question

Dates of the Middle Ages

answer

476- 1453 (a long time)

question

Why does the start of the Middle Ages begin with 476? Describe the situation brielfly.

answer

The Fall of Rome Odaocer (sp?) beat the Emperor and instead of becoming the next Emperor, wanted to be king of Italy. This is HUGE that he didn't want this. Being Emperor had no important meaning anymore.

question

Why does the Middle Ages end in 1453?

answer

Constantinople fell to the Turks

question

Middle Ages -what is another term for the period, and describe the span of time in one sentence.

answer

Also known as the medieval period. The time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century.

question

Are there other competing ideas about the end of the Middle Ages and dates?

answer

Yes. 1455 - Gutenberg Bible 1492 - Columbus "discovers" the New World

question

How about Charlemagne. Who was he, when was he crowned?

answer

800 Charlemagne crowned emperor of Rome (was more of a Pope than a emperor)

question

1066 - Every English person knows this date, why? Three facts

answer

Norman conquest/Battle of Hastings, by William the Conquerer

question

What was religious life like in Rome around the time of Jesus of Nazareth's birth?

answer

Many different religions thrived. Isis - Egyptian Mithras - Persian Plus Jeudaism and lots of Roman gods

question

What traits are shared by other ancient religions AND Christianity? (3)

answer

Similarities: 1. God(s) who died and then was risen again (Life and death associated with the seasons) 2. How to get rid of sin (live a good life) 3. Tried to explain the mysteries and big questions of life

question

Why does Christianity seem different from these other religions?

answer

Monotheism. Took other beliefs and tied it to Jewish belief in only One God

question

Write a time-line of which cultures dominated (politically, culturally) in Palestine between 500BCE and the birth of Jesus.

answer

500-327 Jews 327-165 Greeks 165-63 Jews 63-1 Romans

question

Explain Hanukkah

answer

The celebration of when the Jews purified the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BCE by taking the statue of Jupiter out of the Temple.

question

Hanukkah - tell me more

answer

An eight-day holiday also known as the Feast of Lights, one candle lighted each night in honor of the oil the Maccabees found which was only enough for one night but Miraculously lasted for eight. (also gifts, things cooked in oil like jelly doughnuts and potato pancakes)

question

Who were the Sadducees and Pharisees, and how did they differ?

answer

Sadducees - rich educated Jews, merchants, priests, rules, and governors. Pharisees - "separated ones" scholarly middle class, very ritualistic and rule-driver

question

Were there lots of other different Jewish sects? (Looks like Mr. Clements is primarily interested in Sadducees and Pharisees, but this is just in case/extra-cred)

answer

Yes, just like today. But back then these were the big Four: Sadducees -wealthy landowners, powerful but willing to compromise with Roman leaders Pharisees -"Separated Ones" scholarly middle class who followed special Jewish laws closely and set themselves apart from other people deliberately. Believed in life after death. Essenes - super pious Jews who studies constantly and waited for the end of world and the coming of a Messiah. Zealots - "People of Action" more political, not interested in Jesus bc he was too calm

question

Who were the Essenes and what distinguishes them from the other Jewish sects?

answer

Essenes - super pious Jews who believed that a second Messiah would come. A small boy looking for his goat in 1947 found the Dead Sea Scrolls. There is some strong suggestion that Jesus of Nazareth might have been an Essene.

question

Dead Sea Scrolls

answer

Ancient scrolls containing the oldest known manuscripts of the books of the Old Testament in Hebrew

question

goat

answer

you can't find me!

question

What are the first Four books of the New Testament and why are they important?

answer

Matthew, Mark, Luke, John - together they are called the Gospels Supposedly written by these apostles with the real story of Jesus. They all differ in the details.

question

gospel

answer

literally means "good news"

question

So logically, then what is gospel music?

answer

religious-themed popular music ( performed traditionally and mostly by African American musicians)

question

The Gospels

answer

What are the first four books of the New Testament called?

question

What are the "synoptic gospels?"

answer

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke that have so much content in common that they are often studied side by side. The word synoptic comes from the Greek word for "to see together."

question

What about the 4th gospel?

answer

Book of John. He mostly wrote down things he remembered or attributed to Jesus 70 years after his death.

question

Who was John the Baptist?

answer

A cousin of Jesus, started Baptism (purification of body and soul by a ritual bath), preached against sin, was an Essene (like Jesus).

question

Why are the gospels unreliable?

answer

1. written after the fact 2. even the synoptic gospels are similar but differ in actual information and even contradict one another

question

What are the Central teachings of Jesus?

answer

1. help other people, especially the poor 2. love God 3. forgive people

question

BONUS: The name Jesus is a Greek version of the Hebrew name _______, and according to modern scholarship he was born in _______

answer

Joshua 4 BCE

question

Was Jesus Jewish?

answer

You bet! He was born a Jew, raised as a Jew, but his teachings were rejected by orthodox Jews because he said that anyone could believe in god even if they weren't Born Jewish.

question

What did other Jewish sects think about Jesus? (4)

answer

Pharisees - didn't like him because he didn't follow Jewish law Sadduccees - didn't like him because he might hurt relations with the Romans Zealots - didn't like him because he was a pacifist and would not fight Essenes - Jesus was an Essene and they liked him well enough

question

Why was Jesus killed?

answer

The temple authorities were worried that Jesus would start a revolt, so they arrested him and gave him to the Romans to be tried

question

Gentiles

answer

non-Jews

question

Pontius Pilate

answer

Roman governor who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus

question

Herod

answer

King of Palestine who killed thousands of Jewish male babies because he though one of them would grow up to take the throne.

question

Dionysius Exiguus

answer

Roman Astronomer, monk, and mathmetitcian who said that Jesus was born on a certain date Created the term "AD" for "Anno Domine."

question

Who ruled Palestine when Jesus was alive?

answer

Herod, who had been supported by Romans. He adopted Jewish practices, married the daughter of the last Maccabean King (Jewish), and put money in to rebuilding the Second Temple BUT he remained unpopular the most Jews bc he liked Hellenistic culture and was seen as controlled by Rome. And THEN...

question

What was Herod's Big Bad End in History, just around the time Jesus of Nazareth was born?

answer

Herod ordered the massacre of Thousands of Jewish babies, because according to myth/Gospels, he heard that the Messiah was born and would take over

question

What do we know about Jesus as near-fact?

answer

Lived in Nazareth, near Galilee, northern Palestine. Admitted to the Jewish faith at age 12 Gospels say he was baptized at age 30 by a cousin named John the Baptist, who felt that this ceremony was an act of purification to wash away sin (basically all religions have this in some way)

question

So Jesus was baptized by John and then had visions. What were they?

answer

All people were children under One God. They should help each other. Forgive others and try to be good, for God. Why? Because God was going to start a new age, brought on by a Messiah, and only those who were trying to be good would get to be part of it.

question

Was Jesus a popular speaker?

answer

yes

question

Jesus chose ____ assistants to help him in his preaching and they were called the _________

answer

12 assistants The apostles

question

What happened what Jesus and the Apostles went to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover in (probably) 30 AD?

answer

The Romans freaked that there would be a revolt in favor of Jesus. They arrested him, turned him over to Pontius Pilate, and was ordered to death by crucifixion.

question

For a whole pile of reasons people decided that Jesus was the son of God right before he was crucified.

answer

yep

question

Do you need to know the whole details of Jesus's death and what people thought happened?

answer

three days dead, rose again, went to heaven and told God he was ok, this is why we have Easter...... If you need to know this in detail I will fill in historical detail

question

What is the most traditional way in modern times to celebrate Easter?

answer

got to Church, remember Jesus. But also all the ancient thoughts - be aware of spring, the coming season, celebrate with family, Easter Bunny, candy, new clothes, golf

question

After Jesus died, who was the main apostle who taught about him and spread his story>

answer

Paul P. 7 Let's see how much you need to know about him and use your sheets

question

What things did Paul of Tarsus do to encourage growth of the early church? Which was most important? P. 7

answer

He sailed around the Mediterranean starting churches and preaching that Gentiles should be let into the church. (Get more people in, even if they are not racially Jewish).

question

When was the Great Fire of Rome?

answer

64 CE

question

What role did Nero play in the Great Fire of Rome and what were the results of his actions?

answer

he caused the fire and that resulted in the persecution of the Christians, which then resulted in sympathy for the Christians!

question

What happened in Jerusalem in 70 CE and what were the results of this event?

answer

Jerusalem was destroyed and Nero told the Jews to GET OUT

question

When was the Edict of Milan?

answer

313 CE

question

Who issued and what are the provisions of the Edict of Milan?

answer

313 CE Constantine said you can't kill Christians

question

What was the appeal of Christianity to the Roman citizens of the first three centuries CE?

answer

The teachings were easy to understand and appealed to everyone (you didn't have to racially be a Jew, or be a part of a certain sect or economic group).

question

Western Wall

answer

Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora. People go there and put little prayers on bits of paper and stuff them between the stones.

question

Wailing Wall

answer

Same as Western Wall. Jewish holy site in Jerusalem that is the only remaining portion of Solomon's temple

question

Diaspora

answer

Any group migration or flight from a country or region; dispersion. Particularly used in relation to Jews scattered by Romans in 70 CE or to Africans spread to new places during the Atlantic Slave Trade.

question

Masada

answer

A mountaintop fortress where the Jews held off the Roman soldiers for three years. They they all committed suicide rather than be over-taken Seriously heavy-duty Zealots.

question

Constantine's Mother p. 12

answer

Helena She researched places Jesus had been during important parts of his life. Example of women doing religious things and contributing even though they had no power

question

The new Christian church had to organize itself into useful units. What structure emerged? (be specific) p. 12

answer

The Bishop of Rome is the Pope. Archbishop - head of province, many dioceses (group of parishes) Bishop - head of diocese (group of parishes), many parishes Priest - head of parish, people

question

diocese

answer

A church district controlled by a bishop

question

parish

answer

A local church community within a diocese

question

The council of Nicaea provided an "orthodox" answer to the question of who Jesus was. What is that answer?

answer

Jesus is "the son of God " he is a man AND a god

question

The early church debated and struggled with such questions as the nature of Jesus and his relationship with God. Why didn't they just consult the Gospels?

answer

It doesn't say in the Gospels who Jesus is he never said it. He didn't want to start a religion!

question

What did the Arians believe? What did the Gnostics believe?

answer

Arians - God made Jesus and God is better than Jesus. Effectively they are now 2 gods, but they are in a monotheistic religion (a paradox?!) Gnostics - Thought that everything in the physical book si bad and the spiritual world is only good.

question

Among many other ideas, St. Augustine proposed "Original Sin." What does that mean?

answer

James, check your notes and book to make sure you have the right answer about this. MP put her answer on the next card.

question

Original sin

answer

Everyone is born BAD The sin by which the first humans disobeyed God (Garden of Eden) and thereby lost their original holiness and became subject to death. Original Sin is transmitted to every person born into the world, except Mary and Jesus.

question

clergy

answer

Church officials

question

Laity

answer

ordinary people who were church members

question

Bishop of Rome

answer

What is the primary title of the pope

question

dogma

answer

Stating opinions as truth Expressing a rigid opinion based on unproved or improvable principles absolute, arrogant

question

Heresy

answer

Any belief that is strongly opposed to established beliefs

question

excommunication

answer

Banishment from the church (usually because a person has committed heresy)

question

Constantinople

answer

An (originally small, then) large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire (second capital of the Roman Empire) and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. Constantine changed the name of the city from Byzantium in 330, and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.

question

Why was Constantinople a good location for a capital?

answer

1. Closer than Rome to prosperous provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire and the centers of Christendom (Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria) 2. At crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia, with access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas 3. City could be easily defended bc it was bordered by seas on three sides: Sea of Marmara, Golden Horn, and Bosporus. 4. Lots of walls were build (check notes - which ones most important?)

question

How was Constantinople like Rome?

answer

It was situated on seven low hills, and Constantinople set out to make his capital as beautiful as Rome. He built a forum, several temples, a magnificent palace, enlarged the Hippodrome.

question

In the 4th C, emperor Theodosius divided the Roman empire between his two sons. Who got what?

answer

One got the Roman empire (western) and one got the Byzantine (eastern).

question

Theodosius

answer

4th C. He divides the Roman Empire into two different empires (Roman & Byzantine). He also makes Christianity the only religion allowed.

question

Justinian

answer

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. "One empire, one church, one law"

question

What was the root cause of the Nika Revolt and what was its outcome?

answer

Taxes were too high!

question

What does "Nika" mean?

answer

"Let us conquer!"

question

Who were the Blues and the Greens in the Nika Revolt?

answer

The teams were from chariot racing Blues - rich Greens - poor Both groups came together to revolt against Justinian (government), because the taxes were too high. Justinian wanted to re-conquer land and needed cash to pay for the war. 30,000 people died, most of the capital was burned, J wanted to leave but wife Theodora made him stay, and afterwards the army billed everyone!

question

Belisarius

answer

Military commander of the the Byzantine Empire under Justianian. Massacred hordes of people in the Hippodrome during the Nika Revolt

question

What were Justinian's territorial ambitions? How successful was he?

answer

He wanted to re-create the unity and glory of the old Roman empires and conquer the west. Very successful, but never got Britain.

question

What motto summed up Justinian's goals?

