
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The trade routes across central Asia linking china to western Eurasia
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Tributary system
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a system first established during the Han Dynasty to regulate contact with foreign powers. States and tribes beyond its borders sent envoys bearing gifts and received gifts in return
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eunuchs
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Castrated males who played important role as palace servants
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Age of division
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The period after the fall of the Han Dynasty, when China was politically divided
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Grand Canal
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A canal, built during the Sui Dynasty, that connected the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, notable for strengthening China's internal cohesion and economic development
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Pure Land
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A school of Buddhism that taught that by calling on the Buddha Amitabha, one could achieve rebirth in Amitabha's Pure Land paradise
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Chan
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A school of Buddhism (known in japan as Zen) that rejected the authority of the sutras and claimed the superiority of mind-to-mind transmission of Buddhist truths
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Shinto
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The way of the Gods, Japan's native religion
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Nara
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Japan's capital and first true city; it was established in 710 and modeled on the Tang capital of Chang'an
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Who formed the first great confederation of nomadic tribes, known as the Huns in the West?
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The Xiongnu
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By taking over city-states in Central Asia, the Han under Emperor Wu were taking control of what transregional route?
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The Silk Road
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The Confucian scholar-official system began during
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The Han Dynasty
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How did Confucian scholars seek to make the Confucian classics more useful?
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Wrote commentaries on them
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What did the first Qin emperor standardize, enabling China to operate more efficiently?
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The Chinese script, weights, measures, and coinage were standardized to facilitate trade.
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How did the Sui Dynasty contribute to China's infrastructure?
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The Yellow and Yangzi Rivers were connected by a canal.
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Han coins and jewelry were usually made of what metal?
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Bronze
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What was one of the objections to Buddhism in China?
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Buddhist monasteries and temples were built on untaxed land, and monks did not perform labor service.
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Which area of East Asia was the least affected by Chinese cultural influences?
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Tibet
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What was the most glorified virtue in Han times?
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Filial piety
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The early Han policy for dealing with the Xiongnu was to
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make peace with gifts and brides.
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What was the key to the Han tributary system?
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The exchange of gifts via envoys
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What defensive barrier was built by the Qin emperor using conscripted labor?
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The Great Wall
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Who became China's main military threat in the fifth to fourth centuries B.C.E.?
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Nomadic horsemen of the north
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Which of the following was invented in China around 105 C.E.?
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Paper
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How is the title Shihuangdi best translated?
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First Emperor
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How did Empress Wu of the Tang seize power for herself?
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She took advantage of the illness of Emperor Gaozong.
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What was the form of Buddhism that spread from Central Asia to China, Japan, and Korea?
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Mahayana
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What happened to the Qin Dynasty after the death of the First Emperor?
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The Qin state collapsed.
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What was the native religion of Japan?
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Shinto
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sacraments
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certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of Gods grace, such as the Eucharist and baptism
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penance
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ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for the sins
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saints
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people who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy
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carolingian
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A dynasty of rulers that took over the Frankish Kingdom from the Merovingians in the seventh century; Carolingian derives from the Latin word for Charles the name of several members of this dynasty
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wergild
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compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes
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Justinian's Code
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multipart collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the emperor Justinian
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heresy
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a religious practice or belief judged unacceptable by church officials
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dioceses
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Geographical administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral
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popes
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heads of the roman catholic church, who became political as well as religious authorities. the period of a popes term in office is called a pontificate
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Orthodox Church
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another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power
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Treaty of Verdun
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a treaty ratified in 843 that divided Charlemagne's territories among his three surviving grandsons; their kingdoms set the pattern for the modern states of Germany France and Italy
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iconoclastic controversy
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the conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire
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For many centuries, who were the most regular foes of the Byzantines?
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Sassanids
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What was the Byzantines' most important contribution to mathematics and science?
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Preserving Greco-Roman texts
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How did people of the Byzantine Empire view themselves?
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They considered themselves Romans as Byzantium was the eastern part of the Roman Empire.
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Why did the Huns retreat from Italy in in the mid-fifth century?
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They were weakened by disease and poor food supply.
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To what does the Carolingian Renaissance refer?
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A growing interest in the ideas of classical Greece and Rome
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What emperor made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?
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Theodosius
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What was the Byzantines' best-known innovation?
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The explosive compound known as "Greek fire"
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The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor caused a decisive break between Western Europe and what empire?
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The Byzantine
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According to legend, what saint Christianized Ireland?
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Patrick
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Which of the following is true of Justinian's law code
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It became the foundation of law for most modern European nations.
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Barbarians migrated into Roman territory looking for which of the following?
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Better supplies and more farmland
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How did the "Justinian plague" affect the Byzantines?
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Its outbreak severely weakened the military resources of Byzantium
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Charlemagne used missi dominici to connect his central government to which of the following?
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Local authorities
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What was one distinction between wealthy, powerful barbarians and ordinary barbarians of lesser status?
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Powerful men sometimes had more than one wife.
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What was the original meaning of barbaros, or barbarian?
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Someone who did not speak Greek
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What roles did the druids fill in Celtic society?
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They served religious and legal functions.
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What important theological issue did the Nicene Creed address?
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It explained the nature of Christ's divinity.
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Carolingian power over the Franks was solidified by Charles Martel's defeat of which group in 732, at Poitiers?
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Muslim invaders
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Why did Emperor Theodosius destroy the pagan temples in the late fourth century?
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He expected the Christian Church's support in return.
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In the sixth century, the Byzantine emperor Justinian fought the Ostrogoths for control of what territory?
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Italy
