HazMat Operations Test Prep – Flashcards
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A small spill is less than how many gallons, liters, kg?
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55 gallons or 200 liters or 200 kg
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Gas piplines are identified by?
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Pipeline markers
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N.O.S. stands for?
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not otherwise specified
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What are the responsiblities of awareness level personnel?
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RNIP --> Recognize & ID, Notify, Isolate, Protect
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Which part of OSHA 29 Part 1910.120 deals with training?
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Section Q
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Which section of NFPA deals with HazMat?
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NFPA 472
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Which section of NFPA deals with EMS
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NFPA 473
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What are the six clues for HazMat or WMD incidents?
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1. Occupancy, location, and pre-incident surveys 2. Container/vehicle shape 3. Transportation Placards, labels or markings 4. Non transportation markings and colors 5. Written resources, MSDS 6. Senses
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What does BLEVE stand for?
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Boiling-Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
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What external feature destinguishes a pressure rail car from a non-pressure rail car?
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A single dome on the top of the car protecting all of the fittings and valves.
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What information must be listed on a pipeline marker?
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1. What is in the pipeline. 2. Who owns the pipeline. 3. A 24 hours contact phone number.
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What are the common causes of HazMat incidents?
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Human error, Package/container failure and motor vehicle accidents.
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What does PIH stand for?
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Polymerization Inhalation Hazard
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What are the basic packaging types for radioactive materials?
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1. Excepted-- Shipments that involve very small amounts of radioactivity. 2. Strong Tight-- For the transport of Low Specific Activity materials 3. Type A-- designed to contain greater amounts of radioactivity than excepted for normal transport 4. Type B-- For highly radioactive shipments, designed to hold contents under extreme conditions.
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Placards must be attached when the material is greater than how many cubic feet?
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640 cubic feet
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What are the four catagories on the NFPA 704?
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Red (top of diamond) Flammability Yellow (right side of diamond) Reactivity White (bottom of diamond) Special Hazards Blue (left side of diamond) Health Hazards
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On the NFPA 704, what two symbols are recognized in the Special Hazard section?
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(-W-) Water Reactive and (OX) Oxidizers
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What are NFPA 704s attached to?
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Buildings
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A train marking that shows "DOT111A100W" is built to which standard?
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"DOT111A100W" is built to DOT standard 111
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What is the maximum pressure for a train displaying this marking "DOT111A100W" ?
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100 PSI, this is a low pressure car
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How can you tell which end of a train car is the "back?"
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The brake end is always the rear of the car.
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What are the shipping papers for highway transportation? Where are the papers located and who is the responsible party?
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Bill of Lading, the cab of the truck, the driver.
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What are the shipping papers for railway transportation? Where are the papers located and who is the responsible party?
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Waybill or consist, in the engine, the conductor.
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What are the shipping papers for air transportation? Where are the papers located and who is the responsible party?
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Air Bill, the flight deck, the pilot
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What are the shipping papers for water transportation? Where are the papers located and who is the responsible party?
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Dangerous Cargo Manifest, bridge or pilot house, captain or master
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What are the hazards that chemical substances present?
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1. Fire or explosion hazards 2. Health Hazards
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What are the three type of exposures?
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1. Acute-- short duration, may be a one time event. 2. Sub-Acute-- series of exposures with an interval of time between exposures. 3. Chronic-- long duration or repeated exposures
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What are the routes of exposure?
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Inhalation, Ingestion, Absorption/Contact, Injection
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Are specification numbers on the right side or left side of a railcar?
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Right side, the numbers on the left side are the car identifaction numbers, like a license plate.
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Which type of radiation burns?
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Beta radiation burns
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What is a HazMat incident?
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Any situation in which a product (chemical) escapes or threatens to escape its container.
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What are the four levels of Chemical Protective Equipment?
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Level A--> Vapor Protection, limited thermal protection, no mechanical protection Level B--> Splash Protection, the minimum response to an unknown substance Level C--> Limited body and respiratory protection Level D--> Structural firefighting gear, street clothes, lab clothing
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What are the two categories of chemical attacks?
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Category #1-->, (by use) Lethal Agents, Incapacitating Agents and Harrassing Agents Category #2--> (by their physiological effects) Nerve Agents, Blister Agents, Blood Agents, Choking Agents
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What are the four types of radiation?
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Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron
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What are the three categories of Energetic Materials?
