question

In sentence correct. The first option (A) is always

answer

the same as the underlined part

question

What is the sentence correction strategy

answer

(1) read the prompt carefully, noting meaning, noticing any problems (2) scan answers looking for differences among the answer (3) eliminate choices in groups, based on problems they have in common (4) when you have isolate one choice, read that choice in the sentence

question

________ SC question has a split __(location of split)__

answer

Not every SC question has a split at the beginning of the underlined section

question

a difference in choices means a split (T/F: explain)

answer

Falce. Any difference does not necessarily mean a split (false split) there may be 2 difference correct ways to say it

question

scan for splits _______ not just _____

answer

scan for splits everywhere not just at the beginning of an answer

question

explain ideal vs. best answer

answer

its not about finding the ideal answer, but finding the best answer

question

what does every correct GMAT SC answer have?

answer

(1) no grammar mistake, (2) no logic mistakes, (3) no diction and idiom mistake

question

the test loves to ____with SC answers

answer

test loves to build up expectation of how a sentence should be and not do it exactly how you were thinking

question

SC almost always uses _____ at once

answer

multiple issues (grammar, rhetoric, etc.)

question

define noun

answer

person, place, or thing

question

when is noun a subject and when an object

answer

noun is a subject of senteces and an object of verbs or preposition

question

pronoun define

answer

words that "substitute" for nouns (he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, who)

question

define verb

answer

action word

question

can a verb be multiple words?

answer

yes

question

define adjective

answer

noun modifiers

question

define adverb

answer

verb modifiers. words that describe the performance of the action of the verb

question

define conjunction

answer

joining words

question

define prepositions

answer

comes before a noun to place that noun in some kind of relationship with the rest of the sentence (on over, in at, through, by, with )

question

define article

answer

words that indicate particular nouns (the, a, an) definite article=the indefinite article=a, an

question

nouns can be a ____

answer

object

question

to have a complete sentence you must have a

answer

verb

question

direct object noun

answer

take [something], buy [something]

question

indirect object noun

answer

person receiving the action: someone bakes [me] a cake

question

object of a preposition noun

answer

on something, in something to something by something, for something, of something

question

possesive noun

answer

mike's walrus

question

transitive verbs

answer

do some action to something. takes direct object (to buy, to steal, to help, to determine)

question

intransitive verbs (2 kinds):

answer

action without an object: to laugh, to walk, to live (2) state of being: to be, to wane, to prosper

question

adjectives answer the question

answer

which noun or what kind of noun (they modify nouns)

question

adjectives may follow forms of the verb ____ called a predicate adjective: examples___

answer

"to be" examples: the sky is blue, the reason is clear, THE POSTEPONMENT IS DUE TO RAIN

question

____ is an adjective. Many forget this

answer

due

question

adjectives may also follow ____ + ____ for certain verbs. examples ___

answer

[verb] + [object]. she will paint the room white. he makes the teacher mad

question

role of an adjective may also be played by ___ or ___.

answer

phrase or clause

question

define clause

answer

group of words with a verb in it

question

define phrase

answer

group of words without a verb in it

question

give examples of adjective phrases

answer

the fool [on the hill] interpretation [of dreams] turn [of the screw]

question

give examples of adjectival clauses

answer

the light [that failed] the spy [who came in from the cold] the man [who knew too much]

question

clauses can be (length)

answer

very long

question

what is the question you should ask your self when you see any phrase or clause on GMAT SC

answer

what role does this group of words play? what does it modify? is it adjectival or adverbial, etc.

question

an adverb can modify

answer

a verb, an adjective, another adverb

question

adverbs answer the question

answer

how? why? where? when? in what manner?

question

which are the adverbs: quite, horse, peanuts, very, much, too, two, so, cup, today, soon, never, desk, here, there, everywhere, homeward, lengthwise, pen, less, only, just, however, therefore,

answer

all but: horse, peanuts, two, cup, desk, pen

question

if we have a modifer, modifier, noun. does the first modifier have to be an adverb. explain?

answer

no. its possible to have 2 adjectives in a series (a big hearty breakfast, the little red school house,

question

the role of an adverb can be in a

answer

phrase or clause

question

gives examples of adverbial phrases

answer

all quiet [on the western front], blowing [in the wind], unhappy [it its own way], as wide [as the sky], walked [into the room dripping in gold]

question

give examples of adverbial clauses

answer

so happy [that nobody spotted his mistake], [because the wind is high], it blows my mind

question

adverbial clauses must have

answer

full noun and verb

question

adverbial clauses often add

answer

logically necessary information to a sentence (price of stock increases) vs. (price of stock increases when the stock is in a period of volatility)

question

coordinating conjunctions

answer

words that link things of equal rank (and, or, but, etc.)

question

"and" and "or" can

answer

join almost anything. they can join 2 or more nouns, verbs, adj, adv, phrases, clauses, including main clauses

question

but can join

answer

almost everything, but can't joint 2 nouns.

question

what are the coordinating conjuctions

answer

FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

question

if we dropped the coordinating conjunction we would get

answer

2 individual sentences

question

correlative conjunctions

answer

pairs of words or phrases that put items in parallel

question

which correlative conjunctions can link pretty much anything

answer

either, not only, neither, both

question

which correlative conjunctions are really only used for clauses

answer

whether, just

question

whether and just are

answer

markers for a parallelism. if you see these in a sentence you know parallelism is going on

question

subordinating conjunctions

answer

words that introduce a dependent (subordinate) clause

question

subordinating conjunctions always _______, but ____

answer

subordinating conjunctions always introduce a subordinating (dependent) clause, but subordinating (dependent) clauses can be introduced by words other than subordinating conjunctions

question

what are the subordinating conjuctions

answer

ON A WHITE BUS (o)only if (n)now what (a)although, after, as (wh)when, whereas, while, whenever, wherever, whether (i)in case, if (t)that, though (e)even if, even though (b)because, before (u)until, unless (s)since, so, so that

question

every clause must have a

answer

full verb

question

independent clause (definition)

answer

can stand on its own as a complete sentence. has a noun and one verb

question

subordinate (dependent) clause (def.)

answer

modifier can't stand a lone. it modifies something about the independent clause of the sentence

question

in this sentence. where is the subordinate conjuction, dependent clause, and independent clause, noun, verb, main noun, main verb: When I cannot sing my heart, I can only speak my mind

answer

When: sub. conjuction [When I cannot sing my heart]: dependent clause I in dep clause: subject sing: verb [i can only speak my mind]: independent clause I in ind. clause: main subject (noun) of sentence speak: main verb of sentence

question

every sentence must have

answer

at least one independent clause

question

the subejct of the the independent clause is

answer

the main subject of the sentence

question

the verb of the independent clause is

answer

the main verb of the sentence

question

many sentences have ______ independent clauses

answer

2, 3, or 4, etc.

question

every subordinate clause begins with

answer

a dependent word

question

dependent words fall into 2 categories: subordinate conjunctions and relative pronoun and adverb or interrogative words . explain

answer

subordinate conjuctions (went over prior), and relative prounoin and adverb or interrogaitve words (having to do with a question [who, what, why, where when])

question

what is the general form of a subordinate clause with a subordinate conjunction

answer

[noun][verb] [subordinate conjuction] [noun][verb] (first noun and verb here is main clause, then subordinate conjunction introduces subordinate clause, then FULL noun and verb in subordinate clause. **subordinate clause can come before or after the independent clause

question

subordinate clause can come

answer

before or after the independent clause

question

When the moon hits you eye like a big pizza pie, that's amore....what are parts?

answer

when: subordinate conjuction. the moon: noun hits: verb that's amore: independent clause is: verb amore: noun

question

when the moon his your eye like a big pizza pie, that's amore.....why do we need that's amore

answer

(if you dropped "when", the sub. clause would be a full sentence, but because we added when we need it)

question

other than subordinate conjunctions, what types of words can begin a subordinate clause. give examples

answer

relative pronouns and interrogative words and relative adverbs. (ex. relative pronons and interrogative words: who, whom, whose, that, which, whoever, whatever, which ever) (ex. relative adverbs and interrogative words: where whem why wherever whenever)

question

relative adverbs (give examples) act like ____

answer

where when why wheerever whenever act like subordinate conjuctions

question

relative pronouns (give examples) are different because_____(give examples)

answer

they play a noun role inside the clause and may be the subject of the clauese, or the direct object of the verb of the clause. so you can't just drop it and have a full sentence because the relative pronoun, not only introduces sub. clause, but plays a central role in the clause (I have a friend [who met the dalai lama], I want a bird [that whistles], I have a friend [whom the police accused of a crime]

question

I have a friend who met the dalai lama: name parts

answer

who: relative pronoun met: verb who is the subject [who met the dalai lama]: subordinate clause

question

I want a bird that whistels: name parts

answer

that: relative pronoun and subject whistles: verb [that whistels] subordinate clause

question

I have a friend whom the police accused of a crime: name parts

answer

whom: direct object of verb (why it's whom) police: noun/subject accused: verb [whom the police accused of a crime]: subordinate clause

question

subordinate clauses can play__, but cant play__, and certain subordinate clauses can play__

answer

the role of adjective and adverbs in the main sentence, but can't play the role of the verb in the main sentence, but some can play the role of the noun

question

substantitive clause

answer

begins with interrogative words or relative pronouns and adverbs (who, what, when, where, why how, that, whether, whoever, whatever) and that is a subordinate clause that plays the role of the noun

question

whoever wins the election will not change the current trends in the market...name parts

answer

[whoever wins the election] substantitive clause. as the subejct of the sentnence

question

that he has no sense of direction never stops him from setting out on these long trips...name parts

answer

[that he has no sense of direction] substantitive clause. as the subejct of the sentnence

question

the substantative clause can also be

answer

the direct object of the sentence and the object of a prepositon

question

the 14th amendment says that all citizens have equal protection before the law..name parts

answer

sub. clause: that all citizens have equal protection before the law

question

i dont know where this nation is going..name parts

answer

sub. clause: where this nation is goin

question

she doesn't care about what the doctor says

answer

substative clause: what the doctor says. the object of the preposition** about: preposition

question

compared to whoever can play the appassionata, he is not much of a pianist

answer

substative clase as the object of a preposition: whoever can play the appassionata. preposition: to

question

____always comes after a subject

answer

verb

question

phrase definition

answer

any important group of words that is not a clause. so any group of words that does not have a full noun and verb

question

form of prepositional phrase

answer

[preposition]+[object]

question

object in prep. phase can be

answer

a noun or proboun in objective form (me, him, her, us, them)

question

pronoun is in subjective form when

answer

it is the subject of the sentence (we, I, they, she, he)

question

pronoun is in objective form when

answer

when they are the direct object or when object of preposition (me, him, her, us, them)

question

Which of these are prepositions: of, bird, in, to far, cup, avocado, with, on, at, from, by, table, about, as, into, like, through, computer, after, over, between, out, against, during, without, before, under, around, coin, penny, light, among, against, below, beyond, calculator, despite, off, toward, mouse, until, upon, according to, as of, because of, instead of, next to, dog, out of, prior to

answer

all but the nouns

question

the object in prep phrase can be (types of obejct)

answer

noun, pronoun in objective form, gerund, substantive clause that takes place of a noun

question

a prepositional phrase can serve as

answer

either an adjectival phrase or as an adverbial phrase

question

there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy..name parst

answer

prep. phrase as adjectival phrase: in heaven and earth (tells us what kind of things) prep. phrase as adverbial phrase: in your philospohy (tell s us where it is dreamed)

question

appositive phrase (definte and give a few examples)

answer

modifies a noun with description, clarification, or definition (my finch raimundo, or, george washington, the father of our country)

question

you can have ____appositive phrases

answer

more than one..friends, romans, coutrnymen, lend me your ears. there romans and countrymen are appositive phrases. Friends are the noun it defines.