answer

"One empire, one church, one law"

question

What is the Corpus Juris Civilis and why do we study it today?

answer

It means "the body of civil law" Justinian had all the laws gathered from lands he conquered, kept the good ones and eliminate the contradictory ones. We still study it today and it is the foundation of most European country's legal systems.

question

What is one important idea in the Corpus Juris Civilis that we use today?

answer

Evidence - accuser must prove a charge is true

question

What is the name of Justinian's Body of Civil Law in Latin (sp?)

answer

Corpus Juris Civilis

question

What was the legacy of the Corpus Juris Civilis in Europe i the 14th and 15th centuries? (BONUS)

answer

European kinds surrounded themselves with advisors who understood and could apply the legal code, thus stressing the concept that the ruler was the source and enforcer of laws

question

What is Caesaropapism?

answer

When one person (ruler) in the government runs both state and church. It means the gov is very authoritarian and gets involved in all sorts of controversies. For example Justinian closed the University of Athens because they had pagan ideas!

question

What is the term that describes the political authority of the emperor over the church? (sp)

answer

Caesaropapism

question

Hagia Sophia

answer

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Constructed of interlocking domes.

question

What cathedral's name means Holy Wisdom? (sp)

answer

Hagia Sophia

question

Justinian was proud of the Hagia Sophia. What did he brag?

answer

"O Solomon, I have outdone thee!"

question

Hagia Sophia's history (bonus)

answer

1453 Turks take Constantinople and turn it into a mosque. They whitewashed over all the Christian scenes, and added four minaret towers. 1922, nation of Turkey founded, paint removed, cathedral turned into museum

question

Arianism

answer

A "heresy" common during the first Christian centuries that denied that Jesus was truly God. He had "devine nature" AND "human nature"

question

Monophysite

answer

Christ had one nature only and that nature is divine

question

Theodora

answer

1, Wife of Justinian 2. Helped to improve the status of women 3. encouraged her husband to stay in Constantinople and fight the Nika Revolt. 4. Important political advisor 5. Was an actress and prostitute before marriage, causing a change in the law to allow inter-class marriage!

question

What happened to Justinian's empire after his death?

answer

Attacked from all sides, it shrank. It sounds like a blood bath.

question

What was the war plan of Heraclius vs. Persia?

answer

1. He appointed lots of strategos to control church and state in each province (totally different than old Roman model of separation). Declared marshal law (military controls government). 2. In 627, he went on the offensive against the Persians. Won Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, and recovered Relics of the True Cross, which he personally returned to Jerusalem

question

When did Heraclitus go on the offensive against the Persians? What countries and spoils did he get?

answer

627 Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Plus Relics of the True Coss

question

The True Cross

answer

bits of wood supposedly from the actual cross that Jesus of Nazareth was crucified on. So worth killing thousands of people over!

question

627 - who beat the Persians (sp?)

answer

Heraclitus

question

Relics are kept in fancy boxes called

answer

reliquaries (bonus art history term)

question

stratego

answer

The common term for a military leader or the chief general.

question

Why were both Persia and the Byzantines unprepared for the invasion of Islamic/Arab armies?

answer

They were exhausted from being at constant, long, devastating war.

question

"Greek fire"

answer

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople Basically a medieval flamethrower

question

Empress Irene

answer

- the first woman to hold the Byzantine throne, for her son Constantine VI, who was at first too young to do it.

question

Constantine VI

answer

Had to fight against his mother in war for the throne; 4th ruler of the Byzentine empire; Brought icons back. Sends Irene to isolation so he can rule but he is a failure so he brings her back to rule together.

question

Basil, Slayer of the Bulgers

answer

1. Crushed Bulers in 1004, see p. 25, left column 2. Best emperor of the Macedonian dynasty period (of the Byzantine Empire) 3. Had friendly relations with Russians and brought Christianity to Russia

question

Who was the best Macedonian dynasty emperor?

answer

Basil, Slayer of the Bulgers

question

Why is the country today called Turkey?

answer

The Ottoman Empire was commonly called the Turkish Empire, hence the Turks of Turkey

question

During the 11th century, the empire again went into a _______

answer

decline. Maybe review page 24-25 for all these ups and downs? (not in notes)

question

What was the result of the trade rivalry between Venice and Constantinople?

answer

Venice was actively trading with Moslems. Byzantine emperors asked the Pope for help. Fourth Crusade (1202-1204), when Venice sacked Constantinople in three days of burning and looting

question

Fourth Crusade

answer

1202-1204 Crusaders were supposed to have idealist religious goals, like restoring Jerusalem, but instead they went totally rogue and sacked Constantinople for economic reasons

question

A _______ is a holy war against ________.

answer

crusade infidels

question

Mohammed II was leader of the Ottoman Turks. What weapon did he have that helped him succeed in besieging Constantinople in 1453?

answer

Giant cannons with 1,200 pound cannonballs

question

Mohammed II

answer

Final conqueror of Constantinople, 1453 AKA Mehmet

question

Constantinople fell to the Muslin Turks when ______? It was the end of the ________ Empire, which had endured for more than a __________ years.

answer

May 29 1453 Byzantine 1,000

question

Istanbul not Constantinople song

answer

Istanbul was Constantinople Now it's Istanbul, not Constantinople Been a long time gone, Constantinople Now it's Turkish delight on a moonlit night Every gal in Constantinople Lives in Istanbul, not Constantinople So if you've a date in Constantinople She'll be waiting in Istanbul Even old New York was once New Amsterdam Why they changed it I can't say People just liked it better that way

question

icon

answer

sacred image that people prayed to almost as if it were a god

question

iconoclast

answer

Literally "image-breakers" opposed worshipping images because the Bible forbids "worship of graven images" Wanted people to just worship god

question

Leo III

answer

1. was an iconoclast 2. 725, issued edict forbidding "reverence of icons" and removed them all from churches and public places 3. Rioting in Constantinople and around Greece and other provinces, many icons were destroyed

question

What did the Pope think about icons?

answer

1. icons could be used (bc illiterate people needed them to learn about god) 2. said iconoclasts were heretics 3. This led logically to Pope VS Byzantine Empire in a bad way

question

Great Schism

answer

1054 Means "Great Division" Split of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Couldn't agree on: 1. icons, 2. role of pope, 3. celibacy of priests Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other

question

After the Great Schism many people called into question the _________ of the _________

answer

authority Pope

question

What were some of the issues between the churches of Rome and Constantinople? Read p. 27 and half of 28 again, it's complicated.

answer

Pope/Rome: Pro-icons, Didn't like Constantinople making converts in other countries Constantinople/Eastern: iconoclasts

question

Basic differences between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics today?

answer

Eastern Orthodox: 1. Does not accept that Pope is infallible 2. Priests can marry 3. rituals in local language Roman Catholic: 1. trust Pope to be infallible 2. Priests can not marry (which made it a good career choice for gay men for centuries, but in secret) 3. rituals in Latin only (so few people actually understood them, though it sounds pretty).

question

What are the most important lasting influences of the Byzantine Empire?

answer

1. Roman concept of law codified 2. Drama and plays in Greek 3. Russians modeled their church on the Eastern Orthodox 4. Cyrillic alphabet 5. Saved western Europe from being totally overtaken by the east/Muslims

question

Cyrillic alphabet

answer

An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, with Slavic phonetics, devised in the 9th century A.D. by St. Cyril and St. Methods

question

copt

answer

Christian sect of Egypt (Tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule)

question

immaculate conception

answer

The dogma that Mary was conceived without Original Sin (i.e. God put sperm in her mother's body and the dad had nothing to do with it) and remained free from personal sin throughout her entire life.

question

guilds

answer

an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards promoted training in the field and fair prices

question

codex

answer

an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)

question

Reliquaries

answer

Containers that hold sacred relics and that are usually crafted from precious materials. They were particularly popular for the Christian tradition during the Middle Ages.

question

Name the unit of currency of Byzantium

answer

the bezant A gold coin which was the most stable unit of currency in the Mediterranean world for over 700 years!

question

Were people educated at this time?

answer

Very well educated, if you were wealthy and male

question

How can you tell if a church is Byzantine? What was the architecture of the time like?

answer

Layout was the shape of a Greek cross (arms of equal length), with a dome on top

question

How can you tell if a painting is Byzantine?

answer

People look flat, with small almond-shaped faces and Large Eyes, long narrow noses, and little mouths.

question

Why are Russian rulers called Tzars, or Tsars?

answer

It was their word for Caesar, taken from Byzantium.

question

Read summary of Ch. 2 on p. 31

answer

Then, read the questions on p. 31 and see if you can answer them in your mind.

question

Basics on Islam: Islam started in Arabia in the _____ century. It's followers are called _____ , worship their god named _______, and the religion is called _______.

answer

7th century Moslems or Muslims Allah Islam

question

What does the word Islam mean? What does Moslem/Muslim mean? What is a Koran/Quran?

answer

Islam means "submit" Moslem/Muslim means "one who submits" Koran/Quran is the holy book of Islam, like their Bible

question

Bedouins

answer

Arab, nomadic, desert peoples who follow a traditional way of life

question

What were the important customs of the Bedouins. How would you characterize these people? (10 ideas)

answer

1. Nomads 2. Moved from oasis to oasis with their herds (camels, sheep, goats, etc) 3. Two tribes, each headed by a sheik 4. Each had a set of customs called a Sunna (code of laws) 5. Strength, courage in battle, tribal loyalty were the key virtues 6. Harsh environment, no rights for women, esp widows and orphans, who had to beg 7. Sick and female infants left to die if society could not handle them 8. Fighting and blood feuds, carried on for generations 9. Lots of gods, each associated with a stone 10. Poetry their chief art form (portable!)

question

sheik

answer

originally, the ruler of a Bedouin tribe; later, also used as a more general honorific.

question

How about city dwellers?

answer

Totally different. They had commerce, civilization.

question

Pandas?

answer

Zero pandas

question

Mecca

answer

1. City in western Arabia 2. Birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad 3. Ritual center of the Islamic religion. 4. Housed the Kaaba ("cube") a black building erected around large black stone (probably a meterorite). They thought it came from Heaven (pretty close!)

question

Since Islam states that you must try to visit Mecca in your lifetime to be a good Muslim, it must be a pretty good deal to be the sect in charge of Mecca, the Kaaba (and the massive tourism industry)...

answer

yep Most religions have some key economic points like this, but this one is so blatant

question

Mohammed was born in 570 in Mecca. What was his childhood like?

answer

1. Mohammed means "highly praised." 2. Born into powerful Quraysh tribe. 3. Dad died before he was born, Mom died six years later 4. Raised by poor relatives, had few advantages.

question

How did Mohammed's life suit him for a life of an active prophet? Be specific.

answer

He was married to a widow, so he lots of time to meditate (no kids!) He was a caravan driver so he met many people from different backgrounds.

question

How did Mohammed know he was supposed to start a whole new religion?

answer

The angel Gabriel appeared as he was meditating in a cave (same angle that came to Mary to say she was bearing Jesus). Gabriel said, "There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet."

question

What is another name for Mohammed?

answer

The Prophet

question

Quraysh

answer

Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century BCE

question

How and where did the Quraysh support themselves? Describe the Kaaba and its surroundings.

answer

They supplied food and water and housing for the pilgrims who arrived for the Hadj pilgrimage. The Kaaba is a cube-shaped stone building that houses a meteorite and is considered the "holy of holies."

question

Kaaba

answer

A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine (holds a meteorite)

question

Why is the Kaaba like the Rose Space Center at the AMNH? Why are they different?

answer

Both hold meteorites. Different - Kaaba only lets men look at it, thinks it is from God, and thinks it is a holy sign that Allah is the only God. AMNH - lets everyone look at it, has done tests on it to see where it came from, and anyone can ask questions about it.

question

When did Mohammed recapture Mecca?

answer

630

question

How did Mohammed recapture Mecca?

answer

630. The Arabs started to believe that Mohammed was truly a prophet of Allah, and he stopped the supply of goods in and out. They gave up. Mohammed destroyed all the idols in the Kaaba except for the black stone, then he dedicated it to Allah alone.

question

By the year _____, most of _______ had accepted the teachings of _________.

answer

632 Arabia Islam

question

Five Pillars of Faith

answer

Five steps to take to become less evil: Part of the Islam religion 1. Affirmation (only one god and that is Allah) 2. prayer (5 x per day) 3. almsgiving (to poor) 4. fasting (on special days) 5. pilgrimage (to Mecca, called the Haj, only open to men) Was Jihad almost a Pillar of Faith? Yes! But they kept it as a footnote.

question

Define Jihad and explain what role it played in the early days of Islam.

answer

"holy war: Jihad inspired people to fight, and the religion spread through warfare. If you fought ______ you would immediately go to heaven if killed

question

What did Mohammed accept from the Jews and Christians?

answer

1. monotheism (although their god was Allah) 2. prophets of the Old Testament + Jesus had knowledge of God, but only Allah was the true God

question

Islam

answer

"submission" to the will of God

question

Qur'an (sp)

answer

AKA Koran Holy text of Islam, the "bible" of Islam

question

Koran (Sp)

answer

AKA Qur'an Holy text of Islam, the "bible" of Islam

question

Muezzin

answer

"Crier" Man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret (tower) of a mosque, five times a day

question

minaret

answer

Tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

question

mosque

answer

A Muslim place of worship

question

Hegira

answer

Means flight or escape more specifically, the flight of Muhammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era

question

Muhammed's ________ from Mecca to __________ in ________ marked the beginning of the Muslim era.

