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14. According to Erikson, which of the following is the central issue of early childhood?
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C. Initiative versus guilt
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According to Erikson, the conflict between young children's urge to pursue goals and their moral judgments about those urges is
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A. initiative versus guilt.
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Four-year-old Marcie would like to hide her little brother's toys in the basement. However, she realizes this will make her brother cry, and she wonders if she will feel bad about this. According to Erikson, Marcie is experiencing the conflict of
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initiative versus guilt.
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17. The virtue acquired through successful resolution of Erikson's developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is
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B. purpose.
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18. According to Erikson, a child who feels comfortable trying new things, without excessive guilt or fear, is said to have acquired the virtue of
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D. purpose.
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19. Gender refers to
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B. what it means to be male or female.
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20. Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females are called
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B. gender differences.
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21. One of the measurable differences between males and females is that females
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A. have a biological advantage for survival.
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22. Research has found that the genders differ in that
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A. boys are more physically aggressive.
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23. Mike is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks and trains. He is developing a gender ___
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B. role.
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24. Learning one's gender role is called
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C. gender-typing.
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25. Melissa is 4 years old, and now wants to avoid dressing "like a boy." She talks about being "a wife and mommy" when she grows up. Melissa is engaged in the process of
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B. gender-typing.
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26. At preschool, Tommy plays with trucks and Mary plays with dolls. They are
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A. undergoing gender-typing
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27. Gender stereotypes are
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A. preconceived generalizations about male and female behavior.
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28. Gender differences are believed to be influenced by
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D. all of these.
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29. Research has linked aggressive behavior in certain animals to prenatal exposure to the hormone
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C. testosterone.
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30. A male rat has been given an injection of testosterone. Which of the following behaviors is likely to INCREASE as a consequence?
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. Aggressive behavior
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31. A baby boy had reconstructive surgery to have his severely damaged penis removed, and thereafter, he was raised as a girl. He rejected this female role as a teenager, providing evidence that
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C. gender identity may be rooted in biological features.
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33. According to __________, male competitiveness and aggressiveness and female nurturance develop during childhood as preparation for these adult roles.
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A. evolutionary theory
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34. Freud referred to the adoption of the characteristics, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex as
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C. identification.
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35. Jessica imitates her mother's gestures, speech, and behaviors. Which of the following terms describes this?
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A. Identification
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36. According to Kohlberg, children learn their gender through
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C. their own active mental classification and organization of behavior to be consistent with that cognitive image.
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37. Brooke becomes upset because a stranger mistakes her for a boy. Kohlberg would say that she has developed
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B. gender constancy
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38. Tina realizes that she will never be a boy. According to Kohlberg, she has developed
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C. gender stability.
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39. Danielle knows that she is a girl, but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father. "I will, too!" she cries. According to cognitive-developmental theory, she has not yet achieved
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B. gender constancy.
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40. Which of the following behavior patterns is INCONSISTENT with Kohlberg's views regarding the acquisition of gender roles?
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D.A young boy who has not yet achieved gender constancy asks to be given only toys for boys and no girl toys for his birthday.
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41. According to Sandra Bem's gender-schema theory, how do children adopt gender-appropriate behavior?
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D. By following society's behaviors that are matched to their gender.
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42. Don is beginning to understand how his culture classifies males and females. Based upon this knowledge, Don is developing patterns of behavior based upon his organized knowledge of male-appropriate and female-appropriate behavior. According to Bem, the patterns of behavior that Don is beginning to develop are organized around
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C. gender schema.
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43. According to traditional social learning theory, children acquire gender roles by observing models. Children then
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A. pick models that are powerful and nurturing.
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44. Social learning theory holds that a child identifies with a parent
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C. through observation and imitation, along with reinforcement.
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45. Some studies have found that parents affect children's knowledge about gender more than their gender
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C. behavior.