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1. Pyrotechnics 2. Propellants 3. Explosives
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What is a "Type 1" IED?
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A device that can be carried in boxes, backpacks or letters, the pipe bomb is the most common
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What is a "Type 2" IED?
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A device that is concealed under of worn as a part of clothing.
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What is a "Type 3" IED?
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VBIEDs
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What is an Initial Isolation Zone?
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An area surrounding the incident in which a personb may be exposed to dangerous (upwind) and life threatening (downwind) concentrations of materials.
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What is the Initial Isolation Distance?
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The distance that should be considered evacuatied in all directions (radius).
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What are the two strategies for public protection?
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1. Evacuation 2. Shelter in place
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The Protective Action Zone assumes random changes in wind direction so what degree of angle should be protected downwind.
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30 degrees
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Awareness personnel are limited to....
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Non-intervention operations
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In which order do SERC, LEPC and LEPD operate?
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LEPCs (Local Emergency Planning Commissions) form together to build a LEPD (Local Emergency Planning District) LEPD answer to the SERC (State Emergency Response Commission)
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What are the three pressure types of Highway Tank trailers?
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1. Atmospheric--> max internal pressure of 5 psi 2. Low--> max internal pressure of 100 psi 3. High --> max internal pressure of 3000 psi
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What is the maximum pressure for a "non pressure" railcar?
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Up to 100 psi.
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A non pressure rail car can have up to how many compartments?
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Up to 6 compartments
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What is an intermodal container?
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A container that can be transported by truck, rail or water. e.g conex boxes or a tank supported by a frame.
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When must pipeline me marked?
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When they cross water, go under highways and when they go through residential neighborhoods.
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What are Low Specific Activity Items (LSA)?
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Materials from labs, hospitals, or power plants. Can include low-level wast and contaiminated clothing.
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What are the dimensions of a placard and a transportation label?
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Placards are 10 3/4" diamonds, labels are 4" diamonds
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What are the four types of information available from a placard?
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1. Color-->Flammable vs non-flammable gas 2. Symbol--> Flammable, poison, explosive 3. UN Hazard Class--> #1- #9 4. UN/NA Identifaction number--> 1075
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Flammable Liquids have a maximum flash point of?
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141 degrees or below
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What is the flash point of a Combustible liquid?
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Between 141 and 200 degrees
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What is ORM-D?
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Other Regulated Materials, D= Consumer Commodities that present limited hazards due to its form, quanitity and packaging.
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When can the Dangerous Placard be used?
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If loaded with two or more hazardous (non bulk) items as long as there is less than 2205 lbs of any one product. If 2205 lbs is reached the load must be placarded.
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Is "HOT" a DOT placard?
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No, it is a marking allowed by the DOT.
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Where is the capacity of a railcar marked?
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On the left side of the car under the reporting marks (owner and ID #), marked in lbs or kgs. Can also be marked in gallons or liters on the ends of the car.
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Where would you see the military marking system?
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On fixed locations, but maybe seen on military vehicles but it is not required on vehicles.
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Shipping papers must include what infomation?
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1. Proper name of the material. 2. Hazard class of the material. 3. Packing group assigned to the material. 4. Quanity of the material.
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What is an ERP?
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Emergency Response Plan
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What should be the first action at a HazMat or WMD scene?
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Isolate area and deny entry.
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What are the three categories of biological agents?
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1. Pathogens--> Living, disease producing organisms. 2. Toxins--> Toxins from living organisms, e.g. snake venom. 3. Endogenous Biological Regulators--> Chemical substances produced in the body to regulate various body functions.
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What are the hazards of clandestine laboratories?
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1. Explosions from airborne vapors 2. Fires occurring from heating equipment 3. Firearms and bobby traps used by lab or security personnel 4. Exposure to toxic products
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What does APIE stand for?
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Analyze, Plan a response, Implement a planned response and evaulate the response.
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Operations personnel can conduct what actions?
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Defensive Actions and non-intervention operations. NO OFFENSIVE MEASURES
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Are operations trained responders allowed to remediate an incident?
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No, they can mitigate (make less) not remediate (to correct or improve).
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What is the minimun isolation distance for a solid, liquid and gas that is not on fire?
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Isolation distance for a solid is 75', a liquid is 150' and a gas is 330'.
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What are PCBs and where are they found?