answer

hegira Medina 622

question

What happened in 622?

answer

The hegira of Muhammed from Mecca to Medina, which marked the beginning of the Muslim era

question

Sunna

answer

An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammed "Muhammed's example"

question

The Islamic model for living the ideal life is called ________

answer

Sunna

question

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

answer

1. Pray five times each day 2. Fast during Ramadan 3. Pilgrimage to Mecca 4. Say the creed 5. Give alms to the poor

question

How would the Five Pillars of Islam strengthen the loyalty of Muslims to their religion.

answer

it would keep your mind on your religion all the time! Lots of daily rules and thoughts

question

What are the Sunna and how did they come into being? p. 37

answer

They started as the customs of tribes, but became rules that you should follow if you are a Sunni

question

Sunni

answer

1. "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam 2. Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the first 4 caliphs (compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead)

question

caliph

answer

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government A king rules a kingdom, a caliph rules a caliphate.

question

Which of the customs and laws of Islam seem derived from dislike or fear of the Bedouins?

answer

1. Laws to protect infants and elders 2. No blood feuds 3. No gambling or drinking 4. No stealing 5. No eating "blood meat" (cannot eat an animal that was killed by another animal or by a non-human way)

question

Halal (bonus)

answer

Means "permitted" In Islam, this refers to meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah We usually see this word on food carts in the city

question

What is the meat that is totally forbidden to Muslims?

answer

Pork (pig, ham, bacon, anything made from a pig)

question

Shariah (bonus)

answer

Islamic law, based on interpretations of the Qur'an and Sunnah

question

What were the territorial conquests of the first 100 years after Muhammed's death?

answer

A string of Smashing Victories encompassing most of the Middle East and much of North Africa. It grew to Pakistan, Russia, and Spain. Check Medieval World (p. 40) and your Penguin Atlas (p. 32-35) to study the maps. Please, panda.

question

What are the basic differences between Sunni and Shi'ites?

answer

Sunni: 1. "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam (90%) 2. Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the first 4 caliphs Shi'ites: 1. Believe that only a descendent of Ali (descendant of Muhammad) can lead 2. Believe that the Koran is the ONLY source of guidance for Islam and life (previous customs didn't count).

question

Sunni

answer

1. "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam 2. Any spiritually qualified man could be elected Caliph 3. Accept Koran and later commentaries (texts) based on Customs/Sunna, as valid parts of the faith 4. Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs (compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead)

question

Shi'ites

answer

1. Means "Follower" 2. The variant of Islam that only accepts direct descendats of Muhammad as the Caliph. 3. Koran is the only source of Korean law and ways

question

Mullah

answer

a Muslim man educated in Islamic theology and sacred law; sometimes function like a "mayor"

question

Imam

answer

a male leader of prayer in a mosque

question

Abu Bakir (632-634)

answer

The 1st Muslim caliph chosen by the majority of Muslims after Mohammed's death

question

Omar (634-644)

answer

1. The 2nd Muslim caliph. 2. Established Islamic Empire 3. "Sword of Allah" general defeated Byzantine army in Syria Then they beat Damascus, Jerusalem, Persia, and Egypt 4. (was murdered by a Christian slave in 644)

question

Othman (644-656)

answer

1. 3rd Muslim caliph 2. Compiled first official Koran 3. Was unpopular bc of nepotism (appointing friends and family to important positions despite lack of talent) 4. Tried to consolidate power when some Muslims felt only Muhammad's descendants should rule. (He was not related.) Was murdered in 656.

question

Ali (656-661)

answer

1. 4th muslim caliph 2. Mohammad's cousin (and husband of Prophet's daughter Fatima) 3. His election sparked a major dispute about how the caliph should be chosen (hereditary vs. merit). Shi'ites supported him strongly. 4. Assassinated

question

Muawiya

answer

1. Founder of the Umayyad Dynasty 2. Forced the split between Sunni and Shi'ite in civil war with Ali (which he and Sunnis win) 3. Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus (in Syria) to be closer to his empire 4. Declared Arabic the official language 5. Minted new coins with quotations from the Koran 6. Set up postal system 7. Transportation and building program, beautiful mosques

question

What are the accomplishments of the warlike Muawiya?

answer

1. Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus (in Syria) to be closer to his empire 2. Declared Arabic the official language 3. Minted new coins with quotations from the Koran 4. Set up postal system 5. Transportation and building program, beautiful mosques

question

What is the sigificance of the Battle of Tours (732)

answer

Charles "the Hammer" Martel, the Frankish Leader VS. Islamic army He defeated them and this stopped the northward advancement from Spain.

question

The Battle of ______ in _______, when ___________(person) stopped the northward invasion of Muslims into _______(country)

answer

Tours, 732, Charles Martel, Spain

question

Using the Penguin Atlas, evaluate the significance of the 92t Umayyad.

answer

Looks like Atlas pp 34-35?

question

Prosperity and high culture often, very often, go hand-in-hand. What brough prosperity to the Muslim city of the Golden Age (750-1150) of Islam?

answer

Controlled the trade routes of three continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. Trade and luxury goods from all over the world. Cities were cosmopolitan and bustling because of trade, not like little European towns which had little action. Wealth brings art and culture!

question

When was the Golden Age of Islam?

answer

750-1150

question

What trade was especially profitable?

answer

Textiles, ironwork, and ceramics

question

Berbers

answer

an ethnic group from western north Africa Became Muslims and Arabic speakers after losing fight with Omayyad. Were such good fighters they became part of Islamic army! (if you can't win, change sides...)

question

Tarik and the year 711

answer

1. Muslim governor of North Africa 2. Launched attack against Spain using Berber army 3. Landed near a big rock hill, now called Gibraltar ("Gebel Tarik") after him 4. Beat the local Visigoth army and pushed through much of Spain 5. Founded and president of 7-11, also known by the nickname Big Gulp, for swallowing most of Spain

question

______ attacked Spain in ______. He landed at _________ and beat the _______ army, using his own ______ forces.

answer

Tarik 711 Gibraltar Visigoth Berber

question

Harun al Rashid

answer

1. Most famous of Abbasid caliphs, 5th Muslim caliph 2. Renowned for sumptuous and costly living 3. Dependent on Persian advisors early in reign 4. Death led to civil wars over succession 5. *Founded the house of wisdom in Baghdad creating a center of learning and culture

question

Seljuk Turks

answer

1. Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader 2. the invasion of the Byzantine Empire by these people led to the Crusades in 1000 AD

question

1055

answer

Seljuks take Baghdad

question

When did the Suljuks take _______?

answer

1055 Baghdad

question

The philosopher and physician Rhazes, asked to locate a hospital in Baghdad, hung pieces of meat in the trees around the city. What did he hope to discover, and what did he (maybe vaguely), understand?

answer

He recommended the hospital be built in the place where the meat putrified most slowly - may have had some understanding of bacteria/germs/good and bad environments for health

question

Rhazes

answer

The first physician to document accurate descriptions of measles and smallpox. Used animal gut thread to suture wounds Used plaster casts on broken bones Arab doctor who wrote medical 150 medical texts

question

Avicenna

answer

Muslin philosopher and physician who wrote the Cannon of Medicine Muslims at this time were good scientists and doctors

question

Omar Khayyam

answer

Muslim, Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher; author of The Rubaiyat, a collection of poems about a man who celebrates the simple pleasures in life

question

Rubaiyat

answer

1. Epic poem of Omar Khayyam 2. Seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the god 3. Enjoying life in the here and now, enjoy simple pleasures

question

"Dawn in the bowl of night" and "a potter thumping his clay" and "a loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou" are all famous quotes from what?

answer

The Ruaiyat of Omar Kayyam

question

750 was the beginning of the ______ Age of ______, and the year ______ ended it

answer

Golden Age of Islam, 750-1150

question

What roles did their religion play in the excellent the Muslims developed in astronomy and geography?

answer

Needed geography so they could pray in the right direction. Needed astronomy for the lunar calendar and time of day (solar) for 5x/day prayers

question

Ibn Khaldun -who and what?

answer

A Muslim historian Wrote 7-volume Universal History (history, politics, geography, climate, crafts...) Developed idea that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generation - strong, weak, dissolute

question

In your own words describe the ideal ruler according to __________ (sp). He thought people would (selfishly) only care about a leader in terms of their relationship to them (and not for his intellect or anything else).

answer

Ibn Khaldun You must have the people like him and like the people. He can do anything he wants as long as the people love him.

question

Mount Moriah in Jerusalem - why sacred to all three Abrahamic religions? see p. 49

answer

1. Dome of the Rock; with Muhammad's footprint on it, his "Night of Power", horse in cave to heaven (Islam) 2. Location of Solomon's Temple and Abraham's almost sacrifice of Isaac (Old Testament, Jewish) 3. place of Jesus's baptism in the New Testament (Christian)

question

Name the mountain in Jerusalem sacred to the three religions (and spell it)

answer

Mount Moriah

question

What are the three Abrahamic religions

answer

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

question

How did the beliefs of Islam affect the art and architecture of the Golden Age?

answer

Muslims did not allow the depiction of humans, so their arts are very geometric. An important art is calligraphy - beautiful writing.

question

Avarroes and Maimonides, a Muslim and a Jew, were both products of the intellectual culture of Islamic Spain - what else did they have in common?

answer

They realized that there was an inherent contradiction between reason and religion! Evolution VS Seven Days of Creation (just one example of thousands).

question

Alchemy

answer

Medieval chemistry Goal: Attempt to change base metal into gold

question

Arabian Nights

answer

The stories that a princess would tell her husband every night for 1001 nights so that he would not kill her like he would the others Written by Omar Khayyam, adapted to Western cultures and more popular here than in the Middle East, is a composite of folktales, fables, and romances of Indian origins

question

Scheherazade

answer

a person who is an excellent storyteller, especially one who is able to keep an audience in suspense

question

Read summary, and answer questions at the end of Chapter 2 (p. 52)

answer

yep.

question

In a couple of sentences, (Gibbon only spent 20 years and 6 fat volumes on this, so good luck) what is the train of events that so destabilized Rome in the late 4th and 5th centuries?

answer

1. Huns pushed German tribes into the Roman empire 2. German tribes already in Roman empire decided to attack the city of Rome directly 3. They overthrew the emperor and won.

question

What was the outcome of the Battle of Adrianople, and what happened next? (See Penguin Atlas, p. 12)

answer

Look at the map on p. 12 of Penguin Atlas and trace the borders. 1. It marks the end of Rome's organized army. 2. The Goths defeated the Romans. 3. Then the Goths invaded Italy and sacked Rome.

question

When was the Battle of Adrianople?

answer

324

question

Clothilde

answer

1. Wife of Clovis, was Roman Catholic 2. Helped Clovis unite the Gaul and Frankish kingdoms 3. Convinced him to convert to be Roman Catholic (from Arian)

question

Charles Martel

answer

1. "The Hammer" 2. Frankish commander for the Battle of Tours. 3. He defeated Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. 4. Started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.

question

Eastern Goths are called ________

answer

Ostrogoths

question

Western Goths are called _________

answer

Visigoths

question

Ostrogoths

answer

LAURA EDIT THIS Eastern Goths A Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor.

question

Visigoths

answer

LAURA EDIT THIS Western Goths A Germanic tribe who settled primarily in Spain; the first such group to lay siege to Rome. A group of invaders who crossed the Danube and settled before leading a revolt against Rome. They sacked Rome in 410. From Spain; no means of succession; destroyed by Muslims.

question

What are the names of the Eastern Goths and the Western Goths?

answer

Eastern = Ostrogoths Western = Visigoths

question

Ostrogoths and Visigoths - which go with which direction? (and be able to spell their tribe names!)

answer

Eastern = Ostrogoths Western = Visigoths

question

Attila the Hun

answer

LAURA EDIT THISThe fierce leader of a barbarian tribe that was invading Italy

question

Odoacer

answer

Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493)

question

Theodoric

answer

LAURA EDIT THIS King of the Ostrogoths after the fall of Rome who used separate systems of government for Romans and Ostrogoths

question

Arian Heresy

answer

LAURA EDIT THIS idea that Jesus wasn't divine and was just a man and created arianism and so Nicias said anyone who was an arian would be burned alive because more jews were converting

question

Asterix and Obelix Do you think it is time to revisit these great comics? All our favorite characters are coming back...

answer

Why not?

question

Panda!

answer

Pandas like castles.

question

Pepin the Short (4 items)

answer

1. Son of Charles Martel 2. He was king and the Pope asked him for help against the Lombards who were invading. 3. Pepin defeats them and in turn, the Pope names him king of the Franks. 4. Pepin gives the Pope land called the Papal States.

question

Charlemagne

answer

1. King of the Franks (r. 768-814); Emperor (r. 800-814). 2. Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. 3. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

question

Pious

answer

Devoutly religious

question

Strasburg oath

answer

treaty between Louis, the Germans, and Charles the Ball

question

Lothair's Kingdom in Latin

answer

Lotharii Regnum

question

pontiff

answer

a pope or bishop

question

Spanish March

answer

1. Charlemagne established this buffer zone between his kingdom and the Muslims in Spain 2. 2nd battle fought that contributed to the Reconquista

question

Charles the Bald

answer

He was the grandson of Charlemagne who received the western part of the empire (modern day France) after it was divided between the 3 brothers of Louis the Pious.

