Greece: AOS 1 Living in an ancient society – Flashcards
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PRILM
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Place-NOT absolute Region-Grouped together in general terms Interaction-depend,adapt,change Location-Absolute or Relative Movement-people,things,ideas
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Geographical features of ancient Greece.
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- Mountainous terrain: Isolated many Greek communities and forced them to develop independently, culturally, economically, politically and socially.- Many islands:- Facilitated Greek expansion whilst also hindering it.
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Agriculture in ancient Greece.
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Deemed an unviable and inconsistant practice due generally arid climate conditions and land that varied in fertility.
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Geography of Athens
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- Close proximity to the Aegean Sea.- Flanked by limestone mountains.- Natural harbour.
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Implications of Athenian geography
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- Allowed expansion into the Aegean Sea, creating economic and cultural links with other Greek communities. - Limestone allowed for the construction of permeant buildings.
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Politics of Archaic Greece
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Oligarchy, aristocracies, monarchies, tyrannies, anarchies, later democracy.
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Polis
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An ancient Greek city-state consisting of an urban centre and surrounding rural areas. - Each had an AGORA, and an ACROPOLIS. - Shared defence, governance, laws, religious rites. etc.
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Why did the Polis develop?
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- During the 8th century B.C.E.-
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Oikes
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- Basic family unit.- Consists of family, land house slaves and other possessions. The father was the head of the Oikes, and only his sons could inherit it,.- By end of 5th C. women could give it to sons.
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Priavte lives: Women
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- Heavily restricted.- Coordinated household activities.- Held similar duties to slaves.- Wealth dictated the role of women.- Blocked from education.
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Metics
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Foreigners residing in Athens. Women of this category often exercise greater public freedom.
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Hetairal
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Female escorts. Often exercise greater public freedoms, including attending social events.
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Sappho
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- Highly influential female poet of the 6th C. - wrote for her THIASOS (Community of women)- Wrote the Ode to Aphrodite.
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Education in Athens
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- Musical arts, poetry, oration etc.- Physical activity (for boys)
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Symposium
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- Drinking party for men.- An important social occasion.
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Women and religion
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- One of the few public rights they were afforded.- Considered particually important in funerary rites.- The cycle of life,
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Slavey in Archaic Greece.
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- Integral part of ancient Greek life.
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Political position of slaves
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- Had no political rights.- By 5th C. 1/3 of Athens were slaves.- Most slaves were METICS.
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Legal postion
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- Considered property of their masters.- Slaves who fought for their Polis were often granted freedom, even citizenship.- When giving evidence, done under torture.
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Religion position of slaves
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- Given some religious roles in festivals and ceremonies.
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Solon's reforms
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- Solon appointed ARCHON by the aristocracy to fix Rome. - 594 B.C.E.- Marked a shift from rule of nobles to rule of the capable and wealthy.- Cleared all debt.
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Archon
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- Chief magistrate of Greece.
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Draco's reforms
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- Conducted in 621 B.C.E.- Considered barbaric and harsh.- Allowed more political rights for Hoplites.- Introduced the constitution in a functional form.
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Essclesia
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- Citizens assembly formed in the 594 reforms of Solon.- All citizens were eligible to take part.
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Aristotle on Solon's reforms
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- "He put an end to the oligarchy, which was too elitist."
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Plutarch on Solon's reforms
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- "The rich were angry at being deprived of their securities."
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Plutarch on Ostracism under Cliesthenes
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- "... to humble a man's power and prestige in cases where they had grown oppressive."
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Solon's social organisation.
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- Consists of Pentacosiomedimni, Hippeis, Zeugitue, and Thetes.
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Pentacosiomedinmi
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- Highest Class.- 500 Bushels per year.- Eligible for all Government magistracies.
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Hippies
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- Cavalrymen.- Could produce 300 bushels per year.- Eligible for lower magistracies.
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Zeugitue
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- Hoplites.- Could produce 200 bushels per year.- Eligible for lower magistracies.
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Thetes
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- Hoplites or rowers.- Less than 200 bushels per year.- Only eligible for the Essclesia.
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Solon's Governmental organisation.
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Archons, Aeropagus, Boule, Essclesia.
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Archons
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- Chief magistrates.
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Aeropagus
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- Council of former Archons.- Previously ruled by nobles.- Lost power under Solon, as not just nobles were now eligible for Consulship.
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Essclesia
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- The people's assembly.- All citizens of Athens were eligible.- Decided on matters such as laws, taxes etc.
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Cliesthenes' reforms
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- Demes and tribes.
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Deme
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- Gave everyone democratic rights, even those outside the city,- 3 exist.
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Tribes
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- 10 exists.- Each consists of three individuals from the three demes.- Ensures that everyone's democratic rights are equal, mixing individuals of different wealth and backgrounds.
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Spartan political/government structure.
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x 2 Kings, x 5 Ephors, Gerousia (council of elders), Ekklesia (Assembly)
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Tyrtaeus
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- A unique Spartan Primary source. - "How glorious fall the valiant, sword in hand, in front of battle for their native land"
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Rights of helots
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- Could marry.- Could accumulate wealth.- Could keep roughly 50% of their harvested yield.- Existed as semi-free slaves.
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Herodotus
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- 5th Century Greek historian.- Primary source for IONIAN REVOLT + PERSAN WARS.
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Plutarch on Helots
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- "If given too much license, Helots would forget their subservient place."- "They traversed the fields were the Helots worked, and slew the sturdiest of them"
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Plutarch on Spartan women
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- They too felt they had a place in the arena of bravery and ambition."
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Lycurgus of Sparta
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- Infamous 7th Century Spartan King.- Said to be the father of the Spartan constitution. - Land reformer/distributer. - A rather mystical figure.
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Marriage in Sparta
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- Men where married around 20, and returned home from the Agoge at age 30.- Made reproduction difficult.- Resulted in lots of Bastards.
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Spartan Kings
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- Intended to act as a check and balance.- In practice, due to succession, one King always dominated the politics of Sparta.- The King didn't have to attend the Agoge.
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The Gerousia
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- 28 old men.- Most influencial branch of the Spartan government, similar to the SENATE.- Decided on laws that would go to vote in the assembly.
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Power of the Spartan Assembly
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- Virtually a rubber stamp for decisions already made by the GEROUSIA.
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Infanticide
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- In Sparta, the prerogative of the state.- In Athens, the prerogative of the father.
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Spartan Tresante 'Tremblers'
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- Those who failed to make the grade at the Agoge.- Excluded. Found it hard to marry, stripped of citizens rights, a form of social eugenics almost.
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Lycurgus
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- 8th Century Spartan Law-giver.- Allegedly established the modern Spartan constitution.