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Polychlorinated biphenyl, used as dielectric and coolant fluids in transformers, capacitors, and electric motors. Known to cause cancer.
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Define carcinogen.
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A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly involved in causing cancer.
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What are the three states of matter?
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Solid, liquid and gas/vapor.
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What does "atm" stand for?
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Atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi at sea level)
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When atmospheric or vapor pressure is raised what happens to the boiling point?
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The boiling point also increases.
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Define persistence.
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How long the material remains.
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What is the difference between persistent and non-persistent materials?
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Non-persistent materials will evaporate in less than 24 hours, while persistent materials will not evaporate in 24 hours.
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Violatile chemicals evaporate at what temperature?
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70 degrees F at atm
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What are the three parts of the fire triangle, the four parts of the fire tetrahedron?
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Triangle--> Oxygen, heat, fuel Tetrahedron--> Oxygen, heat, fuel, chain reaction
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On the pH scale what is neutral, basic/alkaline, acidic?
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7 is Neutral, 1-6 is Acidic, 8-14 is Basic/Alkaline
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Define sublimation.
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When a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first
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Can a mixture be mixed together and seperated later?
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Yes
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Will non-ionizing radiation change the molecular structure of an object?
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No, non-ionizing radiation is used in x-rays.
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Will ionizing radiation change the molecular structure of an object?
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Yes, ionizing radiation is used in chemotherapy to kill cells
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Define thermal harm.
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Extreme thermal change, can be hot of cold, that can cause permament damage to include shock or death. Think cyrogenics
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What does the abbreviation SA stand for?
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Simple asphyxiants
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What is the difference between a simple asphyxiant and a chemical asphyxiant?
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Simple asphyxiants are inert gases that displace oxygen. Chemical asphyxiants render the body incapable of uptaking oxygen.
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What does IDLH stand for?
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Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. An OSHA term based on 30 minutes exposures
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PEL versus REL.
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Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), an OSHA term Recommended Exposure Limit (REL), a Niosh term
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How far can Alpha particles travel?
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Less than 7"
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What are the three levels of Toxicity?
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Danger/Poison--> Highest level Warning --> Moderate level Caution --> Low level
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How long should an intial isolation period last?
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30 minutes
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Absorption versus Adsorption
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Absorption is physical process while Adsorption is a chemical process
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On a SCBA the air guages must be within how many psi of each other?
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100 psi
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The low air warning bell rings on a SCBA when how much air remains?
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1/4th of the tank.
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Define HazMat.
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Any substance, solid, gas, or liquid capable of causing harm to people, property or the enviroment.
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Can operations level personnel contain the relase without trying to stop the release?
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Yes
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Is remote valve shutoff allowed for operations personnel?
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Yes as long as they do not enter the product to shut off the valve.
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Can operations level personnel shut off a propane tank and clean up small engine fluid spills after a motor vehicle accident?
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Yes if they have recieved additional training in that area.
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During a multi-level incident management system what level must the incident commander be trained to?
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The operations level
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Define freezing point.
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The temperature where a liquid changes to a solid.
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Define Melting point.
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The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
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Define boiling point.
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The temperature when a liquid boils and converts into a vapor.
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Define vapor pressure.
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The pressure exerted by a vapor above a liquid on the wall of a container.
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Do vapor conversions only occur at the boiling point?
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No, conversions can occur at any temperature, an example would be evaporation.
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Define fire.
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A chemical process known as oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reaction)
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Define Volatility.
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Materials with a low boiling point and high vapor pressure. These materials are easily ignited.
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Define Flashpoint.
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The minimum temperature at which enough vapor will be driven from a liquid that, should an ignition source of sufficient energy is present the vapor will flash but not continue to burn.
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Define Firepoint
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The temperature at which sufficient vapors are produced, that if an ignition source of sufficient energy is present, the resultant fire will continue to burn.
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Auto-ignition temperature
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the minimum temperature required to cause self sustained combustion in the absence of any source of ignition
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What is the flammable range, A.K.A. explosive range?
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The percentage of material by volume over which a flammable vapor to air mixture may be expected to ignite or explode.
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Define LEL and UEL.
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LEL--> Lower explosive limit (too lean mixture) UEL--> Upper explosive limit (too rich mixture)
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Defiine reactivity.
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The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction by itself or through molecular interaction with other substances it may contact.
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What are hypergolic materials?
