question

What does "socioeconomic status" refer to? race social class culture cohort

answer

social class

question

In social learning theory, modeling is a process by which people: accommodate and assimilate social experiences. gain knowledge about themselves and their place in the world. change themselves to adapt to the social context. observe the actions of others and then copy them.

answer

observe the actions of others and then copy them.

question

To say that something is "empirical" means that it is: based on data. philosophical in nature. multidirectional. theoretical.

answer

based on data

question

In order to establish what causes a behavior, what research method must be used? a case study correlation an experiment scientific observation

answer

an experiment

question

What is the first step of the scientific method? pose a question test the hypothesis draw conclusions develop a hypothesis

answer

pose a question

question

Which of the following is a LIMIT to observation as a research method? The results are quantitative. It is not scientific. It does not provide information as to what causes behavior. It cannot be conducted in a laboratory setting.

answer

It does not provide information as to what causes behavior.

question

John, 72, is trying to make sense out of his life. He feels great disappointment when he thinks about the goals that he never reached. His behavior falls into which of Erikson's stages? intimacy versus isolation integrity versus despair identity versus role confusion industry versus inferiority

answer

integrity versus despair

question

Plasticity highlights the fact that a person's: potential is evident at birth. developmental traits remain the same over time. developmental traits can change over time. developmental traits are set in childhood

answer

developmental traits can change over time

question

A father wants his son to start helping his mother do the laundry. According to social learning theory, the father should: explain to his son that his mother needs his help. promise to buy his son a present if he helps. help out with the laundry himself. tell his son that he can't ride his bike unless he helps.

answer

help out with the laundry himself

question

Lorena is collecting data on the frequency of automobile accidents at a particular intersection. The data she is collecting is: qualitative. quantitative. hypothetical. correlational

answer

quantitative

question

The basic unit on a chromosome used for the transmission of heredity is called a(n): cell. RNA. gene. protein

answer

gene

question

In the United States and Canada, folic acid is now added to many foods. The rate of __________ has decreased. miscarriages rubella alcohol abuse spina bifida

answer

spina bifida

question

The use of tobacco during pregnancy: can cause deafness. poses no problem. can harm the baby's teeth. may affect the baby's urinary tract.

answer

may affect the baby's urinary tract

question

Parental involvement in kangaroo care consists of: skin-to skin-contact between parent(s) and newborn. no contact. extensive visitation with the newborn. tight swaddling

answer

skin-to skin-contact between parent(s) and newborn.

question

What percentage of DNA is shared among members of the human race? 79.9 percent 50 percent 100 percent 99.5 percent

answer

99.5 percent

question

Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than ____ at birth. seven pounds five and one-half pounds three pounds 10 pounds

answer

five and one half pounds

question

The embedding of the prenatal organism into the lining of the uterus is called: ovulation. fertilization. implantation. conception

answer

implantation

question

Additive genes contribute to the: gamete. dominant-recessive pattern. phenotype. genotype

answer

phenotype

question

The neural tube eventually develops into: the cardiovascular system. the skeletal system. the visual system. the spinal cord

answer

spinal cord

question

Differentiation occurs when: the combined material from both gametes meshes together. the zygote reaches the four-cell stage. cells begin to specialize. the sperm and ovum meet

answer

cells begin to specialize

question

One-year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating: habituation. deferred imitation. grasp ability. a launching event.

answer

deferred imitation

question

Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months. 10 14 seven 15

answer

15

question

By 24 months, most children are about ____ percent of their adult height. 50 60 30 40

answer

50

question

Typical two-year-olds are already: 25 percent of their adult weight. 25 percent of their adult height. 50 percent of their adult weight. 50 percent of their adult height.

answer

50% of their adult height

question

The term "holophrase" refers to: a single word that expresses a complete thought. reflexive communication. a word with no implied meaning. verb-friendly language.

answer

a single word that expresses a complete thought.

question

Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months. 10 seven 15 14

answer

15

question

Which term is used to describe the process in which unused neurons die? selective elimination pruning neuron reduction dendrite reduction

answer

pruning

question

At what age should foods besides milk be added to an infant's diet? eight months two months three months six months

answer

6 months

question

Behaviorists believe that a mother who _________ will stimulate her child's communication skills. ignores mistakes uses sign language gives reinforcement points out mistakes

answer

gives reinforcement

question

Piaget was a theorist of: psychoanalysis. behaviorism. social learning theory. cognition.

answer

cognition

question

Excessive stress during infancy impairs the brain, particularly in areas associated with: hearing. vision. sensorimotor skills. emotional development.

answer

emotional development

question

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called: timed communication. social attachment. synchrony. social referencing.

answer

synchrony

question

According to the text, _________ encourage infants to explore, whereas _______ tend to be more cautious. mothers; fathers mothers; babysitters babysitters; fathers fathers; mothers

answer

fathers;mothers

question

High-intensity, vigorous play tends to occur more with: fathers. None of these answers is correct. mothers. grandparents

answer

fathers

question

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver? secure insecure-resistant/ambivalent insecure disorganized

answer

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

question

According to the text, nonrelative child care in a home is referred to as: kangaroo care. kinship day care. family day care. preschool.