question

...but that the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country from whose border no traveler returns, puzzles the will....name parts

answer

noun: death appositive phrase: the undiscovered country from whose border no traveler returns modifying clause: from whose border no traveler returns noun that is modified: country

question

in...but that the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country from whose border no traveler returns, puzzles the will...__ or ____ can be

answer

noun 1 or noun 2 can be modified by phrases or clauses

question

formula of absolute phrases

answer

[noun][participial phrase]|[main clause]

question

absolute phrase defined

answer

an absolute phrase stands outside the main clause and modifies the main clause as THE WHOLE

question

absolute phrase examples

answer

that being said...that=pronoun, being said=participial phrase....all things being equal..things=noun, being=participial phrase

question

profits having declines for three consecutive months, the CEO decided to lay off 600 employees...name parts

answer

ab. phrase: profits having declined for three consectuive months the rest is independent clause

question

the absolute phrase gives us

answer

insight, background infromation on the independent clause

question

how to remove fluff from sentence

answer

the core of every sentence is the main subject and the main verb. every sentence needs a main subject and a main verb (independent clause). every clause needs its own subject and verb. ****to find the main subject and the main verb and the subject and verb of each clause, eliminate all prepositional phrases, all modifiers (adverbs and adjectives) and all modifying phrases and clauses

question

full verbs have 4 important qualitifies

answer

mood, tense, voice, number

question

Mood: he went late, she is going. is an example of

answer

a factual mood. totally factual statements. clear fact. doesn't matter if past or present. The majority of GMAT sentences will be this form

question

mood. he would go if..., if she were to go... is an example of

answer

subjunctive. hypothetical situations or uncertain predictions

question

verb voice. someone buys a house, someone bough a car....this is an example of

answer

active voice. when the doer of the action, then the action, then the recepient of action

question

verb voice: a house is bought, a car was bought, the dog is given a bone...example of

answer

passive voice. when we focus on object that received the action

question

define transitive verb

answer

an action one can do to something...one buys something, one sells something, one makes something

question

transitive verbs must take a

answer

direct object...yesterday, I bought SOMETHING

question

intransitive verbs can't take a

answer

direct object...I am sitting

question

define intransitive verb

answer

a state of being or activity one does, without effect on any external object.. state of being: to arise, to live, to prosper, to wane, to die bodily position: to sit, to stand, to lie, to recline some activities: to work, to meditate

question

many verbs can take both ___ and __

answer

transititive and intransititve

question

a fire truck was ______ by someone....what time of verb can be in the blank?

answer

transitive

question

passive voice and transitive/intransitive verbs

answer

only transitive verbs can appear in the passive voice...X was sold by someone, X was made by someone, X was bent by someone, X was understood by someone

question

predicate

answer

everything but the subject and subject modifiers

question

we hold these truths to be self-evident...what is the predicate do I have to eat a peach?..what is predicate?

answer

hold these truths to be self-evident Do + have to eat a peach

question

if you have a repeated predicate, you can write

answer

form of "to do" + "so"...do so, did so

question

to go in the simple present

answer

he goes, she goes, they go

question

to go in the simple past

answer

he went, she went, they went

question

to go in the simple future

answer

he will go, she will go, they will go

question

to work when an ongoing action

answer

he has been working, she has been working, they have been working

question

to take when happening at the same time as a bath

answer

I was taking a bath

question

progressive tense formula and explanation of when to use progressive

answer

(correct tense form of the verb "to be") + (present participle [-ing]). use to show something is ongoing or to show the simultaneousness of something

question

(to go) when an ongoing event and in the present

answer

I am going, she is going, he is going (present progressive)

question

(to go) when an ongoing event and in the past

answer

he was going, she was going, they were going

question

(to go) when an ongoing event in the future

answer

she will be going, they will be going

question

be careful of what when you see the present progressive (I am going, she is going, etc.)

answer

only use when necessary (to emphasize it is ongoing or that it is simultaneous with something). it is always incorrect to use it without an action

question

present progressive (he is going, she is going). don't use it when...

answer

when not necessary, but also when in the future.. tomorrow, he is departing for Laos (WRONG)...tomorrow he will depart for laos

question

tomorrow, he __(to depart)__ for laos

answer

will depart

question

the moon is orbiting the earth (correct or wrong. explain)

answer

uses the present progressive when it is an unchanging fact. the walrus is a mammal, the moon orbits the earth

question

his son was already in tears when he went in the house. so, the baby __(to cry)__ when his father walked through the door

answer

was crying..use the past progressive to say something was in the background of another thing

question

perfect means

answer

fully completed, or done

question

to indicate an event that happened before a past event...he __(to write)__ his manifesto when the president imposed martial law

answer

had written..past perfect. to indicate an event before another past event.

question

formula for past perfect (used to indicate an event before another past event)

answer

"had" + [past participle]..I had walked, he had bought, they had sold

question

to show that an event happened before a past event: he __(to write)_ his manifesto before the president imposed martial law.

answer

wrote..because you have before in there already. if you put in had written + before it is redundent

question

be careful of _______ with past perfect (had done something)

answer

of redundancy (having before in there also). Also of overusing it when the context already implies one thing happens before the other

question

stephen hawking occupied the same position at cmabridge that sir Isaac Newton _had occupied_

answer

WRONG. it is just occupied because obviously newton came before hawking.

question

indicates an event begun in the past and continuin up to the present or at least having an effect or influence in the present..(to walk)

answer

I have walked, they have sold, he has bought

question

the USA ___(to be)__ a stable democratic nation for more than 225 years

answer

has been..because it started in the past and continues up to the present moment

question

"I have seen the falcon" means

answer

you saw it and it still has some influence/effect on you

question

something that will be done by a future event (saw)

answer

I will have seen (future perfect)

question

when something is an ongoing activity that began in the past and continues up to and through the present moment (to work)

answer

I have been working, I have been reading, she has been exercising (perfect progressive)

question

I (to email) simple present: happened in the past and done (no remaining influence): writing the emailing proceeded some past event: started in past and still continuing and its been going on for awhile: it has been sent but some influence remains: in the middle of writing it:

answer

simple present: I write an email happened in the past and done (no remaining influence): I wrote an email writing the emailing proceeded some past event: I had written an email started in past and still continuing and its been going on for awhile: I have been writing an email it has been sent but some influence remains: I have written an email in the middle of writing it: I am writing

question

subjunctive mood definition

answer

used for situations contrary to fact, hypothetical situations, withes, hopes, doubtful, possibilities, hypothetical scenarios

question

he wishes that __(to sell)_my car

answer

I sell

question

he wishes that henry _(to buy)_ a house

answer

buy

question

in subjective you don't

answer

add s for third person singular

question

the present subjunctive is used after the words:

answer

lest, that when it conveys a wish or command

question

his decision that...here decide is a

answer

noun

question

it is crucial that..here crucial is a

answer

adjective

question

lest means

answer

in case

question

I installed bars on the windows, lest a theif ___(to attempt)_ a break in

answer

attempt...verb in subjunctive

question

the captain ___to command___that the anchor be lifted

answer

commanded...verb in subjunctive

question

the __(to suggest)__ that her accounts be frozen has not been approved

answer

suggestions..noun in subjunctive

question

it is (to be crucial) that the umpire stand close to the play

answer

crucial that..adjective in subjunctive

question

in conditional statements, in the past subjunctive...If I __(to be)__ you...., If this __(to be)__the 17th century..., if NYC __(to be)__ the capital of the US..

answer

were! because it is impossible conditionals

question

in conditionals (If P then Q) the ____ is optional

answer

"then"

question

correct the sentence: you can read kongfuzi, if you learn chinese

answer

It is already correct. if you remove the word then in a conditional, you can reverse the order. Q, if P

question

general rule conditionals vs. real situation conditionals vs. unreal or unlikely scenario conditionals vs. future unlikely scenario conditionals vs. impossible/unreal past conditionals

answer

general rule conditionals: you must top if the light is red real situations: if he took his test, he probably did well...NO FUTURE TENSE INSIDE THE IF CLAUSE...we will throw a party for her if she COMES tomorrow. even though future event, no future tense. unreal or unlikely scenarios: if.[past tense], "would" + verb. I fI won the lottery, I would buy a walrus future unlikely..If i were [verb], "would" verb impossible/unreal past conditionals: If [past perfect] "would have" [past participle"..if the game had not been called because of rain, the home team would have lose

question

form of unreal or unlikely scenario conditionals

answer

if + past tense, "would" + verb

question

form for future unlikely scanrios

answer

If "were to" (verb), would "verb"

question

form for unreal/impossible past scenarios

answer

if [past perfect] would have [past participle] if the game had not been called because of rain, the home team would have lose

question

where to see the verb form in a conditional

answer

near or after the "if". The if part helps us know

question

wrong or right: If he comes today, I __would tell him X...

answer

wrong..I will tell him because comes is in present

question

if he came today, I __will tell him__ X...correct

answer

if he came today, I would tell him. came is in past

question

if he had come yesterday, I __will tell him_X..

answer

if he had come yesterday, I would have told him X

question

to err is human, to forgive, divine..name parts

answer

to err is the subject (infinitive phrase)

question

to be married in the roman catholic church is considered a sacrament..name parts

answer

to be married in the roman catholic church is the subject

question

for the federal reserve bank to become insolvent would be tantamount to the collapse of the US government..name parts

answer

for the federal reserve bank to become insolvent is the subject

question

present participle and past participle

answer

every verb has these. present participle is the -ing, past it the -ed, or past perfect tense. gone, been, lain, walked, etc.

question

participles can also be:

answer

modifiers: the running stream, the setting sun, the man speaking

question

present participle (-ing) when modifying must modify the

answer

subject, "doer"

question

the past participle (-ed, or irregular past perfect..gone, laid..) when modifying modifies

answer

the object, the thing that received the action..the broken sword, the books sold at the store. there the sword is the thing getting the action

question

yankee doodle came to town, riding on a pony...name parts

answer

riding on a pony: participle phrase acting as a adverbial phrase modifiying how he came to town

question

participles and participle phrases are the only kind of modifier than can

answer

modify an entire clause

question

harrison corp. posted a second quarter loss of $50 million dollars, __(to cause)__ its stocks to plummet by $25 per share

answer

causing. because the participle can modify the entire clause about harrison corp

question

having seen..this indicates

answer

an action that took place in the past and is completed (perfect participle)

question

having seen, having known, having walked, (perfect participles) almost always modifies

answer

only the subject of a sentence....lee, having suffered defeat at gettysburg, returne

question

having seen, having known, (perfect participle) when modifying shows a subject's

answer

sequence of acctions and even a casaul sequence

question

lee, having suffered defeat at Gettysburg, returned his army to virginia...shows what

answer

that he suffered defeat before returning to VA and that it caused him to retunr

question

having crossed the rubicon, caesar had no choice but to attack pompei...shows

answer

he crossed the rubicon first and it caused him to attack pompei

question

present participles in participle phrases get their tense from the ___________. yesterday, I __(to see) a man riding a bike

answer

I saw. they get them from the tense of the main verb

question

right now, I see the main yesterday riding a bike...correct this and explain

answer

right now, I see the man who yesterday was riding a bike. because if the action in the modifier happens at a different time than the action of the main clause, you cannot use the participle phrase

question

when the action of the subject and the action of the object happen at two different times, we need:

answer

2 different clauses --- an independent clause and modifying clause. A participial phrase with a present participle does not do the job.