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46. Billy sees his father working with power tools. As a consequence, Billy grows up enjoying work with power tools himself, and he perceives this kind of work to be "masculine." The sequence of events is consistent with the ___________________ theory of identification
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C. social learning
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47. With regard to the social learning theory of gender-typing, research has indicated that
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C. children imitate their parents as well as many other adults.
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48. In socializing children, parents generally
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B. give girls more latitude than boys with regard to gender roles.
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49. ____________ are most likely to encourage ____________ to engage in gender-typed activities appropriate for their sex.
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B. Fathers; sons
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50. Which of the following preschool children is most likely to show strong gender-typing?
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C. Jacob, whose father becomes upset when he plays with dolls
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51. In egalitarian households, the _____________ role in gender socialization seems especially important.
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A. father's
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52. Which of the following statements about the images of males and females on television is true?
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B. Gender stereotypes are more pronounced on television than in real life.
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53. Frankie is a second-born son in a family of four. Frankie's gender development will likely
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C. become more like his older brother's.
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54. Social learning theory would predict that watching current television programs will __________ gender- typing
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A. increase
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55. Social learning theory would predict that a boy's peers will provide
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A. reinforcement for gender-typed behavior.
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56. According to social cognitive theory,
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D. socialization is a complex system involving parents, peers, and other agents.
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76. Which kind of parental style emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience?
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A. Authoritarian
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77. When Barbara asks her father why she is not allowed to play in the street, he says, "Because I say so, and if you don't do what I say, you will get a spanking." This illustrates the ______________ style of parenting.
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B. authoritarian
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78. Which kind of parent tends not to set rules but allows children to monitor their own behavior?
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B. Permissive
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79. Five-year-old Chad's parents let him go to bed whenever he chooses. He can explore the neighborhood and go to anyone's house anytime he wishes. Which style of parenting is this
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B. Permissive
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80. Which of the following describes the behavior of authoritative parents?
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A. They allow children to make judgments about proper behavior.
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81. Research suggests that the most self-reliant, self-controlled, and contented children have parents who are
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C. authoritative.
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1. In the neo-Piagetian scheme of self-concept development, the third stage of development, which begins around 7 or 8 years of age, involves the ability to form
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A. representational systems.
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2. Monica, who is 8, describes herself as very good at math and science, but average in reading and art. She also says that she is good at basketball but a terrible baseball player. According to the neo-Piagetian view of self-concept development, Monica is using
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B. representational systems.
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3. Brad knows that he sometimes loses his temper and gets angry at his friends. What aspect of self- definition is he developing?
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B. A real self
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4. Marcy views herself as being generally capable and competent in most aspects of her life. According to the text, Marcy has a high degree of
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C. global self-worth.
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5. Angela thinks it is important to be pretty and smart, and knows that she is both. She also values her popularity at the high school. However, Angela's self-esteem is likely to suffer if
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C. she does not feel valued by the important people in her life.
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6. The major contributor to self-esteem is
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B. social support from parents, peers, and teachers.
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7. Global self-worth means essentially the same thing as
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C. self-esteem.
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8. A child with high self-esteem would
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C. volunteer to help someone else.
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9. A child with low self-esteem would
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D. worry about doing the right thing.
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10. Erikson's developmental crisis of middle childhood (from about 6 to 12 years) is
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C. industry versus inferiority.
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11. Randy is 8 years old and has just learned to use a word-processing program that will allow him to write papers for school on the computer. According to Erikson, Randy's mastery of this skill should lead to feelings of
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A. competence.
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12. Milton is an 8-year-old. According to Harter's research, what is the single most important aspect of Milton's life that will determine his sense of self-worth?
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B. Positive regard from parents and peers
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13. Children have typically internalized the emotions of pride and shame by age
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B. 7or8.
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14. Children become more empathetic and more inclined to prosocial behavior during the period of
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B. middle childhood.
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15. Douglas lives in a home where everyone is expected to get along. No fighting or disagreeable behavior is tolerated. If his parents show continual disapproval of his negative behavior, Douglas is likely to
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C. experience an impairment in his social adjustment.
