Health 312 Chapter 13 &14 – Flashcards
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a tumor whose cells do not spread to other parts of the body
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benign tumor
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unregulated multiplication of cells in the body
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cancer
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a tumor whose cells spread throughout the body
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malignant tumor
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the process by which cancer cells spread throughout the body
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metastasis
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a physician who specializes in the causes of diseases
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pathologist
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a mass of abnormal cells
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tumor
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cigarette smoke is estimated to be the primary cause in the development of at least 30% of all cancers
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True
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in this tumor the cells generally undergo metastasis, enter the lymphatic system and bloodstream, and are carried to other organs
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Malignant tumors
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Carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas
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The 4 categories
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lungs, breast, prostate, colon
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50% of all cancers
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cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells
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stage 1
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cancer cells begin in metastasize and may migrate to nearby lymph nodes
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stage 2
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cancer cells have spread throughout the body and tumors may have started to grow in other organs
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stage 3
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often a terminal stage; tumors are found throughout the body and usually are resistant to treatment
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stage 4
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ionizing radiation, infectious microorganisms, cancer-causing chemicals
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3 classes of environmental agents
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x-rays, UV light, radioactivity whose energy can damage cells and chromosomes UV light-UVA and UVB wavelengths are both dangerous
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ionizing radiation
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-tumor viruses, there have been only 4 viruses that have been associated with specific human cancers -hepatitis B and C (liver cancer) -papillomavirus (genital and cervical cancer) -human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus -epsten-barr virus (cancer of the nose or pharynx)
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infectious microorganisms
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-environmental chemicals that an interact with cells to initiate cancer -mesothelioma, a rare form of lung cancer that only occurs among persons exposed to asbestos fibers -industry exposure risk is low compared to tobacco and diet
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Chemical carcinogens
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-causes more deaths among men and women than any other form of cancer does -almost completely preventable if people would stop smoking -rate is increasing in other nations
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lung cancer
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-both men and women can develop breast cancer, but it occurs very rarely among men -factors that can cause it are increased weight, less exercise, increased dietary fat
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Breast cancer
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-monthly breast self-exams beginning at age 20 -mammograms every 1 to 2 years for women in their 40s -the drug tamoxifen can be used for breast cancer treatment as well as protection
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ways to prevent breast cancer
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rate has increased in young men possibly because of exposure to xenoestrogens -failry rare and can be cured if detected early
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testicular cancer
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-occurs primarily in men over age 65 -early diagnosis relies on two tests: finger rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen test -develops very slowly
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prostate cancer
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-melanoma is a malignant form of skin cancer -it is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer among Americans -exposure to sunlight is the primary cause of all forms of skin cancer
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skin cancer
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aymmetry border color diameter
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abcd
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-colon cancer affects men and women equally -it causes about 60,000 deaths annually in the United States -no screening test for colon cancer is completely accurate -certain inherited genes are known to increase risk of colon cancer
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colon cancer
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-surgery to remove the tumor -radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells -chemotherapy, or the use of toxic chemicals (drugs) to kill cancer cells
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treatments
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-20,000 new child cancer patients every year -80% are cured and live to adulthood -many have ongoing medical problems
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childhood cancers
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removal of cells from a tumor for examination under a microscope
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biopsy
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gene responsible for familial breast cancer and genes that cause susceptibility to colon cancer; increases the risk of a person developing cancer in his or her lifetime
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cancer susceptibility gene
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a branch of science that studies the causes and frequencies of diseases in human populations
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epidemiology
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permanent changes in genetic information in a cell; only mutations in sperm and eggs are inherited
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mutations
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a form of lung cancer caused by asbestos
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mesothelioma
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viruses that infect cells, change their growth properties, and cause cancer
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tumor viruses
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environmental chemicals that mimic the effects of natural estrogen; may cause cancer
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xenoestrogens
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x-ray pictures used to detect tumors in the breast
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mammogram
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a form of skin cancer that usually can be removed surgically
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basal cell carcinoma
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a particularly dangerous form of skin cancer
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melanoma
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cancer of the top layer of skin; most are curable if removed early
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squamous cell carcinoma
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any of a series of blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body
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arteries
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extremely small blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to tissues
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capillaries
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any disease that causes damage to the heart of to major arteries leading from the heart
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cardiovascular disease
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two arteries arising from the aorta that supply blood to the heart muscle
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coronary arteries
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death of, or damage to, part of the heart muscle caused by an insufficient blood supply
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heart attack
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death of heart cells resulting from a blocked blood supply
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infraction
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an insufficient supply of blood to the heart
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ischemia
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muscular wall of the heart that contracts and relaxes
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myocardium
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an insufficient supply of blood to the brain, resulting in loss of muscle function, loss of speech, or other symptoms
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stroke
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blood vessels that return blood from tissues to the heart
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veins
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the large artery that transports blood from the heart to the body
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aorta
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irregular heartbeat
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arrythmia
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rapid, erratic contraction of the upper chambers of the heart
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atrial fibrillation
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a physician who specializes in diseases of the heart
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cardiologist
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an electrical device that can restart a heart that has stopped beating by delivering electrical shocks to it
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defibrillator
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an electrical device implanted in the chest to control irregular heartbeats
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pacemaker
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the region of the heart that produces an electrical signal that causes the heart to contract
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sinoatrial node