answer

family day care

question

A typical infant begins laughing at: one month. five months. two months. three months.

answer

three months

question

A person dressed in an Easter bunny costume approaches two-year-old Robyn to give her candy. She begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting: anger. separation anxiety. stranger wariness. separation wariness.

answer

stranger wariness

question

The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are: fear and anger. crying and contentment. laughter and curiosity. social smiles.

answer

crying and contentment

question

Which statement is TRUE? Secure infant-mother attachments are less likely among center care infants than among infants raised at home. No study finds that children of employed mothers differ from other children solely because their mothers are working. Center care impedes cognition and language in infants and preschoolers. Developmentalists agree in their interpretations of data from longitudinal studies of day care.

answer

No study finds that children of employed mothers differ from other children solely because their mothers are working.

question

When does an infant normally begin to express anger? six months eight months two months four months

answer

6 months

question

When temperament is described as being "biologically based," this means that traits: originate with one's genes. are influenced by nurture. are considered to be primarily learned. originate with child-rearing practices.

answer

originates with one's genes

question

A six-week-old infant expresses happiness in response to a human face by displaying: a cooing sound. laughter. contentment. a social smile

answer

a social smile

question

Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze, scream, and/or hit themselves? resistant disorganized insecure avoidant

answer

disorganized

question

The importance of synchrony is that infants learn to: All of these answers are correct. connect an internal state with an external expression. develop skills of social interaction. read others' emotions.

answer

all of these answers are correct

question

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called: social referencing. social attachment. synchrony. timed communication.

answer

synchrony

question

An infant's smile normally emerges: after infants learn to distinguish strangers from caregivers. only if he is being fed. at about six weeks of age. only in secure attachment relationships

answer

at about six weeks of age

question

High-intensity, vigorous play tends to occur more with: mothers. fathers. None of these answers is correct. grandparents.

answer

fathers

question

Why do experts prefer the term "injury control" to the term "accident prevention"? The word "prevention" is overused and is generally avoided by all experts. The use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable. Though accidents can be prevented, it is more useful to minimize injury. Federal funding is available for efforts aimed at "injury control," but not those designed for "accident prevention."

answer

The use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable.

question

Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction? Head Start Reggio Emilia Intervention Montessori

answer

Reggio Emilia

question

Which of the following is controlled by the right half of the brain? emotional and creative impulses logical reasoning detailed analysis basics of language

answer

emotional and creative impulses

question

A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to: have social workers make a home visit. secure financial stability. jail the perpetrator. remove the child from the home.

answer

secure financial stability

question

Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development? scaffolding head start centration theory-theory

answer

scaffolding

question

Which of the following is part of the limbic system? corpus callosum myelin amygdala basal ganglia

answer

amygdala

question

Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention. unitary secondary tertiary primary

answer

primary

question

Early childhood is __________ for language learning. a critical period neither a critical nor a sensitive period both a critical and a sensitive period a sensitive period

answer

a sensitive period

question

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it? centration irreversibility conservation static reasoning

answer

static reasoning

question

Overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of: vocabulary. syntax. theory of mind. grammar.

answer

grammar

question

Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of ___________ prevention. primary secondary tertiary unitary

answer

secondary

question

The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes: neurological maturation. linguistic competence. theory of mind. scaffolding.

answer

theory of mind

question

An undeveloped prefrontal cortex is responsible for __________ in young children. coordination visual acuity intelligence impulsiveness

answer

impulsiveness

question

The two-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood. 25 30 75 55

answer

75

question

Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development? head start scaffolding theory-theory centration

answer

scaffolding

question

An example of a fine motor skill is: pumping a swing. drawing. riding a bicycle. kicking a ball.

answer

drawing

question

Child-centered programs recognize that children learn through play with other children. This is most consistent with the views of: Vygotsky. Freud. Piaget. Erikson.

answer

Vygotsky

question

Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ___________ prevention. tertiary unitary secondary primary

answer

primary

question

A three-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating: static reasoning. centration. egocentrism. focus on appearance.

answer

egocentrism

question

In Erikson's third developmental stage, the negative side of crisis is __________, not ___________. guilt; low self-esteem shame; low self-esteem shame; guilt guilt; shame

answer

guilt;shame

question

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding? cognitive theory sociocultural theory psychoanalytic theory behaviorism

answer

cognitive theory

question

Some aggression in early childhood is normal because: young children have not yet learned how to control their aggression. emotional regulation has not yet fully developed. All of these answers are correct. self-esteem and self-concepts are not yet fully developed, so a child does not yet fully know how to defend his or her interests.

answer

all of these

question

More adolescent girls become anxious or depressed than boys become delinquents. This pattern may indicate that girls are better at regulating their ____________ emotions but are less successful at regulating their _________ emotions. externalizing; internalizing empathy; aggressive aggressive; sympathy internalizing; externalizing

answer

externalizing;internalizing

question

Peers provide practice in: social understanding. empathy. emotional regulation. All of these answers are correct.