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Materials that spontaneously ignite upon contact with another chemical.
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What is an organic peroxide?
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A fuel and oxidizer combination.
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What are initiators and catalysts?
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Initiators start a chemical reaction and catalysts assist in increasing the speed of a reaction.
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What does MSST stand for?
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Maximum Safe Storage Temperatures
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What does SADT stand for?
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Self-accelerating decomposition temperature. The ability to generate enough heat by itself to keep the chemical reaction occurring. Will generate a large amount of vapor and oxygen, irreversible and will probably explode.
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On the pH scale a change of one unit is an change of how many times the concentration?
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One unit change is a change of 10x the concentration.
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Pryophoric substances?
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Substances that spontaneously ignite with air at temperatures below 130 degrees F.
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What is specific gravity?
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The weight of a liquid or solid relative to the weight of water. If the specific gravity is greater than 1 the item sinks, if less than 1 it will float.
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Define vapor density.
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Weight of a specific vapor relative to the weght of air. Divide the molecular weight of the product by 30 and if it is less than 1 it will rise. If greater than 1 it will sink.
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Define miscible.
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Two liquids that will mix in any proportion. Immiscible describes two liquids that will not mix.
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Which type of radiation can travel up to one mile and causes celluar damage to DNA structures?
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Gamma
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Which type of radiation can travel up to 60' and causes radiation burns?
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Beta
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What is a Sensitizer?
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A substance capable of stimulating an exaggerated response after an initial response; similiar to an allergic reaction.
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What is a carcinogen?
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Any substance capable of producing cancer.
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What does a mutagen do?
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A mutagen alters genetic structure and will perpetuate itself in all future generations. Radiation and LSD are mutagens.
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What is a teratogen?
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A substance that can be passed from mother to fetus.
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What are etiological harms?
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Infectious or contagious materials.
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What is the difference between radiation sickness, injury and poisoning?
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1. Sickness is caused by a short duration exposure to high level radiation. 2. Injury is a radiation burn. 3. Poisoning is the internalization of radioactive particles.
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Direct contamination versus secondary contamination
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Direct is contact with the product leaving its container while secondary contamination occurs when a material is transferred from a contaminated person or item.
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What are Permissible Exposure Limits?
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A time weighted average concentration over a 8 hour day and a 40 hour week. Not revised since 1971!
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What is a Recommended Exposure Limit?
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A time weighted average concentration over and up to a 10 hour day and a 40 hour week. If different than a PEL it is most likely more protective than the PEL which hasn't been revised since 1971.
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What are Short Term Exposure Limits?
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The concentration of a material to which a worker may be exposed continuously for up to 15 minutes at a single time, no more than 4 times a day with at least 60 minutes between exposures.
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At what percentage do flammable gases form ignitable mixtures?
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13% or less (LEL ≤ 13) or have a flammable range of at least 12%
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How do you determine the Flammable Range?
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Take the UEL and subtract the LEL, the remaining number is the flammable range.
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Organic Peroxides are derivates of what chemical compound?
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H2O2, Hydrogen Peroxide
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Deflagerate versus Detonate.
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Deflageration is a rapid subsonic burning (slower than the speed of sound. Detonation is a rapid chemical reaction, faster than the speed of sound (supersonic) that results in pressure waves.
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Non-Buld containers must hold less than....
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118.9 gallons, 881.8 lbs, or 1001 pounds of gases.
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What are cryogenics?
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Liquefied gases kept at extremely low temperatures.
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When examining pesticide labels which words describe the level of toxicity?
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Danger, Warning and Caution in decreasing order.
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What are the mediums that products can be released into?
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1. Air, 2. Water, 3. Surface, 4. Sub-Surface
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What are the shipping papers for hazardous waste called?
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Hazardous Waste Manifest.
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When dealing with decon explain the differences between Hazard, Exposure and Contamination.
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A hazard is a possible risk of being exposed to something harmful. Exposure is standing near a hazardous substance or getting the substance on your protective clothing. A contamination is direct contact with the hazardous material.
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What are the two mechanisms of contamination?
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1. Surface contamination--> confined to the outside of the material and is easily removed. 2. Permeation occurs when the chemical moves into the object or person on the molecular level.
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What is decontamination?
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The process of removing or reducing the level of a material from a person or equipment.
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What are the four Decon strategies?