question

Louis the German

answer

he was a son of Louis the Pious; Louis' empire was divided among his 3 sons; he took Germany.

question

Lothair

answer

He was the eldest son of Louis the Pious, who took the middle kingdom and the title of Emperor after the kingdom was split between the 3 brothers.

question

primogeniture

answer

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

question

Think of the Christian/Jewish/Muslim view of heaven. now think of Viking ideas about the after life. What can you conclude about the character of the Vikings?

answer

War and beer

question

Primogeniture

answer

Right of inheritance belongs Exclusively to the eldest son!

question

The "Danelaw"

answer

Part of England that was given to Vikings

question

Runic

answer

Language of Vikings

question

Valhalla

answer

King heaven for warriors

question

Wednesday

answer

Thor + Wodin Frega Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

question

Varangians

answer

Vikings from Kiev

question

Vinland

answer

"Land of Grapes" part of Canada

question

What was the extent of Muslim-controlled territory in Europe in the year 900? p. 80

answer

Middle East, North Africa, Spain, islands in western Mediterranean ocean (Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia)

question

Europeans called the Muslim invaders _____?

answer

Saracens, from a Byzantine Greek word meaning "easterners)

question

What historical events accounts for the distinctive culture of Sicily? p. 81-82

answer

1. Muslims imposed their culture on this Italian island, and it became a thriving Muslim city (like Cordoba in Spain and Cairo in Egypt) 2. Then Normans (Viking descendents) conquered it between 1060-1091. 3. Roger the Norman left a lot of Muslim culture in place, promoted Muslims to government and encouraged doctors and philosophers. 4. Roger II and Frederick II both had brilliant and flourishing courts - trade, scholarship, advanced culture

question

al-Idrisi

answer

A Muslim geographer who prepared a world map and geography text in 1154. Was part of the court of Roger II in Sicily

question

Magyars p. 82

answer

1. Third group (what were the other two?) of invaders who devastated Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries. 2. Came from the Ural Mountains and Volga River in Russia. 3. Great horsemen, had stirrups

question

Saracens

answer

nomadic Muslims who raided Italy and southern Europe during the ninth century

question

Monte Cassino

answer

St. Benedict's monastery

question

The attack on St. Peter's study p. 81

answer

838 Europeans terrified of the Saracens, but still asked them for help sometimes. Italy/Lombards asked Muslims to help attack Byzantine Emperor. They did, but then also attacked and destroyed: 1. Monte Cassino monastery founded by St. Benedict, 2. raided Rome 3. plundered the cathedrals of St. Peter and St. Paul. It was awful.

question

When was the attack on St. Peter's

answer

838

question

The Muslims also captured a famous abbot of ______ from the monastery of the same name in ______ (bonus) p. 81

answer

Cluny 972

question

stirrup

answer

1. Device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. 2. Came from India or China 3. Warriors could stand to fire arrows 4. Used by Magyars.

question

Battle of Lechfeld

answer

955 Otto I, King of the Germans, defeats Magyars/Hungary He also killed many German nobility, thus eliminating internal and external enemies!

question

Review Ch. 4 - Read the Summary on P. 83, then see if you can answer the 6 questions with 3-5 sentence answers.

answer

Yes, panda!

question

Once the Roman empire failed, the church took on civil responsibilities including ___________(3 items)

answer

schools, hospitals,a dn orphanages

question

How could excommunication be used socially and politically?

answer

People were terrified of going to Hell, and religious leaders made sure they stayed that way. Socially - keep social order and public morality Politically - could threaten political enemies

question

Review for Ch. 4 (basically Mr. Clement's quiz is below: "Easterners"

answer

Saracens

question

Adrianople

answer

Goths VS Romans, emperor killed and Romans routed

question

"his neck was thick and rather short, and his belly too prominent," according to biographer Eihard

answer

Charlemagne

question

Repulsed the Muslims at Tours in 732

answer

Charles Martel

question

Converted to Roman Catholicism just after winning a battle, at the urging of his wife Clothilde

answer

Clovis

question

lower case letters

answer

Invented by monks and came into general use in the time of Charlemagne

question

Older brother of Louis and Charles; got a middle strip of land in Europe

answer

Lothair

question

His will divided his kingdom into three parts

answer

Louis the Pious

question

Sacked Rome in 846 and plundered churches there including St. Peter's

answer

Muslims

question

Gave the Pope a strip of land in Italy that became the Papal States

answer

Pepin the Short

question

Northeastern part of England

answer

The Danelaw

question

Settled in modern Hungary

answer

Magyars

question

Merovingian Kings

answer

Dynasty of kings associated with the Church. TThese are the successors of Clovis and were approved by the Church. They became known as 'do-nothing kings."

question

Moved, or were moved, all the way from the middle of Europe to Africa

answer

Vandals

question

Ch. 5 begins, The Church in the Middle Ages, p. 84 "The priesthood is the Sun, and the monarchy the Moon. Kings rule over their respective kingdoms but.. the Lord gave Peter rule not only over the universal church, but also over the whole world" - What attitude does that sum up?

answer

The pope pretty much wanted to rule over it all, and so did his entire system of bishops and priests.

question

The Venerable Bede

answer

English monk (died in 731) called "The Father of English History" Ecclesiastical History of the English People Popularized the dating from Christ's birth Caedmon's hymn

question

sanctuaries

answer

Places of refuge or protection. People found churches and monasteries to be safe places

question

St. Benedict

answer

1. founded a monastery for which he wrote a set of rules 2. these came to be the standard in the Catholic Church and used by other groups of monks

question

Excommunication

answer

Banishment from the church

question

The Interdict

answer

It cost the king the loyalty of his subjects, who feared for their own souls (basically if the king causes problems for the church, it means everyone in his kingdom will go to hell)

question

Hermit

answer

a recluse A person who lives a solitary life in order to commit himself or herself more fully to prayer

question

Place of daily battles followed by drinking.

answer

Valhalla

question

Not only a war machine, but sometimes used for burials too

answer

Viking Long Boat

question

p. 84 What does the book mean when it talks about "the church?" Be specific and be careful - the question is (slightly less obvious than it looks)

answer

It means organized Christianity Church becomes the Government NEEDS MORE

question

What are the sacraments? p. 85

answer

Seven Sacraments, sacred rituals only priests could perform 1. baptism 2. confirmation 3. matrimony 4. penance 5. extreme unction ("last rites" for the dying) 6. Holy Orders (becoming a monk or priest) 7. Holy Eucharist/Holy Communion (bread and wine recalling the Last Supper, meant to be the body and blood of Jesus)

question

Explain how the sacraments confirmed the central position of the church in the lives of ordinary people in the middle ages.

answer

They were activities/rituals that cleansed one of sin, from birth to death A pathway to Heaven, so the people cared about it a LOT. NEED MORE DETAIL

question

Medieval people believed that all people were __________ by nature and only through _______ could they achieve __________ in the next life. (all 3 answers start with S)

answer

sinners sacraments salvation

question

canon law p. 85

answer

A mixture of Roman law and of regulations issued over the years by Church authorities and councils

question

Was there a struggle between civil and Church courts, say particularly in cases where a clergy member committed criminal offenses?

answer

Yes, and this festered for a long time and caused lots of hardship.

question

Church courts tried both ______ and ______ cases involving the clergy, and made their decisions based on _______ law

answer

civil and criminal canon

question

How did canon law fuel tension between church and state, bishop and king?

answer

People didn't know who would take care of their case. Canon court helped charity cases. State court helped government cases.

question

What social, even historical services did early Benedictine monasteries provide? p.87

answer

Served as hotels for travelers, hospitals, copied/collected manuscripts, schools

question

Benedictines

answer

Religious men who sought to lead a life of strict observance of the rule of Benedict

question

Augustine, on his way to Britain (and to becoming änother" St. Augustine) wrote a heartfelt letter to Gregory the Great, and the pope answered. What did EACH have to say?

answer

Augustine: he was going to die because of the heathens Pope: he will go to heaven because he signed up for it. (Panda I think you should study p. 87 and get a bit more out of it.)

question

convent p. 88

answer

Monasteries for women. Some became powerful but mostly the men had the upper hand in land, wealth, numbers. St. Benedict's twin sister Scholastica founded a convent near Monte Cassino. Nuns were often teachers for the elite, nurses, and were known for herbal/medical matters

question

Nun- bonus if you know two meanings!

answer

1. a woman who has taken a sacred vow to devote her life to prayer and service to the church 2. A navigational buoy shaped like a nun's hat/habit

question

simony

answer

Bishops selling positions in the Church

question

Scriptorium

answer

A room in a monastery for writing or copying manuscripts

question

Who "fought the devil by pen and ink" and hoped "every letter, line, or point is a sin forgiven"

answer

scribes in the scriptorium

question

Albigensian heretics

answer

Heretical sect that advocated a simple, pious way of life following the example set by Jesus and the Apostles, but rejecting key Christian doctrines Thought every material thing was bad, including our own bodies Basically thought life was a battle of good VS evil St. Dominic crusaded against them

question

Franciscans

answer

founded by St. Francis; order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all creatures Very kind to animals. All art with religious guys and animals is probably about St. Francis Aunt Maia wrote an opera about St. Francis!

question

Cluniacs

answer

Their movement was a mission to eliminate rich nobles from the life of a monastery Purifying monastic life by ridding themselves of greed, ignorance, and family ambition Anti-simony

question

Cistercians

answer

So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed a special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity, and strictness in daily life. Churches had no ornaments Had Scriptoriums So good at farming that they controlled a big part of the wool industry in England and had wealth

question

P. 88 What distinguishes Cluniacs from other monks?

answer

NEEDS MORE tried to sort simony isolated themselves by having monasteries in Paris

question

From reading Bernard of Clairvaux on p. 89 What would you expect a Cistercian monastery to look like? If you decorated your bedroom, what changes would you expect?

answer

Library, scriptorium, but very plain surroundings and no ornaments in the church monks could only own a little clothing Bedroom (aka cell, literally) would have bed, maybe a candle, maybe a bowl for water, and your clothes

question

friar

answer

means Brother (from Latin, frater) Would help needy people, or teach "the world was their cloister" lived in the real world, not monastery

question

Monk

answer

A man who devotes his life to a religious group, withdrawing from society, often giving up all he owns.

question

What differentiates a friar from a monk?

answer

friar - "world is their cloister", serves the needy Monk - isolates himself in a monastery, serves mostly his own spirituality

question

mendicant

answer

another word for beggar friars were sometimes called mendicants, because they had to beg and didn't have monasteries to house and feed them

question

St. Dominic p. 89-90

answer

1. Founder of the Dominican order of friars, 1216 2. Famous for joining the Crusade against the Albigensian heretics 3. Very large and successful order, even today. Founded lots of schools

question

How does the life of St. Dominic foreshadow the character of the Dominican order?

answer

He was a well-educated man who joined the crusade vs. the Albigensian heretics. Then saw that the best way to fight heretics was through living a simple life like the Apostles did.

question

Name a famous Dominican friar

answer

Theologian Thomas Aquinas, definitive scholar of Roman Catholicism

question

What events in the life of St. Francis caused his conversion? p. 90

answer

A son of a wealthy wool merchant from Assisi, in northern Italy. He wanted to be a great knight but was captured in 1202 and spent a year in prison. After he got home he was still sick for a year. Was convinced he should renounce his wealth and help people and animals. Wandering the country, he saw and hated the hypocrisy of people making pilgrimages to Rome (to pay to have their sins taken away). Pope Innocent III was so impressed he let them start a new Order of Friars Minor LOOK AT THE NICKNAME IT WILL PROBABLY BE ON THE TEST(Little Brothers), meaning they all took vows of poverty and humility

question

What are the Poor Clares?

answer

The sister group to the Friars

question

St. Francis

answer

1. A kindly wealthy Italian who gave up his comfortable life to devote himself to preaching the Gospels and teaching by his examples - doing good works 2. Founded the Franciscan order of Friars 3. Treated all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters 4. One of the most popular saints of all time!

question

In the last half of the 11th century, while William the Conquerer was consolidating his grip on England, the Seljuk Turks were raising a ruckus elsewhere. Where were they from and what had they done by 1100? p. 91 Also: check Penguin Atlas!

answer

The Turks had come from Central Asia. They conquered the East: Russia, China, and the Middle East

question

What was the reason for the First Crusade?

answer

Muslims let Christians make pilgrimages to Jerusalem, but after the mid 11th century, the Seljuk Turks harassed and persecuted pilgrims trying to get to Jerusalem. Probably it was more than just religion (trade, bigotry, etc), but religion was the main excuse.

question

First Crusade

answer

1069-1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.

question

crusade

answer

Holy war, from the Latin word crux, "cross"

question

Why did men join the First Crusade? (3) What did the pope hope to get out of it? (2)

answer

Men: 1. Wanted to obey god's will 2. Wanted land and wealth 3. Wanted salvation and to relieve penance Pope: 1. Wanted to extend influence over the Eastern Orthodox Church 2. Wanted to be head of all of Christianity

question

Peter the Hermit led a prequel to the First Crusade. How did it go?