question

define gerund

answer

when a present participle (-ing) form of a verb is used as

question

the law prevents convicts from voting...here voting is a

answer

gerund

question

gerunds can play

answer

pretty much any noun role: subject, direct object, object of prep. phrase

question

walking to and from work is a healthy form of relaxation the health effects of smoking tobacco are deleteriously harmful he avoids eating high calorie foods....identify parts

answer

walking to and from work:gerund as a subject smoking tobacco: object of a prep phrase eating high calorie foods: direct object

question

define passive verb voice

answer

something is done to it

question

one thing to remember with passive voice using the word "by"

answer

make sure what is after the word by is a doer before using passive voice

question

chris was punsihed by shear coincidence..correct.

answer

because of sheer coincidence, chris was punished...sheer coincidence is not a doer

question

in GMAT when given a choice of active. vs. passive, the majority of cases

answer

active is correct

question

(T/F) in GMAT passive is always wrong

answer

False

question

when is passive correct

answer

when we want to know more about the doer, or when the identity of the doer is unknown: overnight, the storefront was vandalized.

question

when does sequence of tenses situation happen

answer

when people in the past describe events in their past, their present, and their future

question

joe said that thing #1 __happen__ before, thing #2 __happen__ at that moment, and thing #3 __happen__ after that point in time

answer

had happened, was happening, would happen

question

geologist charles L. believed that the theologins of previous centuries __have__ vastly __underestimated_ the age of the earth and that evidence _will justify_ a much older earth than was previously suspected

answer

had, underestimated, would justify

question

remember with sequence of tenses

answer

the speaking (or thinking or believing) must occur in the past. correct: he says that she will come...correct: he said that she would come.

question

correct or incorrect: he said that she will come

answer

incorrect. she will and said to not align

question

every sentence has at least one ____ and at least one ____

answer

main verb, main subject

question

the company with 5000 employees who have been on strike for 3 weeks to protest the loss of benefits (is/are) appealing to a federal judge

answer

GMAT lovest to give a subject, long modifying phrase between subject and verb answer: is --> company is singular

question

urea, which results from catabolism of amino acids throughout the body, and uric acid, the final product of the purine metabolism associated with nucleotides (is/are) excreted by the kidneys..and why

answer

are because urea "and" uric acid are excreated -2 singular nouns, in parallel joined by "and count as a plural subject

question

2 singular nouns, in parallel joined by "and"____

answer

count as a plural subject

question

the conservative prime minister, as well as the opposition leader with socialist leanings, (to approve) of the new legislation

answer

approves...because what comes before the additive phrase is the subject of the verb

question

the conservative prime minister and the opposition leader with socialist leanings (to approve) of the new legislation

answer

approve. singular because and is between

question

what is an additive phrase (give 4 examples)

answer

a way to add a second noun other than "and" -as well as -in addition too -including -accompanied by *if used then what comes before the additive phrase is the subject of the verb

question

for Brutus and Cassius to participate in the assassination of Ceasar, however noble their motives might have been, (was/were) beyond what the Roman people were willing to accept

answer

was. "for brutus and cassius.." is a phrase as a subject, which is always singular

question

buying tradition growth stocks at the low point following a sharp decline (is/are) not guaranteed to produce long term gains.

answer

is: buying...is a phrase as a subject, which is always singular

question

a phrase as a subject (to err) is always

answer

singular

question

what is a collective noun (give examples)

answer

a singular noun that includes many members: America, the green party, the SF symphony orchestra, the baseball team

question

the number of men on a major league baseball roster is/are twenty-five, until the rosters expand in September.

answer

the answer is "is" RULE: the words "the number" are always singular, because the subject is really the number itself

question

the words "the number" are always

answer

singular, because the subject is really the number itself

question

A number of mushroom species, because they are able to absorb heavy metal elements, has/have become radioactive in the wake of the Chernobyl nuclear accident.

answer

answer: have RULE: the words "a number of" means "many" and simply modifies the plural subject; when these words appear, the statement is never about the number itself and always about the plural item, so the verb must be plural

question

the words "a number of" is always

answer

plural because it means "many" and simply modifies the plural subject; when these words appear, the statement is never about the number itself and always about the plural item, so the verb must be plural

question

The number of= a number of=

answer

singular plural

question

Neither the late 18th century composers, such as Mozart or Haydn, nor Beethoven, as well as Schubert, in the early 19th century, was/were known to compose in the suite format, so popular in the Baroque period

answer

was beethoven is singular you notice is says neither..nor beethoven then (the as well as schubert, in the early 19th century: is an additive sentence so we can ignore this also. cuz you see it says "as well as" so only Beethoven is what we care about.

question

the senators or the president is/are going to issue a statement.

answer

is because the president is singular, so is the verb.

question

the president or the senators is/are going to issue a statement

answer

are because senators (the second noun) is plural

question

2 nouns in parallel: P and Q= Both P and Q=

answer

both always plural

question

2 nouns in parallel P or Q Either P or Q Neither P nor Q

answer

the verb always matches the number of the second term, the term closer to the verb. so if Q is singular then we take singular verb, if plural we take plural verb.

question

in a series of auxiliary verbs + main verb, only the _____ verb in the series _______

answer

in a series of auxiliary verbs + main verb, only the FIRST verb in the series can show verb number.

question

most auxiliary verbs dont change at all for verb number. the only ones that change are ____

answer

(has/have), (do/does), (is/are), and (was/were).

question

the communications team, with over 600 members, as well as the extremely well-funded research development team, has/have not approved of the CFO's proposals or the allocation of stock options.

answer

has communications team is singular followed by an additive (as well as), so has

question

personal pronouns:

answer

personal pronouns: always represent a very specific person, or group of people, or object. most common pronoun on GMAT

question

antecedent:

answer

antecedent: the person or group of people or object represented by a personal pronoun

question

pronouns and antecedents

answer

must agree

question

demonstrative pronouns

answer

this that these those

question

relative and interrogative (question word) pronouns

answer

interrogative and relative: who, whom, whose, what, which (we could ask a question with these) relative: that

question

relative pronouns do what

answer

relative pronouns begin noun-modifying clauses: the hand that signed the paper the man to whom the keys to the city were given

question

indefinite pronouns

answer

represent things that are not well-specified everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, one, nothing, everything

question

indefinite pronouns that are always singular:

answer

all that end in one, body, and thing, much, less... every, everyone, everybody, on one, nobody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, one, nothing, everything, something, anything, each, another, other, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, [neither, either, little, less, much] in brackets are tricky ones

question

the word every does what

answer

for the word every, when this is put in front of a noun then the noun becomes singular every state senator and assemblyman IS elected every four years the word every makes the whole subject (state senator and assemblyman) singular

question

every state senator and assemblyman is/are elected every four years

answer

is

question

much of the last few years of her scholarly research has/have been devoted to Italian manuscripts of the 13th century

answer

the subject is much and then can ignore the fluff after, much is singular HAS

question

indefinite pronouns that are always plural

answer

both, many, several, few, fewer, others

question

Many of the industries in the sector [has adopted the euro, but less are] linked to the japanese Yen. a. has adopted the euro, but less are b. have adopted the euro, but less are c. have adopted the euro, but less is d. have adopted the euro, but fewer are e. has adopted the euro, but fewer are

answer

D is correct because have is plural, many is plural and fewer is correct over less because we use fewer for something we can count

question

Indefinite pronouns that can be singular or plural:

answer

none, all, some, any, most, more For these, there is always a noun modified or an "of" preposition. sometimes, this directly follows the pronoun: "some soccer players" "all of the music", "most of the zebras,", etc.

question

all of the students are bright, and some is/are geniuses

answer

are. here some is plural because we have to link what it is replacing, which is some of the students

question

if what follows "of" is ________, then the pronoun becomes ________.

answer

if what follows "of" is singular or plural, then the pronoun becomes singular or plural.

question

some of the poetry of the 20th century harkens back to earlier forms, such as the sonnet, but [many explore] entirely new forms. a. many explore b. most explore c. most explores

answer

some of the poetry is singular because poetry is singular and will need the singular verb harkens (it does so good), and for "many explore"..it can't be many because you can count the poetry, so it is most. and then it is singular (explores). so C

question

after a dip caused by congressional embroilment, many growth stocks are beginning to resume their previous levels, but some, hampered by a general stagnancy in the economy, is/are returning more slowly than expected.

answer

growth stocks are plural, so some is referring to a plural. thus we use plural are ARE

question

personal and demonstrative pronouns must _______. Antecedents must be __________.

answer

personal and demonstrative pronouns must agree in number with their antecedents. Antecedents must be clear and unambiguous.

question

themion corporation, with over 16,000 employees on five continents, (send/sends) (their/its) executives to meetings in exotic locations.

answer

sends, its themion corporation (with over 16k employees on 5 continets..is only there to confuse. it means nothing) is singular, so sends and its.

question

sometimes there will be more than one possible noun that would match the pronoun in questions. even though we might be able to figure out logically which one is meant, _______

answer

the sentence needs to make this grammatically clear.

question

how do you make this better: during the holiday season, thermion corporation gave each one of its employees an expensive dish set, but most of them were fragile and broke in the next couple of months...

answer

replace them with "the dishes" not clear if them is dishes or employees

question

fix: After Caesar's triumphs in Gaul, the roman people loved him.

answer

this is a bad sentence because him refers to caesar, but it is not just caesar it is caesar's triumphs. you could replace him with "caesar", but that sounds very repetitive. here we can say after his triumphs in gaul, the roman people loved caesar.

question

fix: caesar's victories in Gaul significantly expanded the size of the roman republic, and triumphs over the legendarily fierce Celtic people to the north gave him a luster of heroism to the Roman people.

answer

replace "him" with "caesar" because him is referring to caesar's victories, which is in the possessive and you can't do that. And the sentence is long enough to make it not repetitive

question

fix: Caesar's triumphs in Gaul significantly enhanced his reputation at home

answer

this is perfectly fine because his is the posessive pronoun, so it can be the antecedent of a possessive.a noun in the possessive can be the antecedent of a possessive pronoun

question

pronouns and antecedents in the possessive

answer

under most conditions, the antecedent of a pronoun should not be in the possessive. if a noun appears in the possessive, it must be repeated as a noun in another grammatical use.

question

In 2008, the investors from the Shelby Group bought large quantities of stocks at exceptionally low prices, and after the recent surge in the market, [they sold them for considerable profits.]

answer

problem is: they sold them logically we could figure this out, but we shouldn't have to we are using forms of the same pronoun (they and them) to refer to different things answer: in the market, sold these same stocks for considerable profits...so no clauses in parallel have 2 verbs in parallel and keep the subject. we don't have to repeat investors because it is subject of both.

question

fix: the melting points of most metallic elements are hundreds of degrees above room temperature, but that of mercury is below the freezing point of water.

answer

this is correct because that is of the same subject as the melting points, even though it is singluar in the antecedent. demonstrative pronouns don't need a perfect replacement

question

for personal pronouns it is true that the antecedent represent and noun and can be replaced with it. This is not necessarily true for _______

answer

demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)

question

fix: muhammad ali fought three titanic bouts with joe frazier, the third known as the "Thrilla in Manila," and he defeated George Foreman in the "Rumble in the Jungle".

answer

he is correct because we can see that the subject of the first clause is muhammad and he is the subject of the second clause, so it is clear that he is referring to muhammad.

question

the words "for getting" is

answer

always wrong

question

fix: I will travel to China for visiting the Daoist temples

answer

to travel

question

a for and a gerund is

answer

always WRONG for doing for getting for visiting etc.

question

A did X to do Y vs. A did X in order to do Y vs. A did X so as to do Y

answer

each is more clearer/formal than the one before you can use the clearer version when it is not clear when the infinitive of purpose starts (for instance when to is repetitive)

question

Fix: Mike wants to go to China to see the Daoist temples:

answer

Mike wants to go to China in order to see the doaist temples

question

Fix: James legge translated the Chinese classics to give missionaries a better understanding of chinese culture.

