Question 1

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

Accepted Answer

industry versus inferiority.

Question 2

Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

Accepted Answer

industriousness.

Question 3

According to Erikson, a sense of _________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy childrens feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses.

Accepted Answer

inferiority

Question 4

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has

Accepted Answer

positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.

Question 5

During the school years, children refine their __________, organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

Accepted Answer

self-concept

Question 6

Beginning in middle childhood, childrens self-descriptions start to emphasize

Accepted Answer

both negative and positive characteristics.

Question 7

School-age children use frequent _________ in their self-descriptions.

Accepted Answer

social comparisons

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about the development of self-concept?

Accepted Answer

Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

Question 9

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in

Accepted Answer

feedback from close friends.

Question 10

Sam is an American sixth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say which of the following?

Accepted Answer

I like hockey.

Question 11

Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his

Accepted Answer

group memberships and relationships.

Question 12

Self-esteem adjusts to a more realistic level in middle childhood largely as the result of

Accepted Answer

feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers.

Question 13

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

Accepted Answer

physical appearance

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem in elementary school?

Accepted Answer

It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.

Question 15

From middle childhood on, individual differences in self-esteem

Accepted Answer

become increasingly stable.

Question 16

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

Accepted Answer

hierarchical

Question 17

Which of the following is true about cultural influences on self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Asian children score lower in self-esteem than North American children.

Question 18

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have

Accepted Answer

higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

Question 19

Children whose parents use a(n) _____________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

Accepted Answer

authoritative

Question 20

____________ parenting is associated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

indulgent

Question 21

Nadias parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth.

Accepted Answer

needs constant reassurance; peers

Question 22

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster their sons self-esteem. Which of the following would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.

Question 23

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make _________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

Accepted Answer

mastery-oriented; ability

Question 24

When Tyler receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck, but when he gets a low test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Tyler has developed

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness.

Question 25

Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts their performance.

Accepted Answer

learned-helpless

Question 26

When Sally fails, her parents say, You cant do that, can you? Its OK if you quit. Sally probably will develop

Accepted Answer

learned helplessness.

Question 27

Despite their higher achievement, _______ often blame poor performance on __________.

Accepted Answer

girls; ability

Question 28

In contrast to Americans, Asians focus more on ________ because ______________.

Accepted Answer

failure; it indicates where corrective action is needed

Question 29

Teachers who are ________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

Accepted Answer

helpful; learning over getting good grades

Question 30

Attribution research shows that

Accepted Answer

well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine childrens competence.

Question 31

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as

Accepted Answer

attribution retraining.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement.

Question 33

Nine-year-old Marlons grandmother comes to live with his family. She is overly harsh and uses insensitive reprimands to shame him when he has done something wrong. Which of the following is likely?

Accepted Answer

Marlon will experience a sharp drop in self-esteem and will display depression and intense anger toward his grandmother.

Question 34

Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ than to __________.

Accepted Answer

internal states; external events

Question 35

During middle childhood, childrens emotional understanding develops as they become aware that

Accepted Answer

people can feel more than one emotion at a time.

Question 36

Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said Im hungry. She took the mans perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed

Accepted Answer

empathy

Question 37

When Ericas best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using

Accepted Answer

emotion-centered coping.

Question 38

Which of the following is true about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.

Question 39

Andrew has well-developed emotional self-regulation. He feels that he is in control of his emotional experiences. Andrew has acquired

Accepted Answer

a sense of emotional self-efficacy.

Question 40

Which of the following is true about moral development?

Accepted Answer

By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.

Question 41

Fernando has reached the self-reflective level of Selmans stages of perspective taking. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Fernando?

Accepted Answer

He can step into another persons shoes and view his own thoughts, feelings, and behavior from the other persons perspective.

Question 42

Kendall understands that third-party perspective taking can be influenced by one or more systems of large societal values. According to Selmans theory of perspective taking, Kendall is in what age range?

Accepted Answer

14 to adult

Question 43

Which of the following is true about perspective taking?

Accepted Answer

Children with poor social skills have great difficulty imagining others thoughts and feelings.

Question 44

When children in diverse cultures challenge adult authority, they typically do so

Accepted Answer

within the personal domain.

Question 45

By the end of middle childhood, children display a strong desire for

Accepted Answer

group belonging.

Question 46

Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of friends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely

Accepted Answer

part of a peer group.

Question 47

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

Accepted Answer

within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.

Question 48

In middle childhood, __________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity.

Accepted Answer

friendship

Question 49

Once a friendship forms, ________ becomes its defining feature.

Accepted Answer

trust

Question 50

Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that

Accepted Answer

by age 8 or 9, most children say they have only a handful of good friends.

Question 51

Research on aggressive childrens friendships reveals that

Accepted Answer

the social problems of aggressive children operate within their closest peer ties.

Question 52

When classmates are asked to rate each others likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

Accepted Answer

popular; neglected

Question 53

On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child.

Accepted Answer

controversial

Question 54

On a measure of peer acceptance, Dustin was seldom mentioned either positively or negatively. Dustin would be considered a ___________ child.

Accepted Answer

neglected

Question 55

__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency.

Accepted Answer

rejected

Question 56

The majority of popular-prosocial children combine __________ and __________ competence.

Accepted Answer

academic; social

Question 57

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which characteristic is he likely to display?

Accepted Answer

He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.

Question 58

Rejected-aggressive children are

Accepted Answer

deficient in perspective taking and emotional self-regulation.

Question 59

Skye, a rejected-withdrawn child, is most likely

Accepted Answer

very concerned about being scorned and attacked.

Question 60

Which of the following is true about controversial and neglected children?

Accepted Answer

Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors.

Question 61

Jos is a rejected-withdrawn child who has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties. This means that Jos

Accepted Answer

assumes that he will never be liked, no matter what he does.

Question 62

Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by

Accepted Answer

behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true about peer victimization?

Accepted Answer

Biologically based traits, such as an inhibited temperament and a frail physical appearance, contribute to victimization.

Question 64

Research on peer victimization shows that

Accepted Answer

developing a school code against bullying can reduce peer victimization.

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