answer

1. Went through Germany killing Jews 2. Went through Bulgaria stealing food from fake infidels 3. Sent across the Bosphorus by King of Constantinople (where the Turks were waiting there and destroyed them)

question

How many men joined the First Crusade?

answer

Between 5,000-10,000 mounted knights 25,000-50,000 foot soldiers about 25,000-50,000 camp followers It was so popular the pope forbade some people from going at all (women without husbands, the elderly, the young)

question

Peter the Hermit p. 93

answer

A monk from France who took things in his own hands. Without waiting for orders he got 30,000 peasants to head for Jerusalem, massacring thousands of Jews along the way.

question

Just when things looked really, really bad for the crusaders bottled up in Antioch, a most unexpected event occurred. What was it, and what happened afterwards?

answer

The city was betrayed from within. Then the crusaders dug under a church and found the Lance of God. (nice timing!)

question

The Holy Lance (aka the Spear of Destiny, aka the rusty old lance)

answer

Which holy relic from a vision did peasant Peter Bartholomew dig under a church. Supposedly this was the actual lance used by a Roman soldier to stab Jesus while he was on the cross.

question

How "glad" do you think the residents of Jerusalem were to be "liberated" by the armies of the First Crusade. Why?

answer

Not glad. Horrified and anguished. They were all killed. "Riding with blood up to their knees."

question

Capture of Jerusalem Review p. 95

answer

At the end of 1099, the crusaders took Jerusalem, indiscriminately slaughtering its Muslim, Jewish, and Christian inhabitants. Divided land stretching along the Mediterranean coast into 4 states.

question

Battle of Manzikert

answer

1071 CE Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

question

Pope Urban II

answer

1040?-1099 The head of the Roman Catholic Church, who issued the proclamation to begin the First Crusade

question

The Holy Lance (aka The Spear of Destiny) p. 94

answer

Supposedly this was the actual lance used by a Roman soldier to stab Jesus while he was on the cross.

question

What were the Three Religious-Military Orders?

answer

Templars, Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights

question

Templars p. 96

answer

1. AKA Knights of the Temple (from Temple of Solomon) 2. The base troop of the Crusades, the Pope allows them to take on religious orders and they look only to the Pope, 3. They are exempt from taxes so many knights want to embrace this role (and forget to be poor and chaste), become the wealthiest power in Europe. 4. Later become the richest bankers in Europe 13th c

question

Hospitalers p. 96

answer

1. AKA Knights of St. John 2. Focused on giving shelter to pilgrims, caring for sick pilgrims. 3. They often served as a medical corps during the Crusades 4. They are now known as the Knights of Malta 5. Also got wealth and had power struggles with secular rulers

question

Teutonic Knights p. 96-97

answer

1. AKA Order of St. Mary of the Teutons (charitable knights) 2. Military Order founded by Crusaders from Germany

question

The 13th century was a time of radical change for the three Religious-Military Orders. When they could no longer fight Saracens, they moved and assumed new roles. Where did each one end up, doing what new job? p. 96-97

answer

Templars - became bankers Hospitalers - went from being caretakers to fighters, then got wealthy Teutonic Knights - started as charity, then became fighters and go involved in politics

question

What was the objective of the Second Crusade? Rate its success. See quotes on p. 97 (very "test-y" sort of quotes)

answer

The Crusade that failed in its goal of recapturing the Crusader state of Edessa from the Turks. Plagued by rivalry and disunity

question

What was the objective of the Third Crusade. Rate its success.

answer

(1189 - 1192) Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt.

question

King Richard the Lionhearted

answer

English kind who helped lead the (unsuccessful) Third Crusade against Saladin and the Muslims

question

"A King's Ransom"

answer

After the 3rd Crusade, King Richard the Lionhearted headed back to England. He was taken prisoner by Leopold, the duke of Austria (whom Richard had insulted). Leopold demanded a huge ransom which England paid.

question

"He had the courage of Hector, the magnanimity of Achilles, and was equal to Alexander ... who is being praised? Read this full quote on p. 98

answer

King Richard the Lionhearted.

question

Saladin

answer

1. (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade 2. Took Iraq, Syria, and Egypt, thus surrounding Crusaders lands 3. reconquered most of Crusaders lands, defeated Christians at Hattin, took Jerusalem

question

Saladin tithe

answer

A tax issued during the rule of Richard that gave 10% of the wealth of England to Saladin to support him (tithe means tax)

question

Look at quote on p. 98, "The Day of Conquest...by a striking coincidence, the date of the conquest of Jerusalem was the anniversary of the Prophet's ascension to heaven..."

answer

A Muslim chronicler wrote this of Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem. It just looks so "test-y!"

question

What was the objective of the Fourth Crusade. What the heck happened?

answer

Crusade called for by Pope Innocent III in 1204 in which crusaders went rogue and sacked Constantinople (they were supposed to reconquer Jerusalem). There was just so much booty and wealth in Constantinople, they went crazy The Byzantine Empire was eventually restored in 1261

question

"That booty which was brought to the churches was divided, in equal parts, between the Franks and the Venetians... Study this quote on p. 99

answer

4th Crusade greed.

question

Pope Innocent III

answer

One of the greatest Popes of all time. Ruled during the Middle Ages/Crusades. He declared the Pope supreme over all worldly rulers.

question

Children's Crusade

answer

1. AKA The Fifth Crusade 2. 12 year-old French farm boy Stephen of Cloyes says childrens' innocence will defeat the Muslims 3. thousands of French and German children believe waters of the Mediterranean will part to let them walk to the Holy Land. 4. Merchants trick them into giving them a free ride to Jerusalem, but the merchants sell the children into slavery

question

The Sixth Crusade

answer

1228-1229. Led by Frederick II. Negotiated a treaty which led to Christian control of several important holy sites, including Jerusalem. Jerusalem - retaken by Muslim mercenaries in 1244.

question

Frederick II

answer

1. Led 6th Crusade. 2. Actually respected Muslims, so negotiated a treaty which led to Christian control of several important holy sites, including Jerusalem. 3. But Jerusalem was retaken by Muslim mercenaries in 1244.

question

Seventh Crusade

answer

1. Led by King Louis IX of France, who was a horrible strategist. 2. His army had disease and suffered from famine 3. Army was taken as prisoners and had to pay a huge ransom.

question

1291 Muslims capture Acre, the last Christian stronghold. What did this mean

answer

After 200 years of warfare and countless deaths, the Holy Land remained in Muslim control

question

Your book lists many results of the Crusades. List three good ones, two bad ones, and one that (the book says) wasn't a result of the crusades at all! Study p. 101

answer

Good: 1. trade and shipping increased, 2. parochialism of medieval Europe shattered - transfer of knowledge (awestruck by more advanced civilizations) 3. better infrastructure, 4. banking systems, 5. interest in exploration/development of navigation Bad: 1. religious intolerance between all three religions 2. persecution of Jews (convert or die, live apart, wear yellow patches on clothes) Not a result of crusades: 1. Learning (in medicine and language), 2. technologies such as manufacturing and dying cloth

question

Read the Summary of Chapter 5 on p. 102. After studying, answer the six questions.

answer

Hint for Mr. Clements multiple choice tests - he likes to add "funny" bits that are wrong. If something is funny, think twice!

question

The work of the priest is to pray to God, and of the Knight to do justice, The farm worker finds bread for them. One told in the fields, one prays, and one defends. In the fields, in the town, in the church, These three help each other Through their skills. in a nicely regulated scheme. What three things does this tell us about Medieval society?

answer

13th C, Anonymous verse. 1. Pretty much sums up Medieval society! 2. Everyone has a well-defined place in society 3. Everyone has certain duties and responsibilities p. 103

question

Rome collapsed in the ____ Century. What were the most profound effects? (8 Major Effects)

answer

5th Century 1. No Roman legions to defend boundaries, so constant war 2. No Roman legal system, so no assurance of justice 3. No Roman administrative system, so no upkeep of roads, water supplies, safety 4. Trade declined (war and everything else) - self sufficiency = poverty 5. Only food was local 6. Towns and cities declined 7. For most people, life was worse, poorer 8. Power Vacuum!! (The Church loved that and moved right in)

question

Feudalism p. 103

answer

1. A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages 2. King/Nobles offered protection and land to farmers in return for service 3. Did not develop in the same way in all parts of Europe 4. From Latin, feudum, meaning, "estate"

question

Origins of Feudalism

answer

1. Grew out of both Roman and German customs, but started in France 2. Nobles had too much land to work themselves, so they granted it to others to do the work, while they supplied the security 3. In Germany there was a tradition of warriors getting food and land if they swore loyalty to the king 4. Charles Martel and others began granting land in exchange for loyal and military service 5. More wars, more feudalism

question

The basic system of government in the ______ century in ______ Europe was __________

answer

9th century, western Europe, feudalism

question

How do you spell feudalism?

answer

yes

question

How does feudalism work?

answer

1. King/emperor (total power) 2. dukes, then marquis, then counts/earls/vicount/baron (great nobles with lots o' land and power) 3. vassals (lesser nobles, lesser amounts of land) 4. peasant (subservient farmer)

question

vassal

answer

(n.) a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant; (adj.) subservient

question

duke

answer

from the Latin dux, leader

question

investiture

answer

ceremony conferring authority Vassal would kneel before his lord and put his hands between the lord's hands. He pledged homage and agreed to obey the lord's commands.

question

What is this pledge an example of? "I will always be a faithful vassal to thee and to thy successors...and I will defend thee.. and all your men... p. 104

answer

a pledge of homage during investiture

question

What did a vassal get in return in the investiture contract?

answer

1. a fief (or estate - big word for farmland , could be big or very small) 2. protection 3. hear complaints in open court; be given justice (though this was abused) 4. given a charter (or deed) and a blade of grass or clump of death as a symbol of the fief

question

fief

answer

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

question

Vassals had ______ control over their lands. They could do _____(6 things). p. 104

answer

Complete control over lands, houses, villages, and people! 1. wage war 2. coin money 3. collect tolls 4. make alliances 5. any other activity as long as the Lord was ok with it. 6. Could pass down his fiefdom to his heirs (BUT in theory the lord still owned the land)

question

Feudal obligations

answer

1. Really varied from region to region 2. N. France - vassal expected to serve for 40 days and nights on military/garrison duty 3. When money became more widely used, vassals could pay money instead of military duty (a good source of $$ for lords) 4. Vassals expected to help pay for knighting ceremonies, or weddings of lords 5. Vassals expected to help pay when lords were held ransom!

question

What happened when vassals didn't do their obligations?

answer

1. Lord could seize their fiefdom 2. they could also do this if there were no heirs

question

shield money

answer

aka scutage Knights/vassals pay money instead of doing military service

question

scutage

answer

Money a vassal could pay instead of serving in the military

question

How could a vassal be absolved of all obligations to a lord (technically)?

answer

When a lord: tried to kill him, enslave him, steal his property, or seduce his wife. (Sounds fairly reasonable)

question

feudal warfare

answer

1. influenced the development of the concept of chivalry 2. vassal rebelled against the lord's power; warfare increased the noble's power snd kept them busy

question

What was the most widespread activity of the feudal nobility? What was it about?

answer

warfare land, family honor, other rights

question

What did early knights wear? What did they wear in battle later on?

answer

Early - padded leather or lien coats and helmets Later - small iron rings sewn to clothes for protection, then flexible chain mail. then full body armor (and armor for the horse)

question

How was armor made? How did one knight distinguish himself from another?

answer

thin flexible sheets of steel with joints shield with "coat of arms"

question

What was each knight armed with? How much could all this stuff weigh?

answer

armor, horse+ lance, two-edged sword, dagger+ and maybe a heavy club, mace, or battle ax All this could weigh 100+ pounds!

question

heraldry

answer

The use of symbols or emblems during the middle ages; often worn on shields, cloaks, and cloths draped over horses. Usually used to define where a person was from and what their working status and social status was.

question

In the ______th century, the Church tried to reduce feudal warfare with two pronouncements, called the ____ and the ______. p. 106

answer

11th century 1. "Peace of God" 2. "Truce of God"

question

Define "Peace of God"

answer

"Peace of God" - sacraments would be withheld from anyone who pillaged churches, monasteries, and holy places. Also denied to those who killed women, children, or elderly not involved in combat.

question

Define "Truce of God"

answer

"Truce of God" - forbade fighting between sunset of any Wednesday evening and sunrise of the following Monday morning (period of time Jesus suffered and died on the cross). Truce also applied to: all holy seasons (Advent/four weeks before Christmas, and Lent/seven weeks before Easter)

question

Where these truces kept?

answer

No, they were frequently ignored, but knights were still Very Afraid of Excommunication

question

Did the Church truces work?

answer

in the late middle ages, feudal warfare did decline 1. due to efforts of the church 2. probably more likely, due to the rise of powerful medieval kings who made great efforts to get their vassals to stop fighting and start producing revenue!

question

Castles! p. 106

answer

best part of medieval period from the Latin castellum, "small military camp"

question

Early and middle Castles

answer

fortified houses made of wood and surrounded by wooden walls later, stone castles on hilltops, in bends of rivers, and other good, defensible positions

question

moat

answer

a deep, wide ditch surrounding a castle, fort, or town, typically filled with water and intended as a defense against attack.