answer

james legge translated the Chinese classics so as to give missionaries a better understanding of Chinese culture this makes it more formal

question

When a sentence does not have a verb in it, Only modifiers, It ____

answer

must have a main verb related to the main subject

question

when a sentence doesn't have a verb and only modifiers this is called the

answer

missing verb mistake

question

strategy to take when you see the missing verb mistake

answer

(1) recognize the difference between participles and full verbs (full verbs = aux verb + participle) (naming vs. was naming, is naming, etc.) (2) remove fluff ---participial phrases, prepositional phrases, etc. (3) match every subject to a full verb

question

What is wrong here and how to fix: Educated at West Point like his commander, Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, having gained renown at the First Battle of Bull Run, having won substantial victories over overwhelming odds in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign, and having surprised McClellan at Mechanicsville, inducing the Union General to retreat and effectively to end the early campaign against Richmond, he was shot accidentally by Confederate sentries and died in 1863, two years before the end of the war.

answer

we have a subject and a pronoun. says his name and then the pronoun. two subjects everything between jackson and he is modifiers. the easiest way to fix is just remove the he

question

what the problem here: the stockbroker he owns a walrus

answer

we have a subject and a pronoun.

question

when you have a subject and a pronoun this is called

answer

the double subject mistake

question

strategy to take when you have the double subject mistake

answer

(1) identify the role of every subject (noun or pronoun) and every verb. make sure every subject has one verb and every verb has one subject (2) be suspicious of the structure (subject) (long modifier)..look to see what happens after the long modifier. Many times long modifiers are there to trick us. look for a pronoun after it to see if it is a double subject

question

whats wrong with this: Constructed in the Fourth Dynasty 25 centuries before the Common Era, the Great Pyramids of Giza still stand, the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, designed as a funerary complex for Pharaoh Khufu, looted in later centuries, yet and during the harsh desert elements, even to this day, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt's other Ancient Wonder, fell into ruins and was used for material to build the Citadel of Qaitbay.

answer

subject: great pyramids of Giza, verb: still stands (the oldest...this day: modifier. Another subject: lighthouse of Alexandria, verb: fell and was used. the only thing between the two clauses is a comma after "this day" comma is not enough to combine two clauses thus this is a run on sentence.

question

is this correct: dogs bark, cats meow. Why?

answer

wrong. this is a run on sentence. a comma is not enough to join two independent clauses. you need to also add a conjunction word "and, but"

question

when there is no conjunction words between two independent clauses you have

answer

a run on sentence

question

strategy to see a run on sentence

answer

(1) identify the role of every subject (noun or pronoun) and every verb. know where the independent clauses are (2) distinguish independent clauses from subordinate clauses (3) make sure 2 independent clauses are separated by a coordinating conjunction: and, but, or, for, so, yet, nor; or joined by a pair of correlative conjunctions: not only...bu also, either...or neither...nor, just as...so

question

what is parallelism

answer

Parallelism is a pattern of matching in a sentence. In a sequence of two or more elements. The elements must be of the same part of speech and each element must play the same grammatical and logical role in the sentence.

question

_____ part of speech can be represented in parallelism

answer

any

question

cars and trucks are on the road. I like both cats and dogs.

answer

here cars and trucks and "both cats and dogs" are in parallel. these are 2 nouns in parallel

question

should we respond to him or ignore him

answer

two verbs in parallel

question

the novel is long but engaging. the storm is a clear and present danger.

answer

two adjectives in parallel

question

he completed the test in haste and with a sense of panic

answer

2 prepositional phrases in parallel

question

she showed us her new car, newly washed and gleaming in the morning sun

answer

2 participial phrases in parallel. (washed: past participle, gleaming: present participle)

question

smoking tobacco products and eating fried foods are two high risk actvities for heart disease

answer

2 gerund phrases in parallel

question

to combine two parallel phrases/clauses with

answer

coordinative or correlative conjunction coordinate: for, and, nor, but, or, yet correlative: both...and, either...or, not P but Q, not only P but also Q, neither P nor Q

question

if you have a correlative conjuction (give examples) then

answer

both P and Q, either P or Q, not P but Q, nt only P but also Q, neither P nor Q. then you know P and Q must be in parallel

question

just as A so B

answer

this is a special case. for this we can only use independent clauses in parallel here.

question

whats wrong here: I swept the floor with a broom and with my friend Kevin

answer

it is grammatically correct, but not logically correct you see "with a broom" and "with my friend kevin". broom is an instrument and kevin is a person, so they do not logically play the same role.

question

parallelism depends on

answer

grammar and LOGIC!!

question

In his symphonies, Mahler drew [on not only the rich symphonic tradition of Beethoven and Brahms but also on] the experimental harmonies that Wagner developed in his operas. a. on not only the rich symphonic tradition of Beethoven and Brahms but also on b. not only on the rich symphonic tradition of Beethoven and Brahms but also c. not only on the rich symphonic tradition of Beethoven and Brahms but also on

answer

The answer is C because the word "on" is (in the underlined section) before the conjunction and after the conjunction: once outiside once inside. B) once inside and that's it. C) twice inside. correct

question

whats wrong here: he cooked the chicken with onions and capers

answer

grammatically correct the two nouns (onions and capers) are parallel. both are objects of the preposition "with". The parallelism happens inside the prepositional phrase this is once outisde**

question

whats wrong here: he cooked the chicken with onions and with capers

answer

grammatically correct "with onions" and "with capers" are parallel the parallelism is outside of the prepositional phrases and contains them

question

what is the once outside, twice inside rul

answer

f the nouns, the objects of the preposition, are parallel, then the parallelism is inside the prepostional phrase, and the preposition appears ONCE OUTSIDE if two prepositional phrases are parallel, then the parallelism is outside of the prepositional phrases, and the preposition appears TWICE INSIDE

question

this rule doesnt really apply to

answer

coordinating conjunctions

question

with correlative conjunctions and parallelism you look

answer

you look to see if the preposition of the words in parallel come before or after the first part of the correlative conjunction

question

fix: he cooked the chicken with not only onions but also capers

answer

this is correct. it is once outisde onions and capers are in parallel because not only...but also

question

fix: he cooked the chicken not only with onions but also with capers

answer

this is correct it is twice inside with onions and with capers are parallel you have not only..but also

question

fix: he cooked the chicken not only with onions but also capers

answer

wrong here the word with occurs only once wihin the parallel structure so with onions cant be parallel with capers to fix you can add with after also this is inside only once!

question

fix: he cooked the chicken with not only onions but also with capers

answer

here we have a with outside of not only and with inside capers onions is not parallel with "with capers" single word is not parallel with a prep phrase here it is once inside, once outside WRONG! must move with to after not only

question

what is rule for 3 things in parallel with a preposition

answer

it still must be once outside or three inside. anything that departs from this is wrong

question

fix: he cooked the chicken with onions, with capers, and garlic

answer

wrong, only 2 inside

question

he cooked the chicken with onions, capers, and with garlic

answer

wrong, one outisde and one inside

question

what do you have to see to apply once outisde twice inside rul

answer

preposition phrase with parallelism and usually correlative conjunctions

question

was doing X but thinking about Y

answer

this is an example of once outside rule with a auxiliary verb. when two verbs have the same aux verb this applies

question

was not only doing X but also thinking about

answer

this is an example of once outside rule with a auxiliary verb. when two verbs have the same aux verb this applies

question

was doing X but was thinking about Y

answer

this is an example of twice inside when two verbs have the same aux verb and thus are parallel. doing and thinking have was as aux verb

question

not only was doing X but also was thinking about Y

answer

this is an example of twice inside when two verbs have the same aux verb and thus are parallel. doing and thinking have was as aux verb

question

fix: must go to P, must do Q, and must prepare for R

answer

too wordy. this is 3 inside rule for sam aux verb for verbs in parallel, but too wordy. to fix make it the once outside: must go to P, do Q, and prepare for R

question

fix: must go to P, do Q, and must prepare for R

answer

wrong because once outside and once inside

question

to truly love

answer

this is a split infinitive. a split infinitive is an infinitive in which another word, often an adverb, appears between the "to" and the verb. this is WRONG

question

split infinitives are

answer

always wrong! if they are in an option, that option is wrong. it will also be wrong for other reasons, but it is wrong.

question

to deeply understand is

answer

WRONG

question

to boldly go

answer

wrong

question

when you have an infinitive (to see, to think, etc.) and verbs in parallel, be aware

answer

of the once outside, twice inside rule. for 3 don't do inside because it is too word

question

fix: to see A, to think B, and to do C

answer

too repetitive: to see A, think B, and do C

question

fix: to not only do X but also do Y

answer

this is wrong because it sets up a split infinitive. be aware of this with correlative conjunctions

question

for correlative conjunctions and infinitives be aware

answer

that you have to use the twice inside structure for infinitives in parallel. not only to do X but also to do Y

question

define relative clause

answer

a relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun or adverbs (who, that, which, where

question

if you see 2 relative clauses be aware

answer

that if they are in paralllel (and they share the same relative pronoun or adverb, which they probably do) then only the twice inside works. the once outside makes things unclear because the clauses are long

question

fix: I admire writers who call convention into question and challenge the status quo

answer

I or who could be the subject of challenging the status quo so it's cleaner to add who before the challenge

question

add these two sentences together with the conjuction "but" katrina has gone to Paris several times. Luis went to Paris for the first time this year.

answer

katrina has gone to Paris several times, but Luis went for the first time this year.

question

George Clinton served as Vice-President under Thomas Jefferson. George Clinton served as Vice-President again under James Madison combine these two sentences using "and"

answer

George Clinton served as Vice-President under Thomas Jefferson, and again under James Madison.

question

if two clauses are parallel and there are some words used in the first branch of parallelism that are repeated in the second branch ___

answer

we can omit from the second branch almost all words repeated from the first branch.

question

Hannibal crossed the Alps to invade Italy in ancient times. Napoleon crossed the Alps to invade Italy in the early modern period. join with "and"

answer

Hannibal crossed the Alps to invade Italy in ancient times, and Napoleon did so in the early modern period.

question

how to abbreviate predicate when it is repeated in second branch of parallelism and the subject is different from first part of parallelism

answer

do so and "did so"

question

In 2006, the electronics division of Edmondson made its biggest profit in India. In 2008, the electronics division of Edmondson made its biggest profit in South America. join with "but".

answer

In 2006, the electronics division of Edmondson made its biggest profit in India, but in 2008, in South America. ***because we have the same subject and the same verb we don't have to write "do so"

question

the wolf and the coyote can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The wolf and the fox cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Join these with the word but

answer

The wolf and the coyote can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but the wolf and the fox cannot do so. *here the subject is different, but the predicate is same. so we can abbreviate the predicate with do so.

question

Which is correct and why: 1) during an earthquake, employees must take care of three things, get adequate cover during the quake, tend to the wounded, and leave the building according to police instructions. 2) during an earthquake, employees must take care of three things: getting adequate cover during the quake, tending to the wounded, and leaving the building according to police instructions.

answer

The second one is correct. The first one has superficial parallelism. All the actions are in parallel starting with "must take care of three things", but must take care of three things is not an action it is introducing the remaining actions, so it can't be in parallel with the other three.

question

if you have parallelism that logically does not make sense, so one thing that is parallel to others but logically is not of the same subject, then this is called

answer

superficial parallelism

question

which is correct and why: (1) To prepare for the diplomat's arrival, the staff scrubbed down the walls of the hall, using soap and water, and shampooed the carpet. (2) To prepare for the diplomat's arrival, the staff scrubbed down the walls of the hall, used soap and water, and shampooed the carpet.

answer

option two puts the three actions in parallel: scrubbed, used, and shampooed. But in the second used soap and water doesn't mean anything. it makes way more sense when it is a modifier of scrubbed. 1 is correct.

