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Cancer

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Set of diseases in which abnormal body cells multiply and spread forming a tumor. 2nd leading cause of death in the US.

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Tumors can be:

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Benign (noncancerous) Malignant (cancerous)

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Metastasis

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The process by which malignant body cells proliferate and spread.

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Types of Cancer

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Carcinomas, Sarcomas, Lymphomas, and Leukemias

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Carcinomas

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Cancer of the epithelial cells that link the outer and inner surfaces of the body (breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancer.) 85 percent of all adult cancers. 1 out of ever 6 people in the US. Skin cancer is the most common.

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Sarcoma

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Cancer that strikes muscles, bones, and cartilage. 2 percent of all cancers in adults.

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Lymphoma

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Cancer of the body's lymphatic system. Includes Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. About 75,000 cases per year. 8,510 cases were Hodgkin's and 65,980 were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

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Hodgkin's Disease

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A rare form of lymphoma that spreads from a single lymph node.

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non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

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In which malignant cells are found at several sites.

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Leukemia

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Cancer of the blood and blood-producing system, like bone marrow. Leads to a proliferation of while blood cells in the bloodstream and bone marrow, which impair the immune system. About 48,000 cases per year; mostly adults.

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Gender and Cancer

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More men (1 in 2) develop cancer than women (1 in 3), although women are more likely to develop cancer before the age of 60.

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Cancer Leading Cause of Death

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Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in children as well as in adults.

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Common Cancer killer

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Women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer, but lung cancer is the top killer of both.

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AA and Cancer

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AA have the highest incidence rates for cancer in the US (60% higher due to lung/prostate cancer in men. - more likley to die and tend to have less access to health insurance and health care facilities. - AA women are less likely to perform regular breast cancer screening. Their rates of breast cancer are lower but they're more likely to die from it. - Differences in diet, tobacco use, and other risk factors.

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Cancer Development from Genetic and Biological Causes

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Less than 25% of all cancers develop from only genetic and biological causes.

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Biggest Risk for Cancer

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Lifestyle factors; tobacco use, diet, alcohol, physical activity, and overweight and obesity.

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Carcinogen

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Agent that causes cancer

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Tobacco Use and Cancer Risks

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Implicated in 1 of every 5 US deaths, usually through cancer. The most lethal carcinogen, creates cancer in virtually every organ of the body. (lung, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, uterine cervix, kidney, and bladder.)

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Diet and Cancer Risks

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A primary factor in 1/3 of all cancer deaths. Includes the types of food you eat, how they are prepared, and how much you eat. High fat diets are the most deadly. - Women whose diets include the most fat are most likely to get breast cancer.

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Dietary Recommendations to help reduce their risk of developing Cancer:

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1. Reducing intake of foods and drinks that promote weight gain, namely energy-dense foods and sugary drinks. 2. Mostly eating foods of plant origin. 3. Limiting intake of red meant and avoiding processed meat. 4. Limiting consumption of alcohol. 5. Reducing intake of salt and avoiding moldy cereals or pulses.

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Foods that Protective against Cancer

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Whole grain, high fruit and vegetable, and low fat diet. Antioxidants, Carotenoids, Beta-carotene, lycopene.

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Antioxidants

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Such as vitamins A and C may buffer against the cell-damaging activities of free radicals.

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Carotenoids

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Light-absorbing pigments found in certain plants that give carrots, tomatoes, and other food their color and are rich in antioxidants. Dark green, yellow, and orange vegetables.

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Nurses Health Study

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Women who consumed 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables were 25% less likely to develop breast cancer.

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Alcohol

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Excessive drinking is a major risk factor for cancer of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. May also contribute to breast, colorectal, and liver cancer. - Consuming two plus a day creates at least 25% greater risk of breast cancer.

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Physical Activity

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Lack of physical activity may be a risk factor for colon cancer. Physically active women have lower rates of breast cancer. Walking is as effective as more challenging forms of exercise. It is estimated that 1/3 of all breast cancers could be prevented if women ate less and exercised more.

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Overweight and Obesity

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Increased risk of cancer in the endometrium, colon, kidney, esophagus, pancreas, ovaries, and gallbladder.

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Posible causes of the link btw being fat and cancer:

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Exact causal mechanisms are unknown; possible mechanisms include alterations in sex hormones, insulin, IGF-1.

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Being overweight at 50

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increases risk of death by 20-40%

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Family History and Cancer Risks

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Only a small number of cases of breast cancer are inherited. 95% are a combination of genetic and preventable risk factors.