question

later castles

answer

could be quite large and imposing! Designed to house the lord and his family, and to include all the peasants in time of emergency Courtyard - workshops and kitchen Stables for horses Storehouses for food, water, and weapons (ready for siege, which could last for weeks) Lord and family lived in innermost structure called the keep or donjon Great hall - for feasting and signings and chess and backgammon and entertainments by jesters

question

donjon

answer

The medieval word for a castle tower; also known as the "keep"

question

keep

answer

Central building of the castle, for noble family

question

great hall

answer

Used for eating, sleeping ad carrying out castle business - e.g. Sometimes used as a court room. All main meals would be served here and after a nights entertainment stuffed sacks would be placed on the ground for sleeping on.

question

What did nobles eat? What did peasants eat? p. 106

answer

Nobles: fish, fowl, wild game, good bread (white), wine Peasants: porridge, cabbage, turnips, dark bread, beer/ale (meat was rare in a peasant's diet - they were not allowed to hunt)

question

Crazy pie recipes with pheasant, hare, capon, partridge, pigeons?

answer

Yep, all in a noble's pot pie (Should we make one?!)

question

What was the great hall like for dining?How did the food get there?

answer

Even with massive fireplaces it is hard to warm a stone castle. Food was often delivered (at best) room temperature or cold, or even half-cooked, coming from a distant kitchen.

question

Other castle bummers?

answer

Poor sanitation (pee out the window or in a chamber pot), nice luck during sieges. Poor lighting

question

Education p. 107

answer

During the early Middle Ages there was little formal education. Kids learned what they needed to know at home to survive.

question

What about education for knights? (4 items) p. 107

answer

Mostly this was learning warfare skills. 1. A young noble served as a page for the lord 2. The mistress taught him value and manners and respect for women, as well as singing, dancing, playing a musical instrument 3. Maybe also reading, writing, and maths 4. Age 14, a boy became Squire to a lord - be able to ride well, handle weapons, care for armor, guard prisoners, etc

question

squire

answer

A young nobleman, age 14, acting as the attendant of a knight before becoming one himself, usually carried armor or errand runner

question

Training ended at age _____, when the ________ became a _______.

answer

21 squire becomes a knight

question

What did a knight's training entail? p. 107-108

answer

Basic education plus all the stuff a squire learned, then jousts and tournaments, hunts and horsemanship

question

Describe the ceremony of becoming a knight. p. 107

answer

After long training and turning 21, 1. spend a night awake in a chapel praying for guidance (vigil) 2. Next morning, took Communion 3. Knighted by his liege lord. In England the lord touched him on the back of his neck with a sword and said, "in the name of god, St. Michael, and St. George, I dub thee knight. Be gallant, be courteous, be loyal." 4. Parents gave him a big feast

question

How about the girl's education and training? p. 108

answer

1. Expected to follow the role of wife. 2. Was legally the property of her parents and then her husband!!! 3. Supervise servants, cook, sew, manage the estate, tend the family, help the sick

question

Sounds easy, but women really did have to manage the big business of an estate often, why?

answer

Because their knight husband's were off fighting wars and crusades!

question

What does this quote mean? ...it beseemeth wives to be wise and of great governance and to see clear, in all that they do...

answer

Women needed to be good business people and managers because the men were away a lot

question

Code of Chivalry

answer

1. Complex Code of Conduct for Knights 2. Arose in S. France 11th-14th centuries 3. Christian virtues + bravery, loyalty, and courage 4.Women were idealized and placed on a pedestal (praised for goodness, beauty etc)

question

Study the list of chivalrous conduct on p. 108 (17 items)

answer

Lots of stuff about being a decent man in love affairs - but check the real list on p. 108!

question

What happened to knights who failed the code of chivalry? (3 incredible things) p.108

answer

1. Public disgrace and scorn 2. Shield hung upside-down in a public place, armor stripped, weapons broken 3. Put in a coffin and carried to church where a priest held a funeral service as he was "dead to honor"

question

Manoralism

answer

1. The system of paying money to the lord in exchange for protection and the use of his land to live on and farm. 2. Economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages. 3. Origins in Roman Gaul/tenant farmers

question

Feudal nobles represented ______ (what percentage) of the actual population? The remaining _______ (percent) were __________;

answer

10% feudal nobles 90% peasants, who worked the land, later they became Serfs, who were bound to the land, had to obey the lord, and could not leave (practically slaves)

question

manor

answer

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

question

serf

answer

1. A person who is bound to the land and "owned" by the feudal lord 2. Neither they NOR their children! could leave

question

villein

answer

a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

question

Besides serfs, who worked on a manor? (2)

answer

slaves - people who could actually be bought and sold villeins - tenant farmers Gradually the distinctions between all these poor farmers blurred, and they were all basically serfs.

question

What did a manor look like and how was it planned out? (4)

answer

1. Manor house, usually a two-story house made of wood, some were made over into castles, with fine furniture and tapestries and works of art 2. Small manor - 350 acres (1/2 of Central Park) and 10-15 peasant families Large manor - 500 acres (80% of Central Park) with 50 families 2. peasant "village," cluster of houses/hovels, one room made of packed earth and a hole in the thatched roof for cooking smoke to escape, plank table, stools, a bed 3. forest/water - game and fish for the lord's table 4. farmland/wasteland - divided into 3 portions (see next card)

question

demesne

answer

Lands set aside for the lord of a manor Serfs had to work on the lord's land for 1/3 of their time

question

Farm land that was for the exclusive benefit of the lord was called ________

answer

desmesne

question

In the early middle ages, farming was tough. What tools did the serfs Have and what did they Not Have?

answer

Have: hoes, hand plow, scythes, sickles Now Have : fertilizer(!!!), animals to haul plows or carry heavy loads

question

What animals did the manor have in early middle ages?

answer

No heavy farm work animals (bc not enough fodder to feed them) Just goats, sheep, geese. Geese!

question

Did things get a bit better in the later Middle Ages?

answer

Yes. Tech! heavy plow, horse collar, horseshoes, water mill, wind mill Land drainage and land irrigation. But that was all Later...

question

Since trade was quashed during all these wars, what was the manor to do in the early middle ages? (4 big items) p. 110

answer

Be self-sufficient! 1. They had to preserve food for the winter and for hard times - constant struggle. Use root cellars for veg, smoke meat for winter, make their own beer and wine, keep a big and varied garden, have an oven in the lord's manor for the village to use (bc ovens were v expensive to fuel) 2. Clothing - grow flax, weave, sew 3. Tan leather, make shoes and clothes and weapons 4. Metal - blacksmiths to make tools

question

How did the life of the manor change in the later Middle Ages?

answer

More trade meant that: Townspeople produced specialized goods, so the manor did not have to do Everything

question

Life was hard, but holidays and holy days came around. How would they celebrate? p. 110

answer

1. Feasts at the manor house 2. wrestling matches, archery contests, "watched dog finals," dancing, gossiping, wandering poet/newsmen entertainers, peddlers with goods from distant lands

question

English poet Williams Landland wrote: "The Peasant's Life" The needy are our neighbors, if we note rightly: As prisoners in cells, or poor folk in hovels, Charles with children and overcharged by landlords. What they may spare in spinning they spend on rental, On milk, or on meal to make porridge.... What does this mean? p. 111

answer

It means that the life of the peasant was Really Hard in the Middle Ages. They had No Choices. Serve the lord, fight for him at his will, face punishment if not, could not fish or hunt on his land, had to pay to use his mill, and his oven for bread. If the lords had a hunt and rode over his grain, ruining his crop, too bad. He could even charge levies, or "Customary taxes" when his son got knighted or his daughter got married! Rough and unjust times.

question

levies

answer

an imposing or collecting, as of a tax, by authority or force aka customary taxes

question

Seems like Lords could be mean if they had no checks against them. What responsibilities did they have to the peasants/serfs? p.112

answer

1. Defend the manor and its inhabitants 2. dispense justice 3. give out punishments to the bad (in theory approved by the local priest) 4. oversaw trials (by fire or water - see next card!)

question

Trial by fire p.112

answer

Accused person was required to grasp a red-hot piece of metal, to walk across a bed hot coals, or face some other physical task. If burn wound healed, you were innocent. (totally sick thing to do)

question

Trial by water p. 112

answer

Accused thrown into a pool of water. A person who sank was judged to be innocent because the water "accepted" him or her, but a person who floated was judged guilty because the water rejected him or her. (another totally sick thing to do)

question

And lesser crimes in the middle ages? How were these criminals found guilty punished?

answer

1. flogging (whipping) 2. dunking in a pond 3. being put in the stocks or pillar

question

Towns and cities of the Roman empire __________ during the early Middle Ages. Although cities continued to _________ in the Byzantine Empire and in the Islamic World, they virtually _________ in western Europe.

answer

declined flourish disappeared!

question

So basically the ___ and ____centuries were toast for western Europe.

answer

9th and 10th

question

When did western Europe finally start to perk up again?

answer

during and after the Crusades

question

Cities that prospered included: ________________(3 cities) in Italy that had trade with the East, and __________ (4 cities) in Italy and Europe that had the wool trade. p. 113

answer

Venice, Genoa, Pisa Antwerp, Bruges, Milan, Florence

question

More trade, more _____s, more _______s.

answer

Roads, towns

question

By the 11th century, some towns began form around some of the big castles and trade sites, called ______

answer

Burgs

question

Burgs

answer

From the Latin, "fortified place"

question

People who lived in Burgs were called ________ in Germany, ________in France, and __________in England p. 113

answer

burgers (heh heh) in Germany bourgeoisie in France (sp?!) burgesses in England

question

burgers

answer

people who lived in prosperous castle towns with good trade in Germany

question

bourgeoisie

answer

people who lived in prosperous castle towns with good trade in France

question

burgesses

answer

people who lived in prosperous castle towns with good trade in England

question

"Town air makes a man free" What does this mean? p. 113

answer

According to custom, serfs who lived for a year and a day in a town became free of their manor They wanted freedom to find their own job and trade

question

Plan and development of the town (8 items) p.113

answer

1. Most villages grew up around a manor or castle, a collection of cottages 2. crowded in a small area, save the rest for farming 3. walls built for protection 4. Only way to build was UP - make second stories 5. Largest building usually the church, largest open space the market 6. well usually near the marketplace/also where people gathered to sell, speculate, talk, bet 7. Fastest growing towns had either great trade (near a river?) or an excellent school (opportunity) or Both 8. When newcomers settled outside the walls and were successful, sometimes new walls were built and the city got bigger.

question

Life in the towns

answer

1. Pretty crowded 2. waste thrown in streets 3. disease 4. mix of merchants, farmers, artists 5. Only rich could buy candles or have night life 6. few people could read, so life was governed by symbols and sounds - marked candles, watercocks, sundials, church bells, merchant signs were symbols like boots and pretzels! 7. Street names were literal. Shambles - were animals were slaughtered. Spidery - spices sold. Goldsmith lane - gold

question

As towns got larger, local people wanted to negotiate with lords about various affairs - give an example. p. 114

answer

They didn't want to pay extra tax if the lord wanted to go on a crusade, for example

question

in 1279, the Earl of Chester granted a charter to the city of Chester. How is this representative of emerging lat medieval culture? p. 114

answer

"let it be known to all of you that I have given and conceded, and by this my present charter confirmed....with all liberties and fee customs which they have had .....blah la OK basically trade and opportunities made people demand some of their own rights!

question

Where were some good spots for a town to grow? (5)

answer

Around a castle, far from threats, next to a river, trade centers, places associated with a saint/holy spot

question

If life in the towns was so dangerous and dirty, why did people flock to them?

answer

1. Freedom from the lord of the manor 2. You could have a real profession 3. You could be paid well

question

What sorts of things would you expect to see in the a typical town marketplace?

answer

A well Shops (tables, booths) or a bigger marketplace houses animals Gallows!

question

Burgers (Burghers)

answer

People who live in a fortified town in Germany, It is pictured in James's notes in his binder.

question

Bourgeois

answer

Same as Burgers but from France

question

Burgesses

answer

Same as Bourgeois, but from England

question

Bulwark

answer

A wall that protects a village

question

Boulevard

answer

one the bulwark is torn down, the space that is there becomes a giant wide street AKA a boulevard

question

Shambles

answer

A street where animals are slaughtered (n.) a slaughterhouse; a place of mass bloodshed; a state of complete disorder and confusion, mess

question

Generally, how did the schools and universities come into being? Who was the sponsor and what was the reason for their existence? (every one was a little different, but there is a pattern).

answer

They mostly came out of the Church. Their reason was to make educated people (educated Religious people!). Doctors, Lawyers, mechanics, and others. ***They were modernizing instead of fighting!

question

What sort of things contributed to "town and gown" tension and resentment (i.e. the working class town and the intellectual students). Be Sure to Look at the Top of Page 120!

answer

Gown: Students and teachers Town: Commoners. Most students were rich and bratty The students would drink and cause trouble for the poor.

question

Write a precis (your words) of what Thomas Aquinas has to say at the Top of Page 116 **Totally on quiz and exam

answer

Religion and science are both made by god so they must both be true. Even if you are reasonable, you can still be faithful.

question

What do you notice about Donates' division and function of parts of speech (117-118)? That is, how do they differ from what Mr. Merrill and Mr. Lee taught you?