question

when you look at parallelism, you should always looking for

answer

meaning. GMAT loves this trick

question

define comparison

answer

a comparison is any sentence which talks about how two elements are the same of different. Amanda is taller than Peter. Amanda is shorter than Ruth

question

define superlative comparison

answer

We use the superlative for comparisons involving three or more terms: 3+ people, 3+ items, 3+ categories, etc.

question

give examples of comparisons

answer

Amanda is taller than Peter. Amanda is shorter than Ruth

question

give an example of superlative

answer

amanda is the talest in the class brian is the least tired out of everyone

question

Among the elements, silver is the best electrical conductor this is

answer

a superlative

question

Moscow is the largest city in Europe this is

answer

a superlative

question

walter johnson pitched the most career shutouts in baseball history. this is

answer

a superlative

question

in terms of geographic are, colombia is larger than France. this is

answer

a comparison

question

The cars parked by my building are nice, but the cars parked by yours are clearly more expensive. this is

answer

a comparison

question

The amazon river is longer than the congo, but the Nile is the longest in the world. this is

answer

here there is a comparison between the amaon and the congo, and a superlative between nile and all the rivers in the world.

question

Amanda is the tallest in her class. Amanda is taller than all the others in her class. Which is correct?

answer

They are both correct.

question

**know them: keywords for comparisons include:

answer

than, more, less, like, unlike, similar to, different from, compared to, in contrast to/with, as...as

question

comparisons on the GMAT must be

answer

logical and unambiguous: logical meaning that they compare like to like

question

fix: like the symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms wrote four symphonies that are masterpieces.

answer

This is WRONG because you can't compare symphonies to Brahms. Brahms is a person. like Beethoven, Brhams wrote four symphonies like the symphonies of Beethoven, Brham's four symphonies are masterpieces these are both correct and fixes to the problem sentence above

question

**GMAT loves this. They will compare ____

answer

someones work, reputation, etc. to another person

question

what wrong here: like the victories that Julius Caesar won in Gall in the first century BCE, Napoleon won..

answer

here you compare victories to Napoleon. WRONG

question

fix: I like NY-style pizza more than Chris

answer

there is ambiguity here: WRONG. you like the pizza more than he does or more than him? fix: I like NY-style pizza more than Chris does.

question

Margarette was a top athlete in high school, but now Chris runs faster than she/her

answer

answer: she margarette is the subject of the verb and chris is the subject. to make it sound natural when speaking can say "she does"

question

*personal pronouns must match the compared term in

answer

case: subjective, objective, or possessive.

question

what can do in comparisons that we can do in all parallelism (comparison is a type of parallelism)

answer

remove repeated words

question

fix: the gross domestic product of brazil is larger than the Gross domestic product of India

answer

we need a demonstrative pronoun (that or those) to substitiute for the same object. The Gross Domestic product of Brazil is larger than that of india (if we were comparing it to more than one) The GDP of brzil is larger than those of India or South Korea

question

when we have the structure [object] "of" [noun] in the first branch and we want to compare this to the same object "of" in a different noun, we___

answer

can't simply omit words. We often replace repeated nouns or noun phrases with demonstrative pronouns "that" or "those" in comparisons

question

The hall-hering process, invented in the 1880s allowed industries to extract aluminum metal from bauxite and other ores faster than they were able to extract aluminum metal from bauxite and other ores before that time.

answer

The hall-hering process, invented in the 1880s allowed industries to extract aluminum metal from bauxite and other ores faster than they were able to do so before that time.

question

fix: Robert has been coming to this yoga class much more frequently than Jessica has been coming to this yoga class.

answer

Robert has been coming to this yoga class much more frequently than Jessica has.

question

with a repeated branch, If the verb has a tense that involves aux verbs, then we _____

answer

can often abbreviate the entire verb and predicate with the first aux verb.

question

fix: india produces more butter than any other country in the world.

answer

correct. can't take out other

question

fix: while joyce was writing Finnegans Wake, he did not write anything else.

answer

already correct. dont take out else.

question

what words can't be dropped

answer

"other" and "else"

question

GMAT frequently uses like because

answer

it is overused in English

question

like vs. as

answer

Use "like" with nouns Use "as" with clauses (full actions) comparisons that focus on a full action

question

fix: He walked into the office like Bogart sauntered into Rick's cafe in Casablanca

answer

WRONG here we have like and then a noun and then a full verb it has to be like then a noun correct: he walked into the office like Bogart correct: He walked into the office as Bogart sauntered into Rick's Cafe in Casablanca

question

fix: he walked into the office like Bogart sauntering into Rick's cafe in Casablanca

answer

this is correct because we have like then a noun then a noun modifier

question

fix: he walked into the office like Bogart who sauntered into Rick's cafe in casablanca

answer

like, noun, noun modifier

question

the word like must be followed by ______

answer

a noun, but that noun can be modified by a participle or clause.

question

be careful of what with the word like

answer

if there is a clause after the first noun, is it modifying the noun or something else. if it is modifying the noun, then like works.

question

fix: For parts of his life, Burroughs was a writer in self-imposed exile, like Joyce, who lived a generation earlier, left Ireland and chose to write about his homeland from a distance.

answer

incorrect. because you hav like, noun, (noun modifier), but then a verb. so it should be "as" instead of like. if you take out, "who lived a generation earlier", you can see this. for parts of his life, Burroughs was a writer in self-imposed exile, like Joyce a generation earlier, who left Ireland and chose to write about his homeland from a distance. here you have like, noun, and then a noun modifier because you say "who left ireland"

question

"as...as" means

answer

without a negative, this says that two things are of the same degree in a certain adjective P is as tall as Q P is as poised as Q P is as knowledgeable about African lizards as is Q

question

With a negative "as...as" is equivalent to

answer

"less...than" Mount Denali is not as high as the high himalayas michael bloomburg, the former mayor of NYC, is not as wealthy as Warren Buffet.

question

when seeing "as..as" with a negative be careful to

answer

understand that this is not saying its a full negative. we are not saying bloomburg is not wealthy, he is just not as wealthy as buffet.

question

fix: Zhuangzi's interpretation of Daoism, though highly imaginative,did not have as lasting an impact on the course of Chinese civilization as had his contemporary Mengzi's interpretation of Confucianism.

answer

this is a correct sentence

question

what is wrong with this: shiny happy people

answer

nothing. it is fine to have adjective, adjective noun

question

what is wrong with this: a boldy exaggerated statement

answer

nothing. it is fine to have an adverb, adjective, noun

question

In the early nineteenth century, seven planets were known, but perturbations in the orbit of Uranus, the seventh planet, suggested the existence of a (hypothetical, hypothetically) eight planet.

answer

we know that there are seven plants so the next one is obviously 8th. it is hypothetical that an 8th exists

question

Johann Sebastian Bach had a relatively long life, compared to most other composers, and over the course of this extensive life, he composed a (corresponding, correspondingly) large body of music.

answer

-corresponding sets up matching -so matching to what? -we are not matching his body of music to something else, the pattern of matching is that bachs life was longer than other so his work is larger than other, so the size is what matters here, so what should be modified is large: so correspondingly.

question

when we have an adjective or adverb before an adjective we

answer

cannot use the rules of grammar to decide. we have to rely on logic and meaning

question

what questions do verb modifiers answer

answer

when? where? why? how?

question

fix: the professor gave a copy of annotations on Ulysses to the student, who was enthusiastic about the writings of Joyce.

answer

nothing is wrong here. the noun modifier is "who...joyce" it is modifying "student" and it touches it. so obeying the modifier touch rule

question

fix: the fugitives eluded the federal agents who had crossed state lines in their pursuit, fearing arrest.

answer

the fugitives, fearing arrest, eluded the federal agents who had crossed state lines in their pursuit. or: fearing arrest, the fugitives eluded... -The problem here is called a misplaced modifier. It means that there is a noun then a grammatical structure then the modifier. they must be touching (in most cases) the fugitives are the subject and fearing arrest is the modifier. fearing arrest must be touching the fugutives

question

Although Bryan was better [at gaining the support of rural voters than was Mckinley], people who believed a silver-based economy would bring prosperity, Mckinley won the 1896 election on a strong industry-based vote. a. at gaining the support of rural voters than was Mckinley b. than Mckinley at gaining the support of rural voters c. at gaining the support of rural voters than Mckinley

answer

The modifying clause "people who believed a silver... has to modify the voters, so that is what must be touching it thus B is correct.

question

verbs and modifiers

answer

**the modifier touch rule DOES NOT apply to verbs. *****verb modifiers can appear anywhere in the sentence as long as there is no logical ambiguity to which verb it is modifying

question

what has fewer restrictions: verb modifiers or noun modifiers

answer

verb modifiers have fewer restrictions

question

fix: By reading books, I learned how to cook Italian food, including dishes made only in the rural regions of Tuscany.

answer

this is correct. the verb modifier "by reading books" modifies the verb: I learned how to cook Italian food" including .... is a noun modifyer that modifies food

question

fix: I learned by reading books how to cook Italian food

answer

the modifier "by reading books" modifies the verb "learned". this is correct

question

fix: I learned how to cook Italian food, by reading books, including dishes made only in the rural regions of Tuscany.

answer

here the verb modifier "by reading books" is in between a noun "food" and its modifier "including..". you can't put a verb modifier in between a noun and its modifier. this is wrong. to fix you can say "by reading books, I learned...

question

fix: I learned how to cook Italian food, including dishes made only in the rural regions of Tuscany, by reading books.

answer

it is not clear what "by reading books" is modifying. it is too far from the verb, there has been too much information since then

question

fix: taxes were lowered, stimulating the economy.

answer

the problem is: who is doing the stimulating? if you are going to use a participial phrase as a verb modifier the actor "doer" must appear explicitly.

question

fix: Congress lowered taxes, stimulating the economy

answer

stimulating is a verb modifier, which modifes the entire action of the clause "lowered taxes" and the people doing the action is congress . This is correct!

question

*if a participial phrase is used as a verb modifier, the implued subject ___

answer

must appear somewhere in the sentence.

question

fix: ...the refugees that arrived from Syria.

answer

this is wrong. you can't refer to people using "that" -you must write who: the refugees who arrived from Syria

question

fix: ...the factory workers, which went on strike.

answer

this is wrong. you can't refer to people using "which" correction: the factory workers, who went on strike.

question

do not use ______ for people

answer

"that" or "which"

question

fix: Queen Elizabeth II awarded the George Medal to Tenzing Norgay, with who Sir Edmund Hillary climbed Mount Everest.

answer

it is "whom". whom is used when who pertains to the objective in the clause

question

fix: henry VIII imprisoned Sir Thomas More, who would not approve his divorce from Catherine of Aragorn

answer

this is correct because the subject of the clause is Sir Thomas More who was doing something

question

fix: Sir Thomas More, whom Henry VIII imprisoned, coined the word "utopia"

answer

this is correct because henry VII is the subject and he was imprisoning something someone. so who is the object. even though sir thomas is the main subject, it doesnt matter. what matters is the clause

question

who vs. whom vs. whose

answer

the difference is the form of who in the CLAUSE. who is the subjective, whom is objectiev and whose is possessive. so if who refers to the subject in the clause it is who, if it is the thing getting something done to it (subjective) then it is whom and it is possessive (belongs to someone) then it is whose

question

fix: what is the first Shakespearean play where Sir John Falstaff appears

answer

you can only use where to refer to a place not a thing. this is something used in colloguial english, but is NOT correct. correct form: what is the first Shakespearean play "in which" Sir John Falstaff appears

question

fix: the country where..

answer

this is correct because it refers to a place

question

fix: boston where...

