Health Chapter 17 Answers – Flashcards
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Cancer
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A large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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Carcinogen
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Cancer causing agent
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Co-carcinogen
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(comorbidities): presence of other illnesses at the same time and other conditions that might affect treatment outcomes
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Benign
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Harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor
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Malignant
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Very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor
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Metastasize
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To spread from one area to different areas of the body
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Neoplasm
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A new growth of tissue that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development and serves no physiological function
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Tumor
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A neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
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Remission
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Meaning the cancer is responding to treatment and under control
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Biopsy
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Removal and examination of a tissue sample to determine if a cancer is present
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Oncogenes
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Suspected cancer causing genes present on chromosomes
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Leukemia
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Cancer of the bone and blood forming tissues that leads to proliferation of millions of immature white blood cells
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Lymphoma
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Group of cancers of the lymphatic system that include Hodgkins disease and nonhodgkin. Fastest growing cancer
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What's the 2nd leading cause of death across all age groups in the U.S.?
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Cancer
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What is the significance of cancer staging, and which stage is most serious?
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Describes how much a cancer has spread at the time it is diagnosed. Helps doctors and patients decide on appropriate treatments and estimate a person's life expectancy. -Stage IV is most serious, meaning the cancer has spread to other organs
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Non-modifiable risk factors for cancer
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Genetics, physiological risks, reproductive and hormonal factors, inflammation and cancer risks, occupational and environmental risks, infectious diseases and cancer risks, medical factors
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Several lifestyle risk factors for cancer
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Tobacco use, alcohol and cancer risk, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity, stress and psychosocial risks
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Which infectious pathogens have been linked to cancer?
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Viruses that cause chronic forms of hepatitis B and HCV are believed to stimulate growth of cancer cells in the liver because they chronically inflame liver tissue. Cancer linked to human papillomavirus infection, believed to be a major cause of cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the back of the throat, tongue and tonsils.
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What are some common environmental carcinogens?
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Radiation, microbes, ingested chemicals, environmental pollution
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What are the three most commonly used treatments for cancer?
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Surgery (biopsy or removal) Stereotactic surgery (gamma knife surgery)=targeted dose of gamma radiation to zap tumors Chemotherapy: drugs used to kill cancerous cells
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What are some of the more recently-developed treatments for cancer that hold promise for the future?
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Immunotherapy: enhance body's disease fighting system Biological therapies: caner fighting vaccines Gene therapies, angiogenesis inhibitors, disrupting cancer pathways, smart bullet drugs, enzyme inhibitors, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, stem cell research
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What are the four general categories of cancer based on the type of tissue involved?
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Carcinomas Sarcomas Leukemia Lymphomas
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Carcinomas
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epithelial tissue
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Sarcomas
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connective tissue
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Leukemias
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blood forming cells in bone marrow
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Lymphomas
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originate in lymph nodes and glands
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What are the 4 most commonly-diagnosed cancers in the U.S. (not including skin cancer)?
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Lung cancer Colon and rectal cancer Breast cancer Prostate cancer
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Which known carcinogen is responsible for 80% of lung cancer deaths and 30% of ALL cancer deaths?
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Tobacco
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Lung cancer risk factors
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-Tobacco smoking and ETS -Carcinogens such as chemicals, arsenic, radon, asbestos, radiation, air pollution
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Lung cancer Detection - No routine screening method available
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-Difficult to detect because...? -Persistent cough, chest pain, recurring bronchitis -Diagnosis: CT scan, chest X-ray, or saliva examination -5-year survival rate for all stages combined = 16%
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Breast cancer
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Most common cancer in women 1 in 8 American women will develop it during lifetime 246,660 women & 2,600 men diagnosed 2016 with breast cancer; over 41,000 women and 440 men died
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Breast cancer risk factors
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-Tobacco smoking -Excessive alcohol use -Older age - about 50% occur ages 45-65 -Early first menstruation / late onset of menopause -Family history (BRCA1 & BRCA2 mutations) -Women with no children or having children after 30 -Obesity, diet, and alcohol use -Hormone replacement therapy use (HRT or HT) -Estrogen connection
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Breast cancer treatment
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-Ultrasound / Biopsy -Surgery - lumpectomy to radical mastectomy -Radiation and/or chemotherapy -Tamoxifen, raloxifene, monoclonal antibodies
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Breast cancer prognosis
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-5 year survival rate if localized = 99% -5 year survival rate for all stages = 90% -Distant spread = 24%
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Colon and rectal cancer risk factors
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-Age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, diet 91% of cases occur after age 50 -History of polyps -History of IBS, Crohn's disease, colitis or type 2 diabetes -Excessive alcohol use and smoking may increase risk -Obesity & diets high in fat & red meat / low in fiber may increase risk -Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement may increase risk -Regular physical exercise / diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may lower risk
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Colon and rectal cancers detection and treatment
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-Regular screening for polyps after age 50 (colonoscopy) -Surgery is primary treatment -Radiation and chemotherapy can be used -Survival = >90% if detected early; late stages 13%
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Skin cancer
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Most common form of cancer (3.5 million/year), but many forms very curable.
