Health psych exam 3 chapter 10 – Flashcards
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Recent evidence suggests that genetic factors play the biggest part in the development of _____ cancer
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breast
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Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases risk for ____ and ____ cancer.
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cervical; oral
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Which of these best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.?
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Both a and c have contributed to this drop
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_____ is related to adjusting well to a diagnosis of cancer, but not necessarily survival of cancer.
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Optimism
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Testicular cancer
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varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones.
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When examining the cancer risk of exposure to radiation, living in a community near a nuclear power plant
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does not increase the risks for cancers.
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Benign tumors:
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are usually localized
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Since about 1993, cancer death rates in the United States have
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decreased significantly for both men and women
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Physical activity seems to offer some protection against
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colon cancer.
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Most cancer deaths in the United States are caused by
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diet and smoking.
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Some evidence indicates that being ___________ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer.
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obese
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Josh is a 22-year-old, nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer. His best course of action would be to
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adopt a lifelong diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.
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Since the mid-1990s, cancer deaths in the United States
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began to drop.
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Which is a risk factor for cancer of the cervix?
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Large number of sexual partners
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Which cancer has the highest incidence but not the highest death rate for women in the United States?
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Breast
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Ethnic minorities in America develop many cancers at _______ rates compared to European Americans, and they typically have cancer diagnosed _______.
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lower; later
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Which of the following is most accurate about how people get cancer?
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People's behaviors contribute primarily to cancers.
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In the United States, both prostate cancer and breast cancer
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have high incidence but relatively lower mortality rates.
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John eats a lot of meat in his diet, mainly preserved meats, such as ham and bacon. His diet increases his risk of ______ cancer.
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colorectal
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Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer?
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Advancing age
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Research indicates that psychotherapy can help cancer patients
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reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives.
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The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is
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that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues.
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HIV infection is associated with increases in
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both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often
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leads to feelings of fear, anxiety, and anger in most patients.
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A high-fat diet that contributes to high cholesterol levels appears to be a high risk factor for _______.
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testicular cancer
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Although the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking, _________ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States.
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diet
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Some types of infections and chronic inflammation raise cancer risks. What is believed about these?
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Both infections and inflammation may be more from behavior.
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Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cancer-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.
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30%
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Leo has been diagnosed with prostate cancer. Leo is LEAST likely to experience high levels of stress if
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he perceives more social support available from his wife and others.
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Alberta is African American, and her friend Eleanor is European American. Statistically, Eleanor is ____ likely to develop breast cancer than Alberta and ____ likely to die of it.
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more; less
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Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently in the United States as a result of
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HIV infection.
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Inherited genetic mutations are most likely to lead to which kinds of cancers?
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Cancers of both (a) and (c)
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Skin cancer is more common among
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light-skinned people.
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Women with a mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene are as many as ______ as likely to develop _______ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene.
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seven times; breast
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Women who consume ____ drinks per _____ have a moderate to strong risk for breast cancer.
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3+; day
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Across all cancers, _______ are due to inherited genetic mutations.
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5-10%
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All of the following are types of malignant growths EXCEPT:
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benign cells.
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When researchers (Du, Meyer, & Franzini, 2007) controlled for socioeconomic factors, what did they find about cancer in ethnic minorities compared to in European Americans?
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Their rates of survival became equal.
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Susan regularly tans using an indoor tanning bad. Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds, Susan is at a _____ increased risk for melanoma.
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75%
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During the past 75 years, the introduction of refrigeration and food additives has been linked most strongly to
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decreases in stomach cancer.
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In the United States,
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most people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not have AIDS.
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Bettye is a 40-year old X-ray technician who smokes about two packs of cigarettes a day, drinks about two alcoholic beverages a day, and eats a diet low in saturated fats. Her number one risk for cancer death is her
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smoking
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Cancer
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is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells.
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_______ factors have a greater influence on cancer development than _______ factors.
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Environmental and behavioral; genetic
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Research has found a plausible mechanism for life extension through psychological interventions. Research evidence also shows that psychological interventions:
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can increase quality of life but not longevity.
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How many American cancer deaths does the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services attribute to smoking?
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One third
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Which of these cancer treatments has serious and painful side effects?
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All of these do
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African Americans have lower survival rates for most cancers compared to other ethnic groups. These ethnic discrepancies are most likely due to
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social factors.
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According to the American Cancer Society (2012), roughly how many deaths from cancer in the US are attributable to smoking, diet, sedentariness, and other lifestyle factors?
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Two thirds
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Three patients meet in the waiting room of an oncology practice. Ronald has a type of skin cancer; Farrah has cancer in a mucous membrane; and Isabella has cancer in her stomach lining. These patients all have what kind of cancer?
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Carcinoma
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When cancer patients have surgery, what do researchers find they frequently get in terms of emotional support compared to other surgery patients?
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Less emotional support, and particularly with breast and prostate cancers
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The second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is
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colorectal cancer.
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Breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer together are the causes of around _______ of all cancer deaths in America.
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one half
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All cancer tumors are
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all of these.
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Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cardiovascular disease-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors.
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48%
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Mary is obese, and her weight increases her risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT:
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colorectal
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When researchers wanted to investigate whether psychosocial and complementary and alternative medicine interventions might benefit cancer patients, what were plausible mechanisms they thought might prolong life?
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Improvements in all these are included
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Among the following, which of these factors carries the lowest risk for cancer?
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Eating a diet high in vegetables and fruits
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In the United States, _________ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 14% of all cancer cases.
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lung
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Elsa has recently experienced fatigue, weight change, hair loss, nausea, loss of sexual interest, sleep problems, and loss of appetite after her treatment for cancer. These symptoms are most likely to follow
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chemotherapy
