HGD Ch. 7 (Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood) – Flashcards
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The average child grows how many inches and gains how many pounds during early childhood?
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2.5"; 5-7 lbs
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The two most important contributors to height differences?
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Ethnic origin & nutrition
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One of the most important physical developments during early childhood is the continuing development of the what?
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Brain & Nervous System
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Although the brain continues to grow in early childhood, it does not grow as rapidly as in what?
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Infancy
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Process by which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells
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Myelination
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Has the effect of increasing the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system
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Myelination
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During what ages does the most rapid growth take place in the frontal lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions, and in maintaining attention tasks?
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3-6
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At what age do children enjoy simple movements (such as hopping, jumping, etc.)?
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3
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At what age do children enjoy the same activities, but have become more adventurous?
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4
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At what age do children become even more adventurous, participating in races with each other and parents, as well as engaging in hair-raising stunts?
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5
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What age would describe a child who is not very precise in placing the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle?
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3
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What age would describe a child who has trouble building high towers with blocks because, in their desire to place each of block perfectly, they may upset those already stacked?
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4
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What age would describe a child whose hand, arm, and body all move together under better command of the eye?
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5
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How many hours of sleep per night are recommended for young children?
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11-13
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Bedtime resistance is associated with what problems in children?
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Conduct problems or hyperactivity
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Children who have sleep problems are more likely to show what?
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Depression and anxiety
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What percent of children's meals exceed recommendations for saturated and trans fats?
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45%
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What fraction of children's daily caloric intakes comes from restaurants?
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1/3
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Young children's eating behavior is strongly influenced by what?
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Caregiver's behavior
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Categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight are determined by what?
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BMI (Body Mass Index)
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Children above what are classified as obese?
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97th percentile
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Children above what are classified as overweight?
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95th percentile
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Children at or above what are classified as at risk for being overweight?
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85th percentile
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Where does the U.S. rank in child obesity?
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2nd highest
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Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in physical activity for how long each day? (structured activity/unstructured free play)
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2 hours
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Observations of 3-to 5-year-old children during outdoor play at preschools revealed that the preschool children were mainly what, even when participating in outdoor play?
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Sedentary
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What is the most common nutritional problem in early childhood?
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia result form the failure to eat adequate amounts of what?
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Quality meats and dark green vegetables
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What is the leading cause of death in young children (in the U.S.)?
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Motor vehicle accidents
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What is the SECOND leading cause of death in young children (in the U.S.)?
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Cancer and cardiovascular disease
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Which of Piaget's stages is described by the infant's progression in the ability to organize and coordinate sensations and preceptions with physical movements and actions?
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Sensorimotor stage
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Which of Piaget's stages is described as children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings, and symbolic thought goes beyond simple connections of sensory information and physical action; stable concepts are formed, mental reasoning emerges, egocentrism is present, and magical beliefs are constructed? (Piaget's second stages; 2 to 7 years of age)
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Preoperational stage
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Preoperational emphasizes that the child does not yet perform what?
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Operations
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Reversible mental actions (Allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically)
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Operations
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The beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior (Divided into two substages: the symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage)
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Preoperational thought
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The first substage of preoperational thought, occurring roughly between the ages of 2 and 4, in which the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
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Symbolic function substage
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What are the two limitations of preoperational thought?
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Egocentrism and animism
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The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.
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Egocentrism
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The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
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Animism
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What is the second substage of preoperational thought, occuring between 4 and 7 years of age, in which children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions?
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Intuitave thought substage
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What is one limit of preoperation thought?
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Centration
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A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others (most clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation)
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Centration
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The awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.
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Conservation
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In his theory, children develop ways of thinking and understanding by their actions and interactions with the PHYSICAL WORLD
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Piaget
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In his theory, children develop their ways of thinking and understanding primarily through SOCIAL INTERACTION (especially instruction)
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Vygotsky
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Vygotsky's term for tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children.
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Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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The level of skill reached by the child working INDEPENDENTLY.
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Lower limit (of the ZPD)
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The level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.
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Upper limit (of the ZPD)
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The ZPD captures the child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing and can be accomplished only with the assistance of a what?
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More skilled person
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Changing the level of support. (Over the course of a teaching session, a more-skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance)
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Scaffolding
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According to Vygotsky, children use speech not only to communicate socially but also to help them do what?
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Solve tasks
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The use of language for self-regulation
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Private speech
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Who thought private speech was egocentric and immature?
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Piaget
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Who thought of private speech as an important tool of thought during the early childhood years?
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Vygotsky
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Who said that language and thought initially develop independently of each other and then merge?
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Vygotsky
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Vygotsky emphasized that all mental function have what?
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External (or social) origins
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Vygotsky said that children must use language to communicate with other before they can do what?
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Focus inward (on their own thoughts)
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An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction (Vygotsky's theory).
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Social constructivist approach
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The focusing of mental resources on select information.
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Attention
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Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances (one aspect of ATTENTION).
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Executive attention
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Focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment (one aspect of ATTENTION).
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Sustained attention
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One way in which the preschool child's attention is still deficient (Likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out, or are SALIENT, even when those stimuli are not relevant to solving a problem or performing a task).
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Salient versus relevant dimensions
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One way in which the preschool child's attention is still deficient (When children are asked to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, they tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment).
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Planfulness
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The retention of information over time (A central process in children's cognitive development).
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Memory
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Individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information.
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Short-term memory
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Consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information.
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Strategies
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At what age do children acquire the concept of perspectives, which allows them to appreciate that a single stimulus can bee described in two different ways.
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4
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The awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
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Theory of mind
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By age 2, a child recognizes ahat another personal will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes, and by 3 years of age, the child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container (one of three mental states).
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Perceptions
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The child can distinguish between positive and negative emotions (one of three mental states).
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Emotions
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Toddlers recognize that if people want something, they will try to get it (one of three mental states).
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Desires
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Between what ages do children come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately?
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3 to 5
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By what age does a majority of children realize that people can have false beliefs?
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5
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Describes several functions (such as inhibition and planning) that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior.
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Executive functioning
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By what age can children produce all the vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds?
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3
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By the time children move beyond two-word utterances, they demonstrate a knowledge of what (rules)?
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Morphology rules
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Preschool children also learn and apply rules of what? (They show a growing mastery of complex rules for how words should be ordered).
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Syntax
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Changes in what also characterize young children's language development? (Begin to engage in extended discourse)
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Pragmatics
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Around what ages do children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation?
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4-5
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Emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
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Child-centered kindergarten
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What is a key aspect of the child-centered kindergarten?
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Nurturing
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In the child-centered kindergarten, emphasis is on what?
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Process of learning (rather than what is learned)
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A philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities (Teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director).
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Montessori approach
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Education that focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children (age-appropriateness) and the uniqueness of each child (individual-appropriateness).
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Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)
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DAP emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage children to be what? (and reflect children's interests and capabilities)
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Active learners
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The emphasis of DAP is on the what, rather than its content?
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Process of learning
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A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.
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Project Head Start