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16. By middle childhood it appears that empathy
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B. becomes "hard wired" with most children.
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17. Prosocial children tend to
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A. show appropriate social behaviors. B. cope with problems effectively. C. volunteer to help others.
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18. Which of the following is NOT a tradition of African American extended families?
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A. Living with or near family members B. Frequent contact with relatives C. Strong sense of family obligation and ethnic pride ***D. Expectation that family take care of all needs without other's help. ***
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19. According to the text, school-age children exposed to parental discord and poor parenting display all EXCEPT
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A. fearfulness B. depression. C. obedience.**** D. aggressiveness.
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20. Parents can help children develop coregulation by
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A. influencing children when they are together. B. monitoring children when they are apart. C. teaching children to monitor their own behavior. (All of the above)
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21. Which of the following statements about coregulation in middle childhood is true?
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A. It is a transitional stage in which children begin to do more self-monitoring.
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22. Which of the following parental statements is most representative of the process of coregulation?
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C. Please get your toys out of the neighbor's yard so that they can see what a big helper you are.
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23. A child who is aggressive, starts fights, is hostile, and is disobedient is displaying __________ behaviors.
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B. externalizing
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24. As children approach adolescence, how well parents __________ may be more important than whether a mother works outside the home.
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C. keep track of them
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25. Gunnar's mother wanted a good after-school program for him. She discovered that quality programs included the following characteristics EXCEPT
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A. low child-staff ratio. B. well-educated staff. C. low enrollment. **D. school based. ***
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26. Parents who continue to use physical punishment after age 10 tend to have children who
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D. are likely to have poor relationships with the parents as they approach adolescence.
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27. A child caring for him-or herself at home without adult supervision is engaged in
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B. self-care.
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28. Children living in persistent poverty have demonstrated in research that they have all of the following EXCEPT
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A. low self-esteem. B. not getting along well with peers. C. behavior problems. ***D. high achievement in school.**
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29. Which of the following is NOT a type of nontraditional family structure referred to in the textbook?
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A. Two-parent families
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30. Research has provided considerable evidence that children do better when raised in families with two biological parents or two parents who adopted the child in infancy. This type of family is a __________ family.
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B. traditional
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31. Which of the following factors is NOT usually mentioned in discussions about what influences a child's adjustment to divorce?
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A. The child's age or maturity level **B. Whether the child has a healthy sense of self *** C. Each particular child's temperament D. The child's psychological adjustment before the divorc
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32. Which of the following is NOT a common reaction of children of divorce?
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C. Happiness that the parents' fighting is over
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33. Children who have experienced parental divorce do better if they
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A. have emotional support and contact with both parents.
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34. The most common arrangement for children following divorce is to live with their
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A. mother.
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35. Based upon research cited in the textbook, which of the following is an important way for divorced parents to help their children adjust to the divorce?
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D. Avoiding quarrels in front of the children
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36. The main determinant of the success of joint custody
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B. the amount of conflict between the parents.
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37. Compared to those whose parents stayed together, adults whose parents were divorced when they were children have all of the following EXCEPT
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A. increased tension. ***B. excessive concern with working. **** C. lower educational levels. D. more marital difficulties.
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38. Currently, what percentage of children live in single-parent homes?
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B. 28%
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47. Which of the following statements regarding sibling relationships in nonindustrialized, agricultural societies is TRUE
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B. Older siblings have an important role in caring for younger ones.
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48. All of the following determine sibling roles and relationships in nonindustrialized societies EXCEPT
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C. family income.
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49. Which of the following pairs of siblings is most likely to quarrel?
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A. Two boys
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50. During what period does the peer group become a major influence, for good and bad?
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B. Middle childhood
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51. Children choose peers that are closest to themselves in
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A. age. B. ethnicity. C. demographics. D. All of these
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50. During what period does the peer group become a major influence, for good and bad? A. Early childhood
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B. Middle childhood
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52. What are the most common age and sex characteristics of play groups in middle childhood?