answer

this is correct because it refers to a place

question

fix: Bias claims lawsuits present a CEO with a situation where he has to rely heavily on his HR director

answer

where does not refer to a place, so have to make it "in which"

question

fix: a thirteenth century rebellion was centered in the Avignon, the city in which papacy resided in the fourteenth century

answer

this is correct because you can say "in which" even where "where" would be correct

question

...a two-year stock option that... when you see this what do you consider

answer

well we know that what comes after the word that must be a vital noun modifer because the word "that" presents a vital noun modifier

question

...a two-year stock option, which... when you see this what do you consider

answer

we know that what comes after the word which must be a non-vital noun modifier. also if it comes after a comma it is usually non-vital

question

...a two-year stock [option, that]... option, that... option that option which.. option, which...

answer

b or d is correct depending on what comes after the word that or which and if it is a vital or non-vital noun modifier

question

vital vs. non-vital noun modifier

answer

vital noun modifier is a modifier that, if removed, changes the meaning of the sentence completely. it is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. non-vital is one where if removed does not change the meaning.

question

in college, we heard a lecture by a woman who had won two Pulitzer prizes. ..is the modifier vital or non-vital

answer

vital because just saying you heard a lecture by a woman does not mean much

question

W.S. Merwin, who had won two Pulitzer prizes, was named the US poet Laureate in 2010. .is the modifier vital or non-vital

answer

it is non-vital because if we drop the modifier it is still very clear

question

Cars that cost more than $100,000 are considered luxury items. .is the modifier vital or non-vital

answer

vital

question

Houses in San Franscisco, which cost more than $100,000, are hard for anyone but the wealthy to afford.is the modifier vital or non-vital

answer

non vital

question

punctuation and vital/non-vital modifiers

answer

if there is a comma it is non-vital

question

if an answer choice has [noun][comma][modifier]..should the modifier begin with "that" or "which". _____

answer

The presence of the comma indicates a non-vital modifier, which indicates the use of "which". In that sense, the punctuation contributes to deciding the right answer.

question

fix: Henry II of England, who was married to Eleanor of Acuitaine, brought Ireland under the subjection of the English crown.

answer

this is correct because even though "of england" is between henry and his modifier it still works. this is because "of england" is a vital noun modifier. it is ok for a vital noun modifier to come between a noun and its non-vital modifier.

question

A non-vital modifer _________ if a vital noun modifier comes between it and the noun.

answer

does not have to touch a noun

question

a vital noun modifier must always

answer

touch the noun it is modifying

question

fix: Rule Britannnia! is an anthem of the British Navy, which was composed by Thomas Arne in 1740.

answer

of the british navy is a vital noun modifer because anthem could be anything by tof the british navy is required. "which was composed by Thomas Arne in 1740" is a non-vital modifier. It modifies "anthem", not "British Navy" this sentece is correct

question

which one's are correct and which are wrong The New York City borough of Queens, [founded as part of New Netherlands, named for Queen Catherine of Braganza, is] home of the New York Mets. a.founded as part of New Netherlands, named for Queen Catherine Braganza, is b.named for Queen Catherine of Braganza, was founded as part of New Netherlands and is c.named for Queen Catherine of Branganza, founded as part of New Netherlands, is d. founded as part of New Netherlands and named for Queen Catherine of Braganza

answer

option a) it sounds like you are saying new netherlands is being named for the queen. so misplaced modifier. and you can see that each modifer is a non-vital modifier and you can't seperate one non-vital modifier with another non-vital modifier. In C) it sounds like catherine or braganza was founded as part of new netherlands. you can't separate two non-vtial modifiers D) this is correct because founded and named are in parallel. also B is correct because you have two non-vital modifiers in parallel

question

fix: Suzhou, a large city south of Shanghai, known for its classical Chinese gardens, was one of the world's most populous cities during the late Han Dynasty.

answer

this sentence is correcct. you have noun, appositive phrase ( an appositive phrase restates the noun. ) and then noun modifier (known for its classical Chinese gardens. It is clear that the known for must be applied to Suzhou. It does not apply to Shanghai even though it is touching appositive phrases can come between noun and its modifier

question

so, one exception to the touch rule is

answer

that if an appositive phrase comes after the noun, the modifier does not need to touch it

question

fix: The first novel of Virginia Woolf, which centers on a sea voyage to south America, explores the excitement and vitality of youth.

answer

"of virginia woolf" is a vital noun modifier and can come between the noun novel and "which.." clause which is non-vital. this is correct

question

vital noun modifier

answer

**a vital noun modifier can come between a noun and a non-vital modifier, so the non-vital modifer does not touch the noun.

question

what is another exception to noun modifier touch rule

answer

a short predicate can come between the noun and modifer

question

fix: Today, the former mayor was arrested who diverted thousands of dollars of public money into his private bank account.

answer

we have a long who phrase, which is a long noun modifier it doesn't touch the word mayor but its ok because the only thing that comes between them is the words "was arrested" it s a short predicate also you can see that there is no other noun in the phrase that the noun could be modifying so no ambiguity so this sentence is correct

question

fix: Gastropods, such as snails and slugs, constituting over 80% of all mollusk species, have shown the ability to adapt to a wide variety of environments.

answer

we have a noun, then an example phrase, where it gives examples of gastropods and then noun modifier it is not touching but ok because short predicate there is no ambiguity this is correct

question

fix: Before the GMAT, Leslie only studied for six days.

answer

this is wrong because it is important to consider the adverb order and the fact that is unusual is the amount of time she studied, not that she studied. so "only" should be touching "six". thus the adverb modifies 6. fix: Before the GMAT, Leslie studied for only six days. Before the GMAT, Leslie studied for six days only.

question

fix: He ate almost six whole slices of pizza

answer

here the word "almost" is touching the word 6, which is the thing he almost did, so this is correct.

question

adverbs to be careful of order

answer

only, almost, even, just, nearly

question

fix: After the fourth day of non-stop rain, the hill-top homes were even flooded.

answer

this is wrong because the thing that is unusual is that the hill-top homes were flooded. ususally it is only the low homes. so "even" should be touching hill-top. fix: After the fourth day of non-stop rain, even the hill-top homes were flooded.

question

Napoleon entered Russia in June, 1812, with an army half a million strong, but [just left in December 1812, with] fewer than 30,000 troops. a. just left in December, 1812, with b. left just in December, 1812, with c. left in December, 1812, with just

answer

The big contrast of this question, and what was striking about the thing was that he left with only 30,000 and went in with 500,000. so we want to modify is the number of troops. so c is correct

question

fix: A consulting firm has found that developing East Asian information technology sectors, particularly Vietnam, would be potential consumers of Cystar's Hyperfast Server systems.

answer

so a sector would be a group of businesses that does business in infromation tech Vietnam is a country not an example of a sector so we would have to rephrase: information technology sectors, particularly those of Vietnam, would be we would use the those of strategy

question

fix: Melville published Moby Dick in 1851, receiving little recognition at the time, but garnered acclaim after his death and culminated in the general recognition of the book as one of the greatest American novels by the mid 20th century.

answer

melville is the subject of the sentence, so you can't say "culminated" because he did not culminate. it is too many verbs in parallel

question

fix: With the discovery of the Tufted Badger and other species in the ecosystems outside Vancouver, the number of riparian mammals in the Pacific Northwest has increased considerably

answer

the problem: the people made this discovery, the fact that they made this discovery did not change the number of mammals in the pacific northwest has increased. it is not the number of mammals increase, but it is the number of "known" num fix: number of known riparian mammals so the thing is changed is how many mammals they knew about it.

question

Always read every sentence at the grammar level, but also

answer

the logical level

question

The CEO of Ergon, a mult-million dollar company, asked the consultant for an ______ forecast of the entire sector, so that he could plan business strategy for coming year. a. economic b. economical

answer

economic: whenever you talk about money and the economy it's economic

question

lie vs. lay

answer

lay today she lays yesterday he laid she has laid lie today he lies yesterday she LAY he has lain lie:to recline, to make one's self horizontal it can also be used to mean "to be located" her greatest strengths lie in the natural sciences most common on GMAT lay: lay is a transitive verb meaning it takes an object you do it to someone/something lay to put down, to set in position I lay a book on the table

question

Rome's great intellectual achievements [laid in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had laid] in mathemtical and philosophical breakthroughs. a. laid in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had laid b. laid in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had lay c. laid in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had lain d. lay in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had lain e. lay in organizing the Empire, whereas Greece's had laid

answer

answer: we want to say where the achievements were located, so "lay, and "lain". so (d)

question

IF VS. WHETHER

answer

If The word "if" is correct when used in conditional statements, that is "if-then" statements about potential or hypothetical scenarios correct. if the mets win the world series, then Mike will be happy. almost always the correct use of "if" uses the word then or implies the word then in front of the second or first part of sentence rita will go to venice if she wins the lottery if rita win the lottery, she will go to Venice if Rita wins the lottery, then she will go to Venice all of these are correct Whether a clause beginning with whether discusses a yes-no question to which the answer is unknown. A whether clause often is the direct object of a cognitive verb (know, remember, say, communicate...), and often when that verb is used in the negative.

question

fix: the sign doesn't say if we can park here after 6pm.

answer

wrong: it should be whether. this is a question and we do not have the answer

question

correct or wrong: I dont remember whether I left the light on.

answer

we don't know the question of if we left the light on correct

question

correct or wrong: Historians do not know if the King Arthur stories were based on a real, historical individual

answer

wrong. it's whether they don't know something

question

a "whether" clause can play

answer

any noun role in a sentence: direct object, object of a preposition, or subject. whether a person smokes influences her chances of heart disease here the whether clause is the subject/noun

question

correct or wrong: the sign doesn't say if we can park here after 6pm

answer

wrong: this is not a conditional statement

question

correct or wrong: historians do not know if the king arthur stories were based on a real, historical individual.

answer

wrong

question

correct or wrong the success of the mission depends on if the advanced squad can disarm the cannons.

answer

wrong

question

fix: I don't know whether or not he will arrive today

answer

WRONG cuz it says "whether or not" whether or not is always wrong on GMAT

question

whether or not

answer

always wrong on GMAT

question

Because her internet is down, she will not know [if the team has won its game if] her brother does not call her. a. if the team has won its game if b. if the team has won its game whether c. whether the team has won its game if d. whether the team has won its game whether

answer

answer: she wants to know the question "has the team won its game: so weather. for the second one, that is a conditional. so if. so answer is C

question

how to know whether something is countable or not

answer

if you can say how many it is countbale, is you can say how much it is not.

question

statement about increase: There is ____ traffic There are ____ cars

answer

There is more traffic (uncountable) There are more cars (countable)

question

statements about a decrease: there is ____ traffic there are _____ cars

answer

there is less traffic (uncountable) there are fewer cars (countable

question

question about increase (countable vs. uncountable)

answer

how many more cars, how much more traffic

question

question about a decrease (countable vs. uncountable)

answer

how much less traffic, how many fewer cars

question

We wanted as (many, much) as 16 volunteers to chaperone the trip, but we still can go with (fewer, less). Compared to a generation ago, we now have (many, much) (fewer, less) public experts, and thus have access to (many, much) (fewer, less) good advice.

answer

many, fewer, many, fewer, much, less

question

amount vs. number

answer

amount is when uncountable, number is when countable

question

What (amount, number) of lanes would accommodate this (amount, number) of traffic? The library could have (many, much) (less, fewer) books and still be above the minimum (amount, number) required by state standards.

answer

number, amount, many, fewer, number

question

15 items or less

answer

wrong!

question

correct or wrong: He conducted the orchestra with a pencil instead of with a baton

answer

wrong: instead of must take a noun (it is a preposition) and rather than can take anything

question

correct or wrong he conducted the orchestra with a pencil rather than with a baton

answer

correct

question

what can come after rather than

answer

anything

question

if a noun comes after the "rather than"

answer

it can be instead of or rather than

question

if not a noun comes after "rather than"

answer

it can only be rather than

question

what does the the GMAT prefer, rather than or instead of

answer

**rather than is slightly more formal than "instead of", the GMAT prefers rather than even sometimes when instead of would be correct. **the answer choices with instead of tend to have other things wrong with them.