answer

all

question

According to the text, gender differences involve: the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture. genetic differences prescribed by nature. the biological differences between males and females. the biological determination of sex.

answer

the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture

question

Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are: antisocial. instrumentally motivated. selfish. prosocial.

answer

prosocial

question

An example of externalizing a problem might be _________, and an example of internalizing a problem might be ______________. feeling shame; verbal outbursts feeling worthlessness; attacking other people or things attacking other people; acting withdrawn feeling guilt; impulsive behavior

answer

attacking other people; acting withdrawn

question

Longitudinal research has found that children who are physically punished: are likely to become well-behaved children. are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and abusive adults. become adults who reject the idea of physically punishing children. will always become violent adults.

answer

are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and abusive adults.

question

Biological differences between males and females are referred to as: genitalia differences. sex differences. gender differences. sexuality differences.

answer

sex differences

question

One of the most outstanding psychosocial accomplishments between ages two and six is: gender identification. prosocial behavior. emotional regulation. emotional balance.

answer

emotional regulation

question

According to the text, emotional regulation is learned best with: teachers. parents. peers. television.

answer

peers

question

What kind of aggression is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks? relational reactive bullying instrumental

answer

bullying

question

What kind of aggression is an impulsive retaliation for harm that is intentional or unintentional? relational instrumental reactive bullying

answer

reactive

question

Baumrind identified ______ parenting styles. three four two five

answer

three

question

Young children are vulnerable to the effects of media in that they: learn to regulate their emotions through the programming. are able to copy what their parents do. spend LESS time on developing language and regulating emotions. spend MORE time watching TV with their parents.

answer

spend LESS time on developing language and regulating emotions.

question

The abbreviation "BMI" stands for: body measurement inventory. body measurement index. body mass index. body mass inventory.

answer

body mass index

question

Active play benefits children in which of the following ways? improved problem-solving ability better overall health appreciation of fair play All of these answers are correct.

answer

all of these

question

____________ is an autistic spectrum disorder described as "high functioning." Tourette syndrome Rhett syndrome Asperger syndrome ADHD

answer

ASperger

question

Which theorist proposed nine distinct types of intelligence? Binet Gardner Sternberg Gibson and Gibson

answer

Gardner

question

The use of mental processes to search for information, analyze it, and then express the analysis of the information is: Vygotsky's zone of proximal discovery. the information-processing theory. working memory. Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

answer

information-processing theory

question

An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is: the school's physical condition. reporting attendance to state authorities. high school graduation requirements. federal achievement tests.

answer

school's physical condition

question

What contributes to a child's ability to increase his speed of thinking? automatization myelination of neural axons repetition All of these answers are correct.

answer

all of these

question

Juanita speaks Spanish but is learning to speak English. In her third-grade classroom, school subjects are taught in both English and Spanish. This method of teaching a second language is: immigrant immersion. bilingual education. dual language education. total immersion.

answer

bilingual

question

Vygotsky believed that children learn from their: peers. culture. teachers. All of these answers are correct.

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of asthma? breast-feeding for a year providing outdoor play areas using injections and inhalers decreasing pollution

answer

breast-feeding for a year

question

Research has shown that children develop their own standards of right and wrong, guided by: culture only. peers, parents, and culture. peers only. parents only.

answer

peers, parents, and culture

question

A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than 18 is referred to as a: extended family. polygamous family. nuclear family. blended family

answer

nuclear

question

If a child who is rejected by his or her parents establishes a closer relationship with another adult, that child is making a(n) ______________ adaptation. dynamic effortful positive significant

answer

positive

question

Recent research on shared and nonshared environmental factors has found that: genetic factors are the primary influence, regardless of environmental factors. parents' attitudes have a direct effect on children's behavior. the evidence is inconclusive, and more research needs to be conducted. shared environmental factors are as influential as nonshared environmental factors.

answer

parents' attitudes have a direct effect on children's behavior.

question

Older children tend to choose best friends: whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own. whose interests are different from but compatible with their own. who are viewed as physically attractive. who are viewed as among the more popular in the group.

answer

whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own

question

Ideally, social comparison helps children to: harbor their imaginary self-evaluation. value their own abilities. become jealous and resentful of others. develop stronger relationships with their parents.

answer

value their own abilities

question

Social cognition" refers to: the ability to understand social interactions. the ability to modify impulses and emotions. how resilient a child is. the measure of popularity.

answer

the ability to understand social interactions

question

The tendency to assess one's own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is: self-criticism. social comparison. self-concept. social evaluation.

answer

social comparison

question

As they grow older, many bullies: outgrow the tendency to bully. become increasingly cruel. start feeling empathy for their victims. become class leaders.

answer

become increasingly cruel

question

A crucial factor necessary for school-age children to thrive is: a quiet home even if there are numerous relocations. harmony and stability in the home. adequate education. siblings that are close in age.

answer

harmony and stablitity in the home

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