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medical term for chest pain caused by coronary heart disease; a condition in which the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood, resulting in chest pain
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angina pectoris
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hardening of the arteries
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atreriosclerosis
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a disease process in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the arteries and block the blow of blood
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artherosclerosis
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an emergency lifesaving procedure used to revive someone who has stopped breathing of suffered cardiac arrest
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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deposit of fatty substances in the inner lining of arteries
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plaque
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swelling of veins (usually in the legs) resulting from defective valves
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varicose veins
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a ballooning out of a vein or artery
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aneurysm
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visualization of blocked coronary arteries by using a catheter and monitoring blood flow in coronary arteries; a dye is injected through the catheter
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cardiac catheterization
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surgery to improve blood supply to the heart muscle by replacing the damaged portion of the artery with a graft
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coronary artery bypass surgery
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surgery performed on the opened heart while the blood supply is diverted through a heart-lung machine
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open-heart surgery
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a procedure to open blocked arteries
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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removal of fatty deposits in arteries in the neck to prevent a stroke
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carotic endarterectomy
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an inherited disease causing extremely high levels of cholesterol in the blood
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familial hyperlipidemia
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the carrier of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for removal from the circulation; carrier of "good" cholesterol
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high-density lipoprotein
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the carrier of "bad" cholesterol in blood
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low-density lipoprotein
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a protein in blood that is a measure of chronic inflammation and risk of a heart attack
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C-reactive protein
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the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes (the lower number)
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diastole
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high blood pressure that is not caused by any observable disease
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essential (primary) hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by a recognizable disease
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secondary hypertension
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a class of drugs that block synthesis of cholesterol in the blood
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statins
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the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (the higher number)
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systole
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a model embracing five risk factors that puts people who have at least three risk factors at risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and premature death
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metabolic syndrome
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behaviors characterized by traits, such as time urgency or hostility, that contribute to the risk of heart disease
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type A behavior
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the process by which cancer causes death
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metastasis
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ionizing radiation, cigarette smoking, tumor viruses
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environmental agents that increase the risk of cancer
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mutation
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a cancer cell usually begins with a
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chemicals in the environment that mimic the action of hormones
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xenoestrogens
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-first child born after age 30 -no biological children -onset of menarche before age 14
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factors that increase the risk of great cancer
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The risk of skin cancer is strongly influenced by ______ and stomach cancer risk by ______.
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sunlight; diet
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the best treatment for curing cancer
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surgery
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sigmoidoscopy is used to detect
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colon cancer
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Leukemia is caused by
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changes in organs that make blood cells
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The greatest number of cancer deaths in men and women
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Lung cancer
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Cancer is a disease in which cells grow in an unregulated, way.
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True
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Susceptibility to breast or colon cancer cannot be inherited
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False
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Cigarette smoking is the cause of about one-third of all cancers.
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True
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Several genetic changes must occur in a cell before is can develop into a tumor
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True
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cardiovascular disease is caused by damage to the _____
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heart and arteries
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the major cause of a heart attack
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atherosclerosis
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the nitroglycerin is used to relieve symptoms of _____
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angina
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cardiac catheterization
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reduced blood flow in arteries is detected by
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sudden weakness in an arm or leg
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warning signs of a stroke
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ballooning out of an artery or vein
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an aneurysm is due to
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cholesterol circulates in blood in ___?
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lipoproteins
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cardiovascular disease
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The level of homocysteine in the blood predicts the risk of
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a stroke is caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart and brain
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False
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major risk factors for cardiovascular disease are high blood pressure and high cholesterol
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True
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high blood pressure is mainly due to stress
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False
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normal blood pressure is defined as 140/90 (systolic/diastolic) or lower.
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True
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One drink of alcohol a day increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
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True
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Dietary soy products may reduce the risk of a heart attack
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False
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consumption of either green or black tea increases the risk of cardiovascular disease
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False
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upper two chambers of the heart
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left and right atrium
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lower two chambers of the heart
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left and right ventricle
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a tumor that is noncancerous is said to be
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benign
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when cancer cells travel from one part of the body to another
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metastasis
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true
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The great majority of human cancers are preventable
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false
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Most people have received up to 80% of their lifetime exposure to ultraviolet radiation by the time they are age 20
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carcinomas
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most cancers are
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cancer of the skin or of the membranes surrounding body organs
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carcinoma
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true
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Cigarette smoke is estimated to cause approximately 30% of all forms of cancer
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about 80 to 90 percent of all cancers are caused by.....?
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environment
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lung cancer
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mortality from colon cancer is exceeded in the United States only by
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true
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routine testicular self-exams and breasts self-exams are critical in early detection of testicular and breast cancer, respectively