question

fix: Thoreau stood by his principles and went to jail, instead of paying taxes supporting a war that he felt was unjust.

answer

wrong. there can never be a gerund after instead of fixed: Thoreau stood by his principles and went to jail, rather than pay taxes supporting a war that he felt was unjust.

question

instead vs. instead of

answer

instead is totally fine on GMAT

question

fix: Due to rain, the picnic was cancelled

answer

wrong: due to rain is modifying picnic, so you are saying that the picnic was due to rain. you are trying to say cancelled due to rain. you need a because clause because of rain, the picnic was cancelled.

question

due to vs. because of

answer

because of is a verb modifer and can be anywhere in the sentence, due to is a noun modifer, which must be touching the noun it modifies

question

correct or wrong: because of rain, the picnic was cancelled.

answer

correct

question

because of a groundswell of popular support, the senator reversed his position on endorsing the controversial candidate.

answer

correct

question

fix: due to a groundswell of popular support, the senator reversed his position on endorsing the controversial candidate.

answer

wrong: here is seems like the senator is due to popular support. the thing that should be due to is the fact that is got reversed. so we should make it a because clause. it should be because of

question

*thge only time "due to" would be preferable is

answer

following a form of the verb "to be"

question

X is _____ Y

answer

due to

question

fix: Like many acids, oxygen itself has a corrosive effect on many metals, like iron and copper.

answer

wrong: the second like should be "such as". the first is ok because it is comparing something. the second is wrong because this is examples, so you should use such as.

question

like vs. such as

answer

like is comparing things and such as is listing them

question

study idiom flashcards

answer

**

question

A has a correspondence to B in these activities OR A corresponds to B in these activities

answer

corresponds is the verb form and thus more powerful.

question

noun form of a word vs. verb form

answer

the verb form is more powerful and many times is better than noun

question

but keep in mind that the noun form is not

answer

always wrong, but if it creates a more powerful direct sentence it is better.

question

do verbs in parallel have to have the same tense?

answer

no

question

when you see a conjunction, look for

answer

parallelism

question

infinitive (to be) vs. past tense (was)

answer

when you use "to be" you lose all information on when it happened

question

hold that vs. hold to be

answer

hold that is always right and hold to be is suspect (not always right, and alsmost always wrong on GMAT)

question

what comes after the word lest

answer

subjunctive

question

"since 4 years ago..." needs what kind of verb

answer

has walked

question

fix: I think he is coming...

answer

you need to include "that" before he. in regular lanuage people drop that, but you can't on GMAT

question

that when doing something

answer

you include it

question

walks vs. walk

answer

singular vs. plural

question

if you see an infinitive (to do) followed by a comma then another infinitive without a conjunction (to walk, to go) you can conclude that

answer

the second infinitive is describing the first. it is correct if it does this

question

for protecting

answer

wrong cant have for then gerund

question

fix: italy fought their rival

answer

italy is not a he/she it is a place, so it should be "its"

question

what does the GMAT SC do the most

answer

parallelism

question

in a long sentence, if you see an independent clause (a subject and a verb) and a lot in addition to this, you need

answer

a subordinate clause or someway to combine the two clauses

question

the banana, having been a world renown fruit, the banana is great

answer

here you have the noun, then modifier, then repeated the noun. watch for this

question

with noun participle (with apples growing)

answer

GMAT hates this. always wrong

question

pronoun (this, that, he, she, etc.) can't refer to a

answer

clause

question

in the midst of means

answer

standing in the middle of (don't use it for any other purpose)

question

just as X, so Y: what does X and Y have to be

answer

independent clauses

question

as [adjective] as ________. the underlined must be

answer

an object

question

so [adjective] as to ________. underlined must be a

answer

verb

question

so [adjective] that _____. underlined must be a

answer

verb

question

as [adjective] as to....is

answer

always wrong

question

fail....

answer

requires an infinitive (fail to)

question

distinguish idiom

answer

distinguish a from b, or distinguish between a and b

question

3 is ___(less/fewer) than 5

answer

less

question

the number is (less/fewer) than 30,000

answer

less

question

commanding his people ____ ordering his people ____

answer

TO!! not that

question

sometimes parallelism within

answer

just the answer

question

when you see the possessive (mike's work) look to see

answer

what is modifying it and if it works

question

when you see "or" look for

answer

parallelism

question

when you have something, something, and something you have

answer

a list and it must show that these things are a list

question

just as vs. whereas

answer

just as is a word to show things are similar and whereas shows they are different

question

for conjunctions always make sure

answer

to choose the correct conjunction for meaning

question

ability for something

answer

it is ability to

question

i ate bananas"in trying" vs. "by trying"

answer

in trying shows that eating bananas occurred during the trying and by trying shows that you ate the bananas by trying something. so how you did them.

question

when you see a pronoun make sure

answer

it is clear what the pronoun is referring to

question

corresponding vs. correspondingly

answer

correspondingly is correct when you are comparing something to something else and they correspond.

question

when comparing two things, why would you have the words "that of" ex. my work is better than jim. vs. my work is better than that of jim.

answer

cuz you need to compare like to like

question

"as is" vs. "as has"

answer

as is is wrong

question

when you see "in contrast to" or "compared to" or comparing words

answer

make sure to compare like to like

question

when you see the word "prohibit" you need the word

answer

from

question

when you see "for every #X, ....what comes next

answer

a number Y in the form of an independet clause highlighting the comparing. ex. for every dollar in profit, 8 dollars were made by the team.

question

idiom for word "consider"

answer

consider A B. ex. consider america free. (not consider that america is free)

question

difference between native of and native to

answer

native of (persons country of birth), native to( object or animal region of origin)

question

lead to vs. lead up to

answer

lead to (cause), lead up to (precede)

question

run into vs. run across

answer

run into (meet unexpectedly), run across (meet or find unexpectedly)

question

distinguish between vs. distinguish A from B

answer

distinguish between A and B (reveal difference or make a distinction), A from B (discern or reveal difference)

question

allow to vs. allow for

answer

allow to (permit), allow for (take into account)

question

fix (2 things): The new city supervisor, who ran against Johnson, citing his corruption charges, and who promised to revolutionize the bidding process for city contracts, eliminating graft and kick-back schemes, was elected

answer

the verb "elected" and the subject: supervisor are too far away from each other **we can also make the participles to verbs

question

fix: Voters overwhelmingly demanded from the state politicians, many of whom have been indicted on ethics chargers or connected to the public worker tax scandal, stronger public watchdog groups.

answer

here you have what is demanded very far from the word demanded. we ideally want to keep all main aspects of the sentence together. so we could move the "stronger public watchdog groups" up and next to demanded.

question

what to remember about the fundamental relationships of the sentence

answer

**mkae sure the fundamental relationships of the sentence are not interuppted by too much intervening material

question

fix: To Aquinas, the relationship of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle was consistent with Christian theology. And he made Aristotle's philosophy the basis of his Summa Theologica.

answer

Here the subject is the relationship of the physcial to metaphysical, but that doesn't really make sense for this sentence. also they use "he", but it is unclear what he is referring to. so, to fix we can make Aquinas the subject of the first clause, so then he makes sense in the second. fix: Aquinas found that the relationship of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle, deeply resonated with Christian theology.

question

in a long sentence, ask yourself

answer

what is the subject

question

in multi-part sentences, ask

answer

"is it possible to make a single noun the subject of both parts? if so, it is better that way.

question

fix: attempt to try

answer

redundant

question

fix: expert authority exact precision outstandingly extraordinary

answer

redundant

question

attributed as the cause explained by the reason for the reason because

answer

redundant

question

what is GMATs rule on redundancy

answer

IT IS NEVER RIGHT

question

GMAT and length. if two answers are grammatically correct choose the

answer

shorter one

question

fix: Napoleon has a goal of conquering all of the countries in Europe

answer

you can just say Napoleon wanted to conquer Europe

question

ways to make things "too short", because sometimes shorter is not better: nouns piled

answer

if too many nouns are piled together: pedestrain safety laws

question

fix: Turkey's Gross Domestic Product is bigger than Norway.

answer

Wrong because you are comparing a GDP to a country. better to say "that of Norway"

question

never drop the words:

answer

that of, those of, other, else

question

what is wrong here: The city leaders were particularly troubled by the innocent people who were injured iun the recent incidents of gang violence.

answer

intended meaning: the city leaders were particularly troubled by the fact that innocent people were injured in the recent incidents of gang violence words in the prompt can be dropped if their meaning is implied in the answer

question

fix: under union pressure Gasperd Industries raised wages and benefits in January of this year, but in all quarters since then, in terms of economics, it has made a profit.

answer

So one of the problems here is just that extra phrase, in terms of economics. So we're talking about making a profit, well, of course we're talking about economics. So we don't need, in terms of economics, that's implied

question

beware of choices that alone ______

answer

are correct, but do not work in the underlined part of the prompt

question

when vs. if

answer

when= likely scenario if = unlikely when I get a 700 on the GMAT if I get a 700 on the GMAT

question

considered to be

answer

always wrong. it should just be considered

question

considered as

answer

always wrong. just considered

question

considered by the pilot as

answer

wrong. still preposition after considerd

question

once you get answer, be sure to ________ and look for ___

answer

read the entire passage with it. and look for things like run on sentences and that it works

question

fix: he ran across the water, an action that he did very quickly

answer

this is fine because it restates action.

question

- something - --> can

answer

you can have an independent clause set off by them

question

when the passage is "Both A and B" the GMAT hates

answer

when we toss in other words like "as well as" also" etc.

question

a house in china, where...fix this

answer

it is not where, it is the house that is the subject so it is "in which"

question

he had fears _____ an alien attack would happen.

answer

THAT

question

make sure that a modifier is never a _______. for example: I have 2 brownies, some of them are brown.

answer

independent clause without a conjunction. this creates a run on sentence

question

when you have dashes (ex. i did something - the old man eats broccolli - what i did...) you

answer

ignore what is in the dashes

question

if you notice an independent clause in the second part of the sentence, and an independent clause in the first part, then you need

answer

a conjunction to combine them, or for the first part to be a subordinate clause

question

The word "although" toward the beginning of the sentence signals

answer

that there must be a comparison

question

if things are part of a comparison they must

answer

be parallel and like

question

if rain (was/were) less wet, I would be dry

answer

were. was cannot be used in the subjunctive

question

when having the option to use a pronoun or not...

answer

a lot of times using the pronoun is incorrect. use the other

question

"what it was"

answer

wordy

question

compared to vs. compared with

answer

both are correct

question

in a question that states between X and Y

answer

make sure the answer choice is X and Y not X or Y

question

of increasing energy

answer

you can't have "of" then -ing verb

question

the words "so far" do what.

answer

create ambiguity, so far up? or great so far?

question

what is wrong here "research has calculated that one in every 100 americans should experience a heart attack this year"

answer

the word should means obligatory. so logically it does not make sense

question

what is wrong here: because of less availability the hotel...

answer

less than what? it should be decreased availability

question

different or differently sized

answer

differently

question

The health commissioner said that the government had implemented strict measures to eradicate the contaminated food and, despite the recent illnesses, [it will try] to prevent the outbreak from recurring in the future.

answer

that it would try

question

..have risen and will continue to rise...

answer

redundant

question

the company management was pessimistic about their...what is wrong here

answer

company management is singular

question

the word "which" must

answer

modify the noun immediately preceding it only.

question

whats wrong here Given its authoritative coverage of other science topics, [the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative, which leads] one to doubt the author's scholarship in that particular area.