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1. Technical Decon 2. Emergency Decon 3. Radiation Decon 4. Mass Decon
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What is emergency decon?
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The rapid removal of contamination to prevent or minimize health effect do to exposure to a chemical. Will minimize cross contamination of emergency personnel and hospital personnel.
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What are the two general means of decontamination?
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Physical and chemical decons.
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What are the common methods of physical decon?
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1. Dilution 2. absorption 3. Heat or Freezing 4. Air flow 5. Disposal
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What methods are used during chemical decon?
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1. Chemical degradation 2. Adsorption 3. Neutralization 4. Washing, a combo of dilution, physical removal and the use of a surfactant. 5. Disinfection/sterilization 6. Solidification
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What are the three container stressors?
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1. Thermal stressors--> heat or cold, flames, radiant heat, exothermic reactions. 2. Mechanical --> force applied to the container, impact or shock pressure. 3. Chemical --> Product placed into wrong type of container, eaten away by the product.
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What are the 5 types of container breach?
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1. Disintegration 2. Runaway of linear cracking --> over pressurization of high pressure tanks causing cracking along the sides before spreading all around the tank. 3. Opening of closures --> failure of a cap, hatch, gasket, gauge, or pressure release device. 4. Puncture 5. Splits of tears caused by the tank being impacted and sliding.
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What are the types of container release?
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1. Detonation 2. Violent Rupture 3. Rapid Relief 4. Spill or leak
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Name the Dispersion Patterns
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1. Hemisphere--> Dome shaped pattern, 1/2 a globe 2. Cloud --> often in a mushroom shape. 3. Plume --> wedge shaped vapor cloud 4. Cone--> funnel shaped release from a single point 5. Stream--> flow of material following the lay of the land. 6. Pool --> relatively stationary collection of material on the surface of the ground or water. 7. Irregular--> None of the above
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What are the NFPA incident levels?
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Level 1 --> Potential emergency conditions, confined to a small area and there is no immediate threat to life or property. Level 2 --> Limited emergency conditions, Potential threat to life or property. Level 3 --> Full emergency, Threats to life or property
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Absorption versus adsorption
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Absorption is a physical process while Adsorption is a chemical process
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Define Vapor Dispersion.
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The process of spraying a water fog into a vapor cloud to cause movement and dissipation of the vapors.
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What is vapor suppression?
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The process of covering a material that is giving off hazardous vapors. Can be done with water, sand, plastics or foams.
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What device is used to create foam and by what method?
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An eductor is used to create foam by the venturi method.
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What are the five types of firefighting foam?
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1. Protein 2. Fluoroprotein 3. AFFF, Aqueous Film Forming Foam 4. ARFFF, Alcohol resistant AFFF 5. Expansion Foams
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What is the maximun length of hose between a foam eductor and the nozzle?
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150'
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What are the foam application techniques?
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Roll on, bank down and rain down.
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Why are lower expansion foams better suited for fire fighting than vapor suppression?
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Because they are less buoyant and are effected less by thermal column.
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Whay are higher expansion foams better suited for vapor suppression than fire fighting?
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Because they have thicker and deeper blankets, harder for vapor to travel through.
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Which types of foam are suspectible to winds?
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Medium and high expansion foams are more suspectible to winds.
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Can high expansion foam be created from a stanard pumper truck?
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No, an electric or hydraulic fan is also needed to produce sufficient aeration.
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What are the four types of respiratory protection.
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1. Air-purifying respirator--> scrubs the air not for use in IDLH or oxygen deficient atmospheres 2. Particulate respirators--> Gas masks, 3 types of filters, 3 levels of efficiency 3. Supplied air respirators--> Air line respirators, + or - pressure, must be used with escape tank. 4. SCBA
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What is the maximun length of hose for a supplied air respirator?
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300'
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What are the three ways hazarous chemical move into a chemical protective suit?
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1. Permeation--> through the fabric of the suit 2. Penetration --> through the mechanical parts of the suit, zippers, seams, valves. 3. Degradation--> physical deterioration of the suit.
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What are the four levels of chemical protective clothing?
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1. Level A--> Fully encapsulating suit w/ positive pressure SCBA 2. Level B--> Splash suit sealed at ankles/wrists, w/ SCBA and two sets of chemical gloves. 3. Level C--> Chem protective clothing, a Splash suit or coveralls w/ APR or PAPR. 4. Work clothes without respiratory clothing.