answer

There is no adj. (James, can you add more? study p.117)

question

What shocked Charlemagne at the start of his reign?!

answer

During the early Middle Ages, education and learning fell to such low levels that "barely literate" monks would note in the margins of ancient manuscripts, "Greek - it can't be read!"

question

When did the renaissance in learning start again?

answer

11th c

question

"Greek! It can't be read!"

answer

Barely literate monks (best educated in general of the populace) in early Middle Ages couldn't read basic texts

question

What was the big question in medieval intellectual revival?

answer

Faith VS reason

question

Who though there was NO conflict between Faith and Reason?

answer

Saint Thomas Aquinas, who felt that god gave humans both faith and reason, so they should go together (heh heh heh)

question

During much of the Middle Ages, education was completely associated with the _____. Of the few opportunities to be educated were the ________ and __________ schools. 116

answer

church Monastic schools for young boys, trained to work in the monastery but not every boy became a monk. Cathedral schools were for young men to serve as priests. A few other opportunities - some priests taught boys to read or "song schools" to train singers

question

How about education for girls? 116

answer

Nuns could offers instruction in reading, writing, account keeping, needlework, surgery, and first aid to young ladies.

question

How about education for Most Children? 116

answer

Most Children were illiterate

question

When did literacy become more common among the nobility and wealthy? 116

answer

Not until the 13th c.

question

What was the curriculum of cathedral and monastery schools in very early Middle Ages? (3) 116-117

answer

1. Bible 2. writings of the Church fathers 3. decrees of Church councils

question

What was the curriculum of cathedral and monastery schools in the 11th century? (2) 117

answer

Education broadened to include "liberal arts:" 1. Trivium 2. Quadrivium

question

Liberal Arts - meaning of 117

answer

from Latin ars, meaning "knowledge of a subject" and liber, meaning "befitting a free man" Isn't that cool and sort of thrilling?

question

Trivium (3) This is SO on the test 117

answer

1. Grammar (ability to read and write Latin 2. Rhetoric (ability to express ideas clearly) 3. Logic (ability to think and reason accurately)

question

Quadrivium (4) This is SO on the test! 117

answer

1. arithmetic 2. geometry 3. astronomy 4. music

question

Why were books so expensive in the early Middle Ages? (like REALLY EXPENSIVE) 117

answer

each was copied by hand on vellum or parchment (which also led to many errors)

question

vellum

answer

Calfskin prepared as a surface for writing or painting.

question

parchment

answer

writing material made from the skin of a sheep or goat

question

What's the best history (according to your book) of the early Middle Ages? 117

answer

Ecclesiastical History of the English People, by Venerable Bede, 8th C Benedictine Monk

question

Who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People? 117

answer

Venerable Bede, 8th C Benedictine Monk

question

Gerbert

answer

Whose life was the perfect example of how someone born into a poor, illiterate family was given a lucky break and pieced together an advanced education; becomes Pope Sylvester II Became Pope Sylvester II; met with Muslim and Jewish scholars in Spain to acquire classical learning that had been lost; invented the pendulum clock in 900s.

question

What was one of the Most-Widely Read books in the Middle Ages? 117

answer

A textbook (dud!/yuk?) of Latin grammar titled: Ars Minor by Donatus, a 4th century Roman

question

What textbook of Latin Grammar was a best-seller in the Middle Ages and used for 1,000 years? 117

answer

Ars Minor by Donatus, a 4th century Roman

question

Who wrote Ars Minor and what was it? For how long was it taught? 117

answer

A text book of Latin grammar by Donatus, a 4th century Roman For 1000 years (de facto!)

question

Check out quotes from Ars Minor on p. 117 in your textbook. These look so juicy for a test ID. Is it an exciting or interesting text to read? Is it effective?

answer

yep. no probably

question

What was A Handbook of Sacred and Secular Learning, by Cassiodorus used to teach? 117

answer

6th C interpretation of the Bible

question

Consolation of Philosophy, by Boethius 117

answer

6th C view of the misfortunes of man and the love of God

question

Etymologies, by Isidore of Seville 117

answer

7th C discussion of the real and imagined roots of words

question

After the year ______, _________ schools expanded. Sons of _____ began to apply, even though ______________ 117

answer

1000 religious noble didn't intend to join the clergy

question

Would the intelligent son of a serf be admitted to such a school? Would the intelligent daughter? 117

answer

son - VERY occasionally daughter - never

question

What happened to one serf's son, Gerbert? 117

answer

1. He was poor but brilliant at school. 2. So smart his abbot said don't just be a monk, and sent him to Spain for more education. 3. He studied under Muslim and Jewish scholars who knew much more than Christian Europeans. 4. His knowledge of science and mathematics led people to regard him as a magician! 5. Became head of a Cathedral School, Aurillac, in S-Central France. Revolutionized the curriculum by having students study Church stuff but also Classical authors and use an abacus to lean math. 6. In 999, made Pope! (called Sylvester II) and ruled until his weather in 1003

question

Whose knowledge of science and mathematics led people to regard him as a magician?! 117

answer

An intelligent serf's son, Gerbert, who had opportunities to study beyond Christian Europe in the Middle Ages, revolutionized school curriculum at his Cathedral school in France and became Pope Sylvester II

question

More on Gerbert (not in book) What a guy!

answer

1. Became tutor to Emperor Otto II's son 2. invented the pendulum clock in 900s.

question

Pope Sylvester II

answer

Herbert became this Pope

question

During the 12th century, ____________ schools of __________ and _______ (2 countries), developed into _________?

answer

cathedral schools France and Italy universities

question

Why did cathedral schools develop into universities? (4 reasons) When, and which countries?

answer

1. increased economic activity and trade 2. Need for lawyers 3. Need for doctors 4. Need for other people not "just" trained in religion 12th centuries, France and Italy

question

Students had to travel to get to universities - what did this mean? (3)

answer

People from different backgrounds met for the first time. Increased intellectual growth Increased demand for learning

question

What is the origin of the word university? (5) 118

answer

1. From the Italian word universitas. 2. Some so-called scholars weren't, and some towns didn't like students coming in from outside 3. So 12th century students in Bologna, Italy, formed universities to protect their interests 4. eventually it came to mean the school, the curriculum, how they all lived together, and with strict rules about who was qualified to teach. 5. This was the model for all universities in Southern Europe

question

What was the model for universities in Northern Europe?(3)

answer

1. University of Paris, probably developed from cathedral school at Notre Dame 2. Got so big that it had to move to the south bank of the Seine 3. Known as the "Latin Quarter" not because of Latino students, but because Latin was the language of scholarship and the students. Cool to think in the 12th C they were still speaking Latin! Nice picture p. 118

question

Who came to run the University of Bologna?

answer

The universitas (organization of students)

question

What sort of rules did they have at the University of Bologna?

answer

Teachers had to follow strict rules about what they taught, with no skipping or putting the hard parts at the end. Study the quotation on p. 118

question

U. Bologna was known for ________, while U Paris was known for _______.

answer

law theology

question

Other big universities formed 12th and 13th c?

answer

Oxford, Montpellier, and Naples

question

How was Cambridge U in England formed?

answer

Students at Oxford were rioting in 1209, so the calm ones left, went to Cambridge, and ended up staying and founding a new U

question

Why would outsiders and townspeople sometimes think the U's were dangerous places?

answer

1. Unruly young men talking about worldly subjects (gasp!) 2. No women, which tends to make men kind of barbarous (just as no men tends to make women catty). 3. Town resented that Universities were totally separate and independent within the community 4. Separation very visible as students and faculty wore special robes

question

Why robes? 2 postive, 1 negative

answer

1. warmth 2. disguise differences of wealth between students - they were the original school uniform 3. set students apart from "ordinary" youth

question

What is the classic phrase for tensions between universities and townspeople?

answer

"town and gown" disputes

question

Probably the most common reason for townspeople being unhappy about students in their midst? What reason did parents have?

answer

drinking, gambling with dice, being rude students wrote their parents asking for more money after they wasted theirs on fun times

question

What was class like? p. 120

answer

1. textbooks were few and expensive, so students were expected to memorize the teacher's lectures

question

Describe a class day p. 120

answer

1. Get up at 5 or 6 am when cathedral bell rings 2. Go to enclosure beside the cathedral, kneel in straw and take notes for hours on wax tablets 3. Run home and commit your notes to parchment before you forget everything!

question

What kind of degrees did universities offer? p. 120

answer

1. Bachelor's degree/Baccelaureus - after 3-5 years of study and a comprehensive exam, not much status, and couldn't be a full teacher on one's own (only assistant) 2. Master's degree/Magister, aka Masterpiece. Several more years of study, must submit thesis or Masterpiece, then have long oral exam. With this degree one could be a full teacher. 3. Doctor/Doctus, or Doctorate. More studies - specialized fields such as law, medicine, or theology

question

Bachelor's degree

answer

Baccelaureus - after 3-5 years of study and a comprehensive exam, not much status, and couldn't be a full teacher on one's own (only assistant) AKA a BA

question

Master's degree/Magister

answer

Master's degree/Magister, aka Masterpiece. Several more years of study, must submit thesis or Masterpiece, then have long oral exam. With this degree one could be a full teacher. AKA an MA

question

Doctor

answer

Doctus, or Doctorate. More studies - specialized fields such as law, medicine, or theology AKA a Ph.D

question

what does Ph.D stand for?

answer

doctor of philosophy

question

The growth in _________ in the late 11th and 12th centuries fostered an interest in applying ________ to ____________

answer

education logic Christian faith

question

During the early Middle Ages, dogma, or official answers, were the basis of education. New scholars, scholastics, challenged these teachings. How did they do it?

answer

Scholastics used knowledge of ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle, who taught that theory must be based on facts.

question

Socratic Method

answer

way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves

question

What is scholasticism? What, according to the book, is the opposite of scholasticism?

answer

The study of Christian principles, using logic from the Bible. The opposite is using faith alone (ie dogma)

question

The Socratic method is central to ________________

answer

scholasticism

question

Anselm p. 121

answer

1. 11th cent. Benedictine Monk, becomes bishop of canterbury. 2. Influenced by Augustine. 3. Think about God separately from belief. "Faith seeking understanding" 4. *Puts Faith above Reason 5. Credo ut intelligam - I believe that I may understand

question

credo ut intelligam

answer

Anslem's famous dictum: "I believe that I may understand" Making sense of the data of the whole of our life

question

Who said, Credo ut intelligam?

answer

Anselm I believe that I may understand

question

Peter Abelard p. 121

answer

1. Author of Sic et Non (Yes And No) 2. University scholar who applied logic to problems of theology 3. Demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. 4. *Puts Reason above Faith 5. Intelligo ut credam - I understand in order to believe

question

Who said, Intelligo ut credam

answer

Abelard I understand in order to believe

question

Who put Faith above Reason? Who put Reason above Faith? Which man became a saint for his beliefs? Which man was treated in a hostile manner and was under 'house arrest' in a monastery?

answer

Anselm Abelard Anselm Abelard!

question

The universities "escaped" from the Roman Catholic Church, but what happened when a teacher wrote things that the church disapproved of?

answer

They would stop you from teaching, shut down your school, and take you to court!

question

If you went to a doctor in the Middle Ages how would he decide how to treat you? What treatments?

answer

He would listen to your concerns, then go consult medical books about what to do. Send you to a barber to be bled, to adjust your humors. (barbers had sharp razors and basins and could handle blood).

question

What fundamental philosophical idea or way of thinking had to change before "bleeding" as a treatment died out.

answer

Doctors had to stop believing what the old, established books said.

question

Humors

answer

1. Four body fluids - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile 2. According to an ancient theory, control health and personality by their relative abundance.

question

How do you spell phlegm?

answer

PHLEGM

question

Robert Grosseteste 122

answer

1. Bishop and chancellor of Oxford University 2. First start in scientific thinking 3. But still felt deeply that God is the source 4. Wrote De Luce, "Concerning the Light" 5. Roger Bacon was his famous student

question

Roger Bacon 123

answer

1.Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s 2. Advocated for scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. 3. This led to the development of the scientific method. A HERO! 4. his work led to the development of eyeglasses 5. predicted invention of flying machinese and horseless carriages

question

What subject matter is common in the medieval epic poems like the Song of Roland, the Poema de mio Cid, and the Niebelungenlied? Who is very often the hero of these poems?

answer

All about war, with Charlemagne in the center Started with stories and songs created by wandering minstrels

question

Poem of the Cid (Poema de mio Cid)

answer

A Spanish poem about a Christian hero who battled Muslim invaders.

question

Niebelungenlied

answer

"Song of the Niebelungs" German Story of the adventures of those who possessed a treasure (Kind of like Lord of the Rings)

question

Song of Roland

answer

1. Most famous medieval epic poem, French 2. Based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne 3. Chivalric knight named Roland, who delays action while fighting and killing everyone, then dies 4. Charlemagne returns and captures Saragosa 5. Themes of loyalty and courage.

question

Dante

answer

Author of the Divine Comedy, an epic poem written in Italian. 2. It gives Dante's journey through the Inferno, purgatory and paradise

question

Canterbury Tales

answer

1. A collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. 2. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of 24 pilgrims as they travel together on a journey . 3. Pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral 4. example of vernacular literature (not church lit)

question

What is the framework that holds together the many different stories in the Canterbury Tales?