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Environmental and Occupational Hazards and Cancer Risks

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Thought to contribute to about 2% of cancers mainly bladder and lungs. Air pollution increases risk for lung cancer by 50% and smoking by 2000%

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Toxic Chemicals

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Asbestos, vinyl chloride, arsenic, chlorine containing compounds in household cleaners may also be risky.

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Radiation

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Sun exposure UVB rays that damage DNA accounts for 90% of skin cancers

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How many Americans will develop skin cancer?

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40-50% of Americans who reach 65 will develop skin cancer.

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Melanoma

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Deadly form of skin cancer

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Sunbathe

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Sunbathing is the single greatest risky behavior that contributes to skin cancer.

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Those with the deepest tans are?

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Least knowledgeable about skin cancer. Are more relaxed. Are more sensitive to the influence of peers who value a good tan. Tend to take other health risks. Are more focused on their appearance.

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Immunocompetence

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The overall ability of the immune system, at any given time, to defend the body against the harmful effects of foreign agents. Depends on: overall health, the nature of the health threatening disease or foreign agent, and perceived stress.

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Immune Surveillance Theory

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The theory that cells of teh immune system play a monitoring function in searching for and destroying abnormal cells like cancer cells. When the immune system is overwhelmed or weakened by stress, cancer may be more likely to develop.

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Global Immunosuppression Model

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Early theory that proposed that stress always suppresses immune responses, has be refined to the Biphasic Model.

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Biphasic Model

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Proposes that only the most chronic stressors cause global immunosuppression; short-term stressors may have no clinical significance.

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Cancer Treatment Options

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Surgery Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Radiation Therapy Alternative Treatments

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Surgery

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Oldest and most effective 60% of cancer patients have surgery. Diagnostic (biopsy) Preventive(removal of a benign growth) Staging (determine the extent of the disease) Curative (removing a tumor) Restorative (to reconstruct a person's appearance or function of an organ or body part)

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Warning Sign of Cancer

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CAUTION Change in bowel or bladder habits. A sore that does not heal. Unusual bleeding or discharge. Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing. Recent change in a wart or mole. Nagging cough or hoarseness.

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Chemotherapy

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Use of medicines to treat cancer in a 'systemic' way. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue.

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Immunotherapy

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Newest form of chemotherapy with medications used to support or enhance immune system's ability to selectively target cancer cells.

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Radiation Therapy

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Used in 1/2 cases Using x-rays/gamma rays to destroy malignant tumors.

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Alternative Treatments

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Generally unproven; many can relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Aromatherapy, biofeedback, meditation, music therapy, prayer and spiritual practices, yoga, tai chi, art therapy, massage therapy, and herbal treatments.

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Cancer Surgery Coping

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Associated with higher levels of distress and slower rates of emotional recovery than other surgeries.

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Fighting Spirit

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Among breast cancer patients is associated with a lower morality rate than denial, helplessness, or stoic acceptance.

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Optimism and Cancer Coping

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Optimism at the time of diagnosis is associated with active, engaged coping. Optimist may have more difficulties with long term adjustment issues.

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Emotional Intelligence (EI)

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The ability to regulate emotion, is associated with skills that promote active coping with traumatic events.

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Individuals with low EI

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May be less effective in eliciting social support, less capable of recognized and responding to supportive responses.

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Procedural Info

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Knowledge regarding treatment has wide-ranging benefits. Fewer negative emotions, reduced pain, briefer hospital stays).

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Emotional Disclosure

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Associated with better prognosis and increased survival rates. Active processing emotion may open up avenues for more effective coping. Peer support and group interventions decrease depression and anxiety.

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Behavioral and psychosocial interventions

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May lower stress hormone levels, improve immune function.

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Cognitive Behavior Interventions

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Focus on stress/pain relief, control on aversive reactions to treatment, enhancement of emotional well-being; in children, focus on increasing adherence and reducing suffering. Hypnosis, progressive muscle relaxation with guided imagery, systematic desensitization, biofeedback, cognitive distraction.

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Guided Imagery

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The use of one or more external devices to assist in relaxation and the formation fo clear, strong images. The body reacts similarly to sensory events, whether real or imagined. Imagery triggers a state of relaxed concentration that increases sensitivity to health-promoting images. Gives the patient an increased sense of control and a decreased sense of helplessness. May trigger a placebo effect involving health-enhavncing physiological changes.

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Systematic Desensitization

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A form of behavior therapy used for overcoming phobias and other conditioned responses, in which the person is exposed to a series of increasingly fearful situation while remaining deeply relaxed.

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SD and Chemotherapy

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Used to counter the classically conditioned side effects of chemotherapy. Begins with the development of a hierarchy of images/feelings associated with the procedure. Individuals treated with SD had on average 15 hrs less of nausea following procedures.

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