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Skin cancer Three forms of skin cancer:
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-Basal cell carcinoma -Squamous cell carcinoma -Melanoma: Most serious (76,000/yr); can appear anywhere on body and spreads very quickly
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Skin cancer risk factors
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-Ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVB) from sun or tanning beds - severe sunburn, especially in childhood; fair skin and tendency to burn easily) -Large number of moles -Family history
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Skin cancer treatment
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Surgery, local removal, chemotherapy, immunotherapy
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Skin cancer prevention
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-Reduce exposure to UVB/UVA rays; use sunscreen!! -Examine skin regularly (ABCD test) - see dermatologist for any irregularities
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Prostate cancer risk factors
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age, diet, lifestyle, genetics, poor diet
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Prostate cancer treatment
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-Implantation of radioactive "seeds" -Surgery (prostatectomy) -Radiation, sometimes combined with chemotherapy -Hormonal therapy -Newly-approved vaccine to boost immune system
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Prostate cancer prognosis
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5 year survival rate = 99% in all but most advanced cases
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Cervical Cancer risk factors
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-99+% of cases caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection -HPV also linked to cancers of mouth/throat, penis, vulva, vagina, anus -Mainly affects women in their 20's-30's -Smoking, multiple sex partners, HPV infection
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Cervical Cancer prevention
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-Early detection/Pap test - significant ↓ in rates of cervical cancer & mortality -Pap test recommended every 2 yrs. beginning at 21; 30-65 yrs = HPV & Pap every 5 yrs; Pap test alone every 3 yrs -Two vaccines available for HPV prevention (Gardasil & Cervarix)
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Cervical Cancer treatment
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-Cryotherapy or laser treatment -Surgery -Radiation/chemotherapy Without treatment, can spread to uterus and lymph nodes
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract - Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer
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Normally occurs after age 55
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract - Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer Risk factors similar to breast cancer
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-Increasing age, prolonged exposure to estrogen, no pregnancies, type 2 diabetes, uterine or ovarian polyps, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer -Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract - Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer prevention
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Minimize high levels of estrogen and have regular physician care
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract - Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer treatment
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Surgery (hysterectomy), radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal treatment
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract - Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer five year survival rate
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96% with early detection; less than 67% if cancer has metastasized
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Ovarian Cancer
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More rare than cervical and uterine cancers but causes more deaths than both types combined
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Ovarian Cancer risk factors
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(but 90-95% have none of these!) Age, no pregnancies, family history of breast cancer, high number of ovulations during lifespan (fertility drugs)
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Ovarian Cancer Difficult to detect and diagnose
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-Often no warning signs -Early clues may be increased abdominal size and bloating, urinary urgency, and pelvic pain
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Ovarian Cancer Treatment
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-Surgery (ovariohysterectomy), radiation, chemotherapy -5-year survival rate advanced stages = 27%; for all stages = 46%
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Testicular cancer
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Only 1% of male cancers, BUT the most common cancer for men aged 20-34
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Testicular cancer risk factors
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-Family history, history of cancer in other testicle, undescended testicle, HIV/AIDS infection -Incidence has doubled in past 40 years
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Testicular cancer detection
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Self-exams (text pg. 473) Medical exams
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Testicular cancer treatment
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Surgery removal of testicle, chemotherapy, radiation
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Testicular cancer prognosis
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96% in all stages
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Leukemia part 3
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-Cancer of bone and blood-forming tissues that creates millions of immature white blood cells -Can be acute or chronic -60,000 new cases in 2016 -Leukemia can be acute or chronic and can strike at any age. -Treatment = radiation, chemotherapy, bone marrow and stem cell transplants
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Lymphoma 2
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-Lymphomas are among the fastest-growing cancers, with an estimated 81,000 new cases in 2016 and 21,000 deaths. -Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphomas included -The cause is unknown, but a weakened immune system is suspected. -Treatments vary by type and stage; chemotherapy and radiation frequently used. -Survival rates high if detected early
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Pancreatic cancer
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-One of the deadliest forms of cancer 53,070 diagnosed in 2016; 41,780 deaths -1 year survival rate - 27% -5 year survival rate - 7% -Stage IV 5 year survival rate = 1%
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Head and neck cancers
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-Cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and nasal cavity -Primarily caused by tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption -Incidence twice as high in men as in women -Chemotherapy/radiation/surgery - primary treatments -Can cause disfigurement, lead to other primary cancers of the head and neck -61% survival rate after five years
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Colon cancer diagnostic or screening methods
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Regulatory screening, colonoscopy
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Breast cancer diagnostic or screening methods
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Mammography, clinical breast exam, self-exam
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Prostate cancer diagnostic or screening methods
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Digital rectal exam, PSA test
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Which type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States?
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Lung cancer
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What is the most common cancer in women?
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Breast cancer
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What's the significance of "BRCA1 and BRCA2"?
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They are genes that produce tumor suppressing proteins
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What is the most common cancer in men of all ages?
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Prostate cancer
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Which type of cancer is caused primarily by HPV, and in what two ways could the effect of this risk factor be drastically reduced?
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Cervical cancer, PAP test and two vaccines Gardasil and Cervavix
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What is the main reason that ovarian and lung cancers have higher rates of death than other types of cancer?
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There is no way of early detection
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What is the main type of cancer to affect men aged 20-35?
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Testicular cancer
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Which is the most serious type of skin cancer?
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Melanoma
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What preventive measures will help reduce the risk of skin cancers?
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Reduced exposure to UV rays
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What is the "ABCD" test for skin cancers?
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Asymmetry, boarder irregularity, color, diameter larger than 1/4 inch, evolving
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What are the main causes of head and neck cancers?
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Tobacco use and excessive alcohol
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What types of additional problems and issues might cancer survivors face?
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There may be physical and emotional issues as well as financial issues related to health insurance and cost of care to cope with for years after cancer diagnosis and treatment. Also have to live with possibility of recurrence.
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15.5 million survivors in the U.S. - an all-time high But....many are living with chronic issues
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-Quality of life for patient - physical, psychological, vocational, economic issues -Caregiver stress -Awareness of all related issues has greatly increased
