Hallmarks of Cancer – Flashcards
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What kind of cancer has seen a downturn?
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Stomach Liver
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What are the causes of cancer?
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Genetic predisposition: RB, BRCA, family history, DNA repair Chemical Carcinogens: DNA damage, tobacco Radiation Carcinogens Microbial Oncogenesis: HPV, EBV, Hep B, Hep C, H. Pylori
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What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?
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Sustained proliferative signalling Evading growth suppressors Activating invasion and metastasis Enabling replicative immortality Induces angiogenesis Resist cell death
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What is the favored way of making energy in cancer cells?
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Glycolysis
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What are the emering hallmarks?
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Deregulating cellular energies Avoiding immune detection
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What is Hyperplasia?
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increased cells and tissues in a normal arrangement. can be natural, like in pregnancy. Abnormal is like BPH
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What is hypertrophy?
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increase in size without increase in cells
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What is neoplasia?
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Abnormal growth of tissue, not coordinated with normal growth. Mass lesion is called a tumor.
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What are characteristics of a tumor?
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Parenchymal and stromal cells
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What are the types of tumors?
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Benign Malignant
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Cancer refers to what?
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Malignant tumors
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What is a papilloma?
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cancer that grows into spaces with finger like projection
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What is a benign tumor of melanocytes?
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nevus
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what is a polyp
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a projection above a mucosal surface
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What types of tumors are carcinomas?
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epithelial cells
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What types of tumors are sarcomas?
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mesenchymal cell
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What are pediatric tumors?
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Blastomas
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Brain tumors have the suffix...?
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Glioma
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What are hamartoma?
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Mass of disorganized, mature cells indigenous to a particular site:
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What is a choristoma?
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an ectopic rest of normal tissue
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What are the first few pictures of diagnosis?
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Is there neoplasia? Is it malignant or benign? What is the likely biological behavior?
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What are the characteristics of benign tissue?
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Well-Differentiated Preservation of overall tissue architecture, polarity
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What are the characteristics of malignant tissue?
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From moderately well-differentiated to anaplastic=undifferentiated cells, -Loss of cell uniformity -Increased nuclear size -Increased chromatin -Tumor giant cells -Abnormal mitoses Loss of architecture/polarity
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What are the characteristics of malignant growth?
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• More rapid growth - (frequent mitoses) - Abnormal mitoses • Local Invasion • Local and/or Distant Metastases
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What is dysplasia?
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disordered growth; refers to loss in uniformity of cells and normal architecture. - with pleomorphism, mitoses
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What is carcinoma in situ?
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full thickness dysplasia, without invasion. Often preinvasive= premalignant
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What are the different pathways of spread?
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Seeding of body cavities and surfaces Lymphatic spread Hematogenous Spread
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What does a "grade" of a cancer? What is the stage?
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Grade: how close is the tumor to normal tissue? Stage: Size, degree of invasion and spread
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What are paraneoplastic syndrome?
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Distant or indirect effects of tumors leading to clinical symptoms
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What is the diagnosis mostly made of now?
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histological evidence and scans?
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What do you use to diagnose breast cancer?
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Sentinel node biopsy