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C. Same sex and same ages
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53. In middle childhood, peer groups help social development by providing interaction with children of
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D. the same sex.
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54. Negative influences of peer groups include all of the following EXCEPT
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A. pressure to conform. **B. counteracting the parents' influence.** C. modeling of antisocial behaviors. D. reinforcement of racial prejudice.
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55. Negative attitudes toward certain groups are referred to as
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A. prejudice.
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56. Popular children tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
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A. cooperativeness. B. assertiveness. C. intelligence. **D. unusually strong need for affection. **
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57. Sara is insensitive to Jane's feelings, and she acted very silly when the girls went skating for the first time. Sara is probably
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C. unpopular.
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58. A strong predictor of later adjustment is ______________ during middle childhood.
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C. being well liked by peers
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59. Unpopularity during middle childhood is
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C. often related to coercive or inept parenting.
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60. Children of __________ parents tend to be more popular that those whose parents use other styles.
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B. authoritative
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62. According to Selman, most school-age children are at which stage of friendship?
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B. 2—two-way fair-weather cooperation
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63. According to Selman, children who are egocentric and think only about what they want are at what stage of friendship?
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D. Undifferentiated level
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64. During the school years children may choose a friend because they
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B. feel comfortable with the other child.
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65. According to one study, girls value which aspect of friendships?
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A. Depth
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66. Which of the following statements regarding the friendships of school-age girls is TRUE?
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D. Girls tend to have close friends.
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67. During the school years, aggression declines and changes from overt aggression to
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B. relational.
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68. Children whose tendency is to see other children as trying to hurt them and then strike out in retaliation are showing
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B. hostile attribution bias.
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69. Since people often become hostile when someone acts aggressively toward them, a hostile attribution bias may become a
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B. self-fulfilling prophecy.
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70. Colton wanted another child's toy at school and behaved aggressively to get it. Once Colton got the toy he walked away. This is an example of
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C. instrumental aggression.
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71. Children who see their heroes and villains on TV get what they want through violence are likely to conclude that
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C. they could use aggressive methods to get their own needs met.
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72. The long-term influence of televised violence is greatest in
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B. middle childhood
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73. A major conclusion from research of the effects of newer, interactive media, such as video games and the Internet, is
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A. that effects of child-initiated virtual violence is more profound than those of passive media (e.g., TV).
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74. A prime time for bullying to take place is during
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B. middle childhood.
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75. Jeremy is picked on and bullied by his classmates on a daily basis. Jeremy probably demonstrates the characteristic of
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A. defenselessness.
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76. Unlike the pattern for bullying among school-age children, the likelihood of being bullied __________ over time.
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B. decreases
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79. The most common type of emotional disturbance found during the elementary-school years is
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B. disruptive conduct disorders.
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80. If a school-age child shows evidence of temper tantrums, argumentativeness, hostility, or deliberately annoying behavior it is called
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A. oppositional defiant disorder.
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81. A pattern of defiance and hostility toward adult authority lasting at least six months is called
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B. oppositional defiant disorder.
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82. Mary Beth, age 10, finds excuses not to sleep overnight at her friends' homes and shows no interest in going back to camp this summer. When she went on a weekend trip with her school chorus, she became nauseated and had to come home. This sort of thing has been going on for several weeks, ever since her pet cat died. Mary Beth
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A. may be suffering from separation anxiety disorder.
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83. Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations is known as
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C. social phobia.
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84. There are children in the classroom who worry about just about everything: grades, being on time, threats of war, tornados, etc. These children may suffer from
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D. generalized anxiety disorder.
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85. Katherine cries a great deal, is often tired, seems unable to concentrate or have fun, has no friends, and is doing poorly in school. She probably has
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C. childhood depression.
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86. Which of the following does NOT describe childhood depression?