answer

To pass the time, each traveller has to tell two stories. A way of tying many short stories together, quite a clever idea.

question

Chaucer

answer

nice hat

question

What language did Chaucer write in?

answer

English (or Middle-English to be technical)

question

Summarize the birth and early history of medieval plays. Where did they begin, what form, and what happened next?

answer

1. Began in the church as enhanced bible stories. 2. No costumes, just acting 3. Then they moved to the marketplace and they were performed in local languages.

question

Mystery play

answer

A type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories from the Bible and episodes from the life of Christ

question

Miracle play

answer

1. Dramatized the miracles performed by the Saints 2. moved outside of the Church and performed in mansions

question

Morality play

answer

1. A kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character 2. Mr Happy Goes to the Park 3. Sounds really dull, even duller than the other two

question

Romance languages

answer

Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

question

vernacular

answer

Everyday language of ordinary people

question

minstrels

answer

Medieval traveling poets and singers

question

troubadours

answer

A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love

question

How do you remember the slight difference between minstrels and troubadours?

answer

"Troubadours" looks a little like "trouble" and Love is Trouble! (at least in plays and books and songs...). Troubadours especially sang about courtly love.

question

According to your book, why were most of the spectacular building projects in the later Middle Ages done by the church?

answer

They were the richest and needed more money to expand. Wanted the Biggest Cathedrals with the Richest and Most Costly ornaments and stained glass and More and More. New church, more money, new church, more money....

question

When illiterate people saw the stained glass windows and other decorations, they were supposed to learn bible stories. How did this work? 131

answer

Each holy person had a standardized form. For example, St. Paul was always bald and long-bearded. Jews always had cone-shaped hats! Even the crucifixion scene was standard. Jesus center, Mary right, St. John left.

question

Why not much building in early Medieval times? Why more building later? Who was the greatest builder of the times?

answer

1. Too busy with war to build 2. Got inspiring ideas from destroying Byzantine buildings to bring back home; also Massively Improved Economy 3. The Church had the most money and wanted to impress God (and his donors), so became greatest builder

question

Why was having a really great cathedral good for the economy?

answer

1. created jobs to build it (might work one's whole life to build it!) 2. created jobs around it (food, lodging, shops) 3. religious travelers would come to see it and pray (and need food and lodging and want souvenirs and stuff)

question

Medieval architecture

answer

Movement in Church design towards theme of "Christ, the Light of the World", Gothic structure (reflected God's transcendence, power, and beauty). Built higher, allowed large stain glass windows. Served as visual catechism for those living during the middle ages.

question

Gothic

answer

1. "Goth" means barbaric 2. During the Renaissance, people didn't like medieval architecture, so they gave it a negative name. 3. Ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires 4. Hundreds of feet tall

question

Romanesque

answer

1. heavy, solid architectural style 2. wooden roof, round arches, small windows, rich decoration and massive stone walls.

question

What was one of the big, big problems that the builders of Gothic cathedrals faced? Other than gravity.

answer

They ran out of money during the long time spans needed to build them!

question

What were some of the advantages of being a "master builder?' What do you think might be some of the disadvantages?

answer

Pro: 1. exempt from taxes 2. wear fur-trimmed coats 3. get a lifetime pension (that's HUGE) Con: 1. It's your personal fault if anything is screwed up.

question

Abbot Suger

answer

1. Abbot of Saint-Denis, near Paris. 2. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures 3. Beginning of Gothic architecture. 4. Inspired envy and interest in building more cathedrals all over Europe

question

Abbey St. Denis

answer

1. Suger wanted to renovate it to be Best in Europe 2. 1st gothic building. 3. Added rose window, gothic arches to raise roof, rib vaults go all the way to columns.

question

vault

answer

a set of arches that supports the roof of a building

question

Barrel vault

answer

the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

question

Buttress

answer

a supporting structure

question

Flying buttress

answer

a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch

question

Architectural terms quiz

answer

See the quiz MP made for you

question

From the Prologue and Introduction, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Einhard as a biographer

answer

James to add

question

In Intro 2, Einehard tells us that Pepin the Short shared his power with his brother. First, why is this typical of the Franks? Second, what seems to have happened to this arrangement?

answer

It was the Frankish custom to evenly split one's estate after you died. Carloman kicked himself out to go become a monk.

question

Compare II 6 and your textbook, p. 70, to see two accounts of the same events. How do they differ? (Hint, in Einhard, make sure you know who "he" refers to - it changes from one sentence to the next.

answer

Medieval World text: 1. Pepin did it 2. Pepin attacked from free will 3. Nobles were with him Einhard: 1. Pepin AND Charlemagne did it 2. Pope begged Pepin to attack 3. Nobles were against the attack

question

II 7 describes the Saxon Wars from the Frankish point of view. How would a Saxon historian describe the same events? (4)

answer

The Saxons would say that: 1. War was Charlemagne's fault. 2. He committed atrocities 3. He attacked them for no reason 4. He is just evil

question

II 9 describes an ambush in the Pyrenees Mts. Who was ambushed, by whom, and what happened? (4)

answer

1. Charlemagne was going through a valley which was thickly wooded. 2. The Basques leapt out and attacked. 3. The Frank's heavy equipment hampered Charlemagne. 4. Many died including: Eggihard (head of king's table), Anselm (Count of the castle), and more.

question

Who died when Charlemagne was ambushed in the Pyrenees? Who attacked his forces?

answer

Eggihard (head of king's table) Anselm (Count of the castle), and more. Basques attacked.

question

dropsy (2)

answer

1. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body 2. Pepin died of this on September 24, 768

question

When did Pepin die, and of what?

answer

Pepin died of dropsy, on September 24, 768

question

Suzerainty

answer

The dominion of a superior feudal lord to whom fealty is due, OR a treaty in which one party is more powerful then the other one

question

Merovingian

answer

Family of rulers that began with Clovis and can be traced through Charles Martel.

question

King Childeric III p. 55

answer

Deposed by Pope Hair cut short, shut up in monastery Pretty much end of Merovingian dynasty

question

Mayors of the Palace

answer

Chief officers of the king's household who gained power and control of the kingdom in the 7th-8th centuries and could even rise to the position of king, like Pepin did

question

Kings were expected to do what?

answer

Be content with the royal title, , sit on the throne "with hair long and beard flowing, and act the part of a ruler... giving answers to ambassadors that seemed his own but were really scripted or even directed... Had no real property or money

question

Who had the real power?

answer

Mayors of the Palace

question

Charles Martel

answer

Father of Pepin the Short

question

Pepin the Short

answer

Father of Charlemagne

question

Carloman

answer

1. Son of Pepin the Short who died in 771 2. Brother of Charlemagne, and was a real pain (hate, jealousy) 3. Charlemagne himself was very patience and never lost his temper with his brother according to Noter 4. Became a monk, starting in one place, but then had to move as he was famous, to find peace p 56

question

Godefrid See pp. 157-158, and pp. 68-78

answer

Danish king Notker and Einhard differ on description of him Notker - more violent and descriptive

question

What was the last war Charlemagne undertook? 68

answer

VS the Danes and King Godefrid (who were pirating the costs of Gaul and Germany) Godefrid wanted to be king of Germany and was full of himself. Killed by one of his own followers

question

How often did Charlemagne fight wars? 68

answer

During the whole of his 47 year reign, and he was really good at it.

question

What is the "Greek proverb?" 71

answer

"If a Frank is your friend, then he is clearly not your neighbor."

question

According to your book who are the Greeks? 71

answer

The power of the Franks always seemed suspect to the Greeks and Romans

question

Harun

answer

King of the Persians and friend to Charlemagne. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites (including giving Charlemagne and elephant)

question

Was Charlemagne well-regarded by other nations, according to Einhard? Read p. 70-17 and look at atlas, year 830, to really come up with a good answer

answer

Yes King Alfonso II, sent messages by his own man, and always sent gifts. Kings of the Irish called him Lord Letters exist showing he was very well-regarded Harun sent him gifts and an elephant But did they really Love Charlemagne, or did they just fear/respect his power?

question

When he wasn't fighting wars, what else did Charlemagne do?

answer

1. Built stuff 2. Holy Mother of God church - nice, big 3. Bridge over the Rhine at Mainz, 500 feet long (burnt before he died, was going to rebuild in stone but died too soon). 4. Started construction of 2 magnificent palaces 5. made sure that bishops and churchmen kept their buildings up to date and nice

question

How about building up the military in Charlemagne's time?

answer

He was all over it. Built up navy, new shipyards and coastguard stations all over the entire coast of his empire.

question

Give some details of Charlemagne's private life? 73-78

answer

Married 4 times plus had 5 concubines (at least), and LOTs of children 1. Married daughter of King Desiderius of the Longboards (because his mom wanted him to, but then he dismissed her after a year) 2. Married Hildegard, nobel Swabian woman, had three sons - Charles, Pepin, and Lewis and three daughters - Rotrude, Bertha, and Gisela 3. Married Fastrada of the Eastern Franks/Germans had two daughters - Hiltrude, Rothaide, Theoderada 4. Had daughter with a concubine, plus 4 other concubines

question

Charlemagne's mom's name?

answer

Bertrada Lived with son and he treated her with great honor. Didn't like that Charlemagne divorced his first wife (the one mom wanted him to marry) Buried in St. Denis

question

Charlemagne's sister

answer

Gisela Was a nun

question

Education of the kids

answer

Charlemagne believed in a liberal arts education for both boys and girls boys - ride in Frankish fashion, use arms, hunt girls - spin and weave and not be idle

question

Survival of the kids

answer

three died before him

question

Reaction to death of his kids p. 75

answer

Einhart is surprised that Charlemagne was emotional, "...his emotions as a father, which were very deeply rooted, made him burst into tears." The writer thinks a person of fortitude should not be so upset

question

What are some details in the book that bring Charlemagne alive as a man? 76-78

answer

1. So close to his children, dinner with them always, not letting daughters marry 2. Description of his height, and stomach "a trifle too heavy" 3. Loved to swim, ride, and hunt. Liked steam-baths 4. Would take baths with sons and friends 5. Wore national dress of the Franks: linen shirt and long hose 6. Hated other nations style of dress - even though he loved foreigners and was kind to them. 7. Pope Hadrian asked him to wear a Greek mantle once, he didn't like it but complied 8. Was moderate in eating and drinking, and did not often have banquets except for feast days 9. Liked people to read to him 10. Only slept a few hours a night 11. A very good speaker, and studied foreign languages. Spoke fluent Latin, could understand Greek better than he could speak it 12. Huge respect for learning and liberal arts - learned astrology and math. Wasn't good at writing. 13. Was a devoted Christian, went to church 2x/day 14. Was very charitable 15. Went to Rome 4 times and gave church a LOT of money 16. Had a written language for his native tongue created, so the stories and legends would be preserved. Also named all the months in his native language.

question

T or F, Charlemagne was a powerful swimmer and loved to swim

answer

T

question

The Frankish army was only badly beaten once, by the Northmen under Godefrid

answer

F

question

Charlemagne ordered up a huge wooden bridge over the Rhine, but it burned up.

answer

T (he wanted to rebuild it in stone but died too soon)

question

The King of the Persian, Harun-al-Rashid, send Charlemagne a live buffalo as a present

answer

F (he sent an elephant. Buffalo are from N America, which wasn't "discovered" yet)

question

Whenever Charlemagne traveled, he insisted his daughters accompany him.

answer

T

question

Einhard found Charlemagne's third wife, Fastrada, to be cold-hearted and cruel woman

answer

T

question

Charlemagne liked to write letters

answer

F He was a good speaker but could not write

question

Huns

answer

Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome

question

Describe a typical evening at home with the Charlemagne's.

answer

Didn't eat or drink a lot, but did love roast meat. Someone would read to him. Liked fancy clothes

question

Avars

answer

barbarian tribe that caused trouble for the Roman Empire, Central Asian, East European

question

Charlemagne's language skills. If he had a school report, what would it say?

answer

Great at Latin Understood Greek well but spoke less fluently Learned writing too late in life to really get it at all

question

What's the deal with Charlemagne's daughters?

answer

Kept them near him at all times. Wouldn't let them get married, so there were a lot of illegitimate children

question

What role did religion play in Charlemagne's life? Did Christianity change his attitude towards duty (give evidence)

answer

Went to church morning and night Very devoted, built churches and redecorated old ones Centerpiece of his life. Wanted to create one big Christian empire

question

What is Einhart trying to set up when writing about the portents that preceded Charlemagne's death. Re-read pp. 84-86 and notes pp. 187-188 carefully!

answer

By writing about eclipses, sun spots, meteors, and bridge-burning, Einhart is setting up Charlemagne's death as being similar to Augustus and other legendary leaders of antiquity. Other portents, being thrown from a horse, earth-tremors, lightning, the fading of the world Princeps from the cathedral that was hit by lightning,

question

Leo III

answer

He crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans" The pope who was attacked by a mob, had his eyes and tongue cut out.

question

St. Peter's

answer

Charlemagne was extremely generous to this cathedral in Rome and gave tons of money and expensive gifts.

question

portent

answer

a sign of something about to happen, an omen

H. Kitty, Gr. 8, Medieval History (Exam is Friday Jan 13) – Flashcards

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