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A. It is an affective disorder. B. It is sometimes hard to diagnose. ***C. It is rarely serious and can safely be ignored. ** D. It is more common among children of depressed parents.
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87. Margo's mother has a terminal illness and is near death. Although Margo is showing no visible emotional disturbance, her father feels that therapy is indicated because of the stress she is under. Which type of therapy is likely to be most effective in this situation?
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Individual
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88. Which type of therapy is based on learning theory?
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C. Behavior
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89. In recent years, the use of drug therapy to treat children has _____________ in the United States.
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B. greatly increased
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91. Which of the following is a characteristic of children who grow up surrounded by violence in their environment?
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A. Children have difficulty concentrating and sleeping.
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92. Resilient children are most likely to be all of the following EXCEPT
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A. a good student. B. close to at least one adult, who may not necessarily be a parent. C. attending an effective school. **D. experiencing a challenging situation or frustrating problem for the first time. ****
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93. The most important protective factor, which seems to help children overcome stress and be resilient, is good
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A. family relationships. B. cognitive functioning.
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7. An important maturational change seen in the brain of school-age children in certain regions of the cerebral cortex is
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A. less density of gray matter.
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8. In children of average intelligence, the prefrontal cortex is relatively thick at age 7, and then
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B. peaks in thickness at about age 8 for typical children but peaks at 11 to 12 years for highly intelligent children.
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28. According to Piaget, children enter which stage at about the age of 7?
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C. Concrete operational
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29. A child who can think logically about the "here and now" but not abstractly is in which of Piaget's stages?
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C. Concrete operational
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30. Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage show increased skill in all of the following areas EXCEPT
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A. space and causality. ***B. hypothetical thinking.*** C. inductive reasoning. D. categorization.
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31. The ability to arrange objects according to some dimension, such as largest to smallest, is called
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B. seriation.
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32. A child is told that Bob is older than Sally, and Sally is older than Fred. When asked, "Who is older, Bob or Fred?" the child replies, "Bob." This child is demonstrating __________ ability.
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C. transitive inference
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33. Brian is shown a picture with two cows and four horses in it. When he is asked if there are more horses or animals in the picture, Brian replies that there are more animals. Brian is demonstrating the classification ability of
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D. class inclusion.
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34. The following abilities of school-age children are true EXCEPT
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A. by 6 or 7, many children can count in their heads. B. the ability to add numbers appears before subtraction. ***C. the ability to estimate does not change significantly during middle childhood.*** D. children become more adept with age at solving story problems.
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35. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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A. School-age children may not be advancing through Piaget's stages as rapidly as their parents did.
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36. The use of estimation in solving math problems appears to ____________ during middle childhood.
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A. improve
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37. Piaget concluded that moral reasoning develops in three stages, which include all of the following EXCEPT
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A. obedience to authority. **B. mutual respect.** C. moral intent. D. equity.
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1. Which of the following is TRUE about adolescence?
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B. Adolescence is a developmental transition between childhood and adulthood.
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2. Before the 20th century, there was no concept of adolescence; children moved to adulthood either through physical maturity or when they began apprenticeships. Adolescence is
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C. a social construction.
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3. According to the text, adolescence is defined as
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A. encompassing the years between 11 and 20.
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4. The process that leads to sexual maturity is
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A. puberty.
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6. The following behaviors pose risks to adolescents' physical and mental well-being EXCEPT A. drug abuse. B. working at a part-time job. C. accidents. D. smoking cigarettes.
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B. working at a part-time job.
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7. Research suggests that the pubertal process takes about ____________ in both sexes.
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A. 3-4 years.
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8. The initial origin of the hormonal changes that cause puberty is from the _____________ gland.
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B. adrenal
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9. The precise time when puberty begins seems to depend on
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B. reaching a critical weight level.
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13. The anatomical structures that differentiate males from females are the
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C. primary sex characteristics.
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14. Primary sex characteristics are
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A. body parts directly related to reproduction.
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15. Secondary sex characteristics include which of the following? A. Pubic hair B. Breast growth in females C. Broad shoulders in males D. All of these
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D. All of these
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16. The principal sign of sexual maturity in males is
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B. growth of testes.
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17. Which of the following is true about the adolescent growth spurt?
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C. Growth may be uneven and cause temporary gawkiness.
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24. Menarche, or the first menstruation,
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C. is a sign of sexual maturity.
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26. Which of the following is TRUE about the secular trend for early onset of puberty?
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A. It is probably due to better health and nutrition.
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27. Several studies have suggested that ____________ is associated with early menarche.
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C. family conflict
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31. Which of the following describes the major changes that occur in the brain during adolescence?
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B. Growth and pruning of gray matter
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32. At puberty, brain changes include
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A. major changes in gray matter in frontal lobes.
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34. A pattern of late bedtimes and oversleeping in the morning can contribute to
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C. insomnia.
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38. The most common eating disorder is
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B. obesity.
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39. Overweight teenagers are at heightened risk for A. hypertension. B. diabetes. C. high cholesterol. D. All of these
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D. All of these
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40. Which of the following is a cause of obesity? A. Inadequate physical activity B. Poor eating habits C. Genetic predisposition D. All of these
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D. All of these
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41. The typical anorexic is
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B. depressed.
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42. At age 18, Terri is 25 percent underweight and has stopped menstruating. However, she is afraid of becoming fat. She is also overactive and obsessed with food. She is probably
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A. anorexic.
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43. Secret gorging on food followed by vomiting, fasting, or purging with use of laxatives is characteristic
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B. bulimics.
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44. Adolescents who have bulimia A. may be depressed. B. have low self-esteem. C. are overly concerned about body image. D. All of these
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D. All of these
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45. Treatment for anorexia and bulimia may include A. family therapy. B. antidepressant drugs. C. cognitive behavior therapy. D. All of these
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D. All of these
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54. Adolescent girls are more likely to be depressed than adolescent boys because they experience
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A. biological changes in puberty.
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55. When adolescents die, it is usually from which of the following?
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B. Accidents
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62. As adolescents move into the stage of formal operations, they are able to make moral judgments and plan for the future. This means they are thinking
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A. abstractly.
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63. According to Piaget, adolescents are in which stage of cognitive development?
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C. Formal operations
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64. Lucy solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. She is at which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget?
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C. Formal operations
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65. The awareness and monitoring of one's own mental processes and strategies is called
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B. metacognition.
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66. According to the text, Piaget's theory considers all of the following EXCEPT A. gains in information-processing capacity. B. accumulation of knowledge and expertise. C. role of metacognition. D. moral considerations of cognitive development.
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D. moral considerations of cognitive development.
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67. Information-processing researchers have identified two categories of measurable change in adolescent cognition. These categories are
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B. structural and functional.
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68. With formal thought, adolescents are able to A. social-perspective take. B. define and discuss love, justice, and freedom. C. speak a different language with adults and peers. D. All of these
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D. All of these
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69. Most adolescents function at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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B. Morality of conventional role conformity
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70. Ron has internalized the moral standards of his parents and grandparents. He is concerned with being considered a good son and maintaining the social order. According to Kohlberg, Ron is in the stage of the
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A. morality of conventional role conformity.
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71. Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's description of moral development because
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D. he focuses on values more important to males than females.
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72. According to Gilligan, the moral reasoning of males focuses on ______________, whereas the moral reasoning of females is concerned with _____________.
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B. justice; showing of care
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73. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Peers affect moral reasoning of adolescents by talking about moral conflicts. B. Parents contribute to adolescent moral development. C. Kohlberg's system represents moral reasoning in non-Western cultures. D. Kohlberg's theory is oriented towards values important to men rather than to women.
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C. Kohlberg's system represents moral reasoning in non-Western cultures.