answer

(1) it says "given its authoritative coverage.." talking about the book as a whole when only one chapter is the subject (2) which leads is talking about the chapter but the chapter does not come right before the word which

question

whats wrong here Stimulants, such as caffeine, can eliminate pain and fatigue and enhance alertness, but, if used continuously for long periods, can cause users to develop tolerance and even addiction.

answer

The two positive effects should appear in a parallel structure. The sentence should also use a proper transition to express the contrast between the positive and negative effects. Finally, the sentence must use modifiers accurately; specifically, "if used continuously..." must properly refer to the stimulants themselves, not to their users. (A) CORRECT. This choice may at first appear to have an unusual structure—specifically, it may appear to be of the form x or y or z—but, on closer inspection, that's not the construction at work here. Instead, this choice properly places two positive effects of stimulants—eliminate pain and fatigue and enhance alertness—in parallel. The first "and" connects pain and fatigue within the first of the two parallel structures, while the second "and" connects the two parallel structures themselves; therefore, both instances of "and" are necessary.

question

According to the National Science Foundation, in 2003 there were 198,113 female science and engineering graduate students, almost 42% of the graduate students in those fields, [twice as much as 1981]. (1) double the figure for 1981 (2) double what it was in 1981 (3) a number double that of 1981's

answer

double the figure for 1981, not 2 because "what it was" is wordy and also unclear what it is talking about

question

the word whose

answer

refers to the immediately previous noun

question

Any noun in a prepositional phrase, such as of my aunts,...

answer

cannot be the subject of a sentence.

question

Neither of my aunts, both of whom [visited Venice last spring, want] to return. (answer) and what is the subject of the sentence?

answer

visited Venice last spring, wants. subject of neither, which is singular

question

was like that of..vs. was as that of

answer

was like that of is correct and was as that of is always incorrect

question

The moment you see a word like "require"

answer

you'll know to look for proper use the subjunctive

question

they require that he [pay/pays] a fine.

answer

pay because its in subjunctive

question

when you see a list, make sure

answer

to know which things are being listed and make sure they are in parallel

question

what is wrong...The century plant, Agave Americana, is an example of a variety of agave [that uses most of its energy to produce a single, large, fast-growing flower, dies,] and leaves a long seed stalk.

answer

nothing

question

It seems likely that the jurors' decision to acquit the defendant [may have been a result of the multiple contradictory statements by the prosecution's four witnesses].

answer

(1) "it seems likely" and "may have been" mean the same thing and are redundant. may have been must be deleted (2)

question

A certain school's admissions policy requires of both undergraduate and graduate schools [that academic prerequisites be the same for programs historically entered by male students as for programs requiring equivalent academic rigor that] are usually entered by female students. (1) that academic prerequisites be the same for programs historically entered by male students as for programs requiring equivalent academic rigor that are (2) that academic prerequisites for programs historically entered by male students should be the same as for a program requiring equivalent academic rigor (3) to demand academic prerequisites the same in programs historically entered by male students as in programs of equivalent academic rigor that are (4) to demand academic prerequisites the same apart from whether a program was historically entered by male students or is one demanding equivalent academic rigor (5) to demand academic prerequisites as much for programs historically entered by men as for a program demanding equivalent academic rigor

answer

we see requires so we know it is in the subjunctive and we need that and infinitive and "be the same" is in the infinitive. so there is nothing wrong with the original sentence. (1) or (a) is correct

question

The moment you see a word like "require" (or "suggest," "insist," "recommend," "mandate," etc.) you should think:

answer

Subjunctive! I need to use 'that' and then the infinitive form of the verb.

question

"data" is singular or plural

answer

can be either

question

In addition to the boom in tax revenue, the federal government's books [are being helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the automakers] that were taken over by Washington in 2009. (a) are being helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the automakers (b) have been helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, and by proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, automakers (c) have been helped by lower defense spending, a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, and by the automakers (d) are being helped by lower defense spending, by a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, and proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the automakers (e) were helped by lower defense spending and a drop in outlays for benefits like Medicaid, also by proceeds from the sales of General Motors and Chrysler, the automakers

answer

A. In the list of items that have helped the government's books, the items must be parallel. Choice B violates that standard by adding an additional "by" in front of "proceeds." C does it in front of "the automakers," and D does the same in front of "a drop". In each case, either all items need "by" or only the first one needs "by," so all are incorrect. Choice E improperly connects the list, as "..., also by" is not a valid connector after a comma. Only choice A properly connects the list and keeps it parallel.

question

The Roman Empire expanded to most of southern Europe and the Mediterranean region by the beginning of the first century C.E., bringing [the Latin language with it, from which were derived Romance] languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian. (a) the Latin language with it, from which were derived Romance (b) the Latin language with it, and from which deriving the Romance (c) with it the Latin language, from which derive the Romance (d) with it the Latin language, from which derives Romance (e) with it the Latin language, and deriving from it the Romance

answer

This sentence uses a relative clause construction with inversion, starting with "from which was derived..." The relative pronoun "which" refers back to the nearest logical antecedent. In answers A and B, this is the word "it", which refers to "The Roman Empire". Since these sentences incorrectly suggest that the Romance languages were derived from the Roman Empire, they can be eliminated. Answer E uses the same pronoun "it" in two consecutive clauses. In both cases, it refers to the same antecedent "The Roman Empire". This creates the same illogical relationship seen in answers A and B. Answers C and D correctly refer the relative pronoun "which" back to "the Latin Language", but only correct answer C uses the proper plural form of the verb "derive" to match its plural subject "the Romance languages".

question

[Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor and surrounded by hills, blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, a variety of museums, great restaurants, and a vital, multicultural population], the city has just about everything a visitor could ask for. (a) Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor and surrounded by hills, blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, a variety of museums, great restaurants, and a vital, multicultural population (b) Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor, surrounded by hills, blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, and a variety of museums, great restaurants, as well as a vital, multicultural population (c) Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor, surrounded by hills, and blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, a variety of museums, great restaurants, and a vital, multicultural population (d) Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor, as well as surrounded by hills, blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, a variety of museums, great restaurants, and a vital, multicultural population (e) Situated on a splendid Adriatic harbor, surrounded by hills, as well as blessed with an average of 300 days of sunshine a year, and a variety of museums, great restaurants, and a vital, multicultural population

answer

This long sentence correction problem contains several issues relating to parallelism and sentence construction. The key is to figure out from the different decision points what is supposed to be in the series. This is best accomplished with a very careful use of the "slash-and-burn" technique to simplify the choices. Once you do that, you will see that only (C) gets the series correct: "Situated on X, surrounded by Y, and blessed with A, B, C, and D, the city...." (A) is wrong as it says: "Situated on X and surrounded by Y, blessed with A,B,C, and D, the city" This series has been "bungled" as there is an "and" first but then no "and" before the last element in the series. (B) also gets it wrong: "Situated on X, surrounded by Y, blessed with Z, and A, B, as well as D" That leaves three "ed" participles linked with the noun "A". This is not a parallel structure. In (D) the "as well as surrounded by hills" in the middle of the series is not parallel and incorrect. For (E) it starts off fine: "Situated on X, surrounded by Y, as well as blessed with Z" but then there are multiple "and" elements tacked on to the end that are clearly incorrect. Only (C) contains the necessary structure linking three parallel elements and is thus correct.

question

The true danger in the central bank's efforts to stimulate the economy is not that its actions will [result in inflation - of which there is little evidence - but that it will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure, straining investor confidence and, in the process, the financial markets.] (a) result in inflation - of which there is little evidence - but that it will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure, straining investor confidence and, in the process, the financial markets (b) result in inflation - of which there is little evidence - but that it will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure and strain investor confidence, and in the process the financial markets (c) result in inflation - of which there is little evidence - but that they will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure, straining investor confidence and, in the process, the financial markets (d) have the result of inflation - of which there is little evidence - but also that it will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure and strain investor confidence and, in the process, the financial markets (e) result in inflation - of which there is little evidence - but that they will fail to revive the economy by any substantial measure and strain investor confidence, which will in the process strain the financial markets

answer

C. Note the all-important pronoun decision point here - "it" in A, B, and D and "they" in C and E. Because the actions are what will either succeed or fail in reviving the economy, and because of the parallel structure "not that its actions will ____ but that they will_____", the correct pronoun must be "they". And choices B, D, and E make another subtle but significant error - by using the present tense "...and strain," these sentences make "strain" parallel to "revive." This means that the sentence reads "(the actions) will fail to revive and (fail to) strain," which is illogical, as the success of the actions is to do only one of those things (revive) and its failure to do so will cause the strain. To say that it would fail to do both verbs, revive and strain, is illogical as the two actions are essentially opposite. Only choice C, which uses the proper pronoun "they" and the proper verb usage "straining" (as a modifier) logically conveys the meaning of the sentence, so choice C is correct.

question

In 1860, the Philological Society launched its effort to create a dictionary more comprehensive than the world had ever seen; although the project [took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was] born. (a) took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was (b) would have taken more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary had been (c) took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was being (d) would take more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was (e) took more than 60 years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was about to be

answer

The sentence discusses several actions using the simple past tense: the Society launched a project, the Dictionary was born, and the project took more than 60 years to complete. Logically, these actions cannot all have happened at the same moment, so it is inappropriate to use the simple past tense for every action. The birth and launch are the same thing, and so took place at the same time, but the completion took place 60 years later. Look for a choice that indicates this difference in time. (A) This choice is incorrect as it uses the simple past tense for actions that must have taken place at different times in the past. (D) CORRECT. This choice uses an unusual (but completely acceptable) construction. Would take is an example of a future tense written from the point of view of the past. For example, consider this conversation: "I will go to the movies with you." "What? I didn't hear you." "I said I would go to the movies with you." In the last sentence, the word would is an example of a future tense from a past point of view: I said (in the past) that I would (in the future) go to the movies with you. This timeframe fits the actions given in the problem: the Dictionary was born (at a point in time in the past) and would take more than 60 years (from that point in time forward) to complete.

question

During the twentieth century, the study of the large-scale structure of the universe evolved from the theoretical to the practical; the field of physical cosmology was made possible [because of both Einstein's theory of relativity and] the better ability to observe extremely distant astronomical objects.

answer

"by both Einstein's theory of relativity and" This choice uses both idioms correctly: made possible by and both X and Y.

question

idiom: made possible ______

answer

by both x and y

question

[Because a manufacturer secures a patent for a pharmaceutical compound, the patent does not bar competitors from producing a chemical like it, as long as those chemicals have at least one structural difference with the patented compound.] (a) Because a manufacturer secures a patent for a pharmaceutical compound, the patent does not bar competitors from producing a chemical like it, as long as those chemicals have at least one structural difference with the patented compound (b) That a manufacturer has secured a patent for one of its pharmaceutical compounds do not bar competitors from producing similar chemicals and having at least one important difference from the patented compound (c) A patent for one of a manufacturer's pharmaceutical compounds does not bar competitors from producing a chemical like the patented compound, as long as the two differ structurally in at least one way (d) When securing a patent for one of a manufacturer's pharmaceutical compounds, competitors are not barred from the production of chemicals such as the patented compound, provided that there is at least one structural difference (e) Even if a manufacturer secures a patent for one of its pharmaceutical compounds, this does not bar competitors from the production of a chemical such as the patented compound, but having at least one structural difference from it

answer

This sentence describes a way in which the reality of patent protection differs from what might be expected: a pharmaceutical patent does not preclude the production of similar compounds, as long as those compounds differ from the original in some way. The sentence should be structured correctly, and any logical transitions should work with this concept. Also, the sentence should be written in such a way as to make it clear that competing firms may manufacture chemicals that are similar to the patented compound, but not identical to it. (C) CORRECT. The subject patent agrees with the verb does not. The word like correctly implies that the competing firms are manufacturing chemicals that are similar, but not identical, to the patented compound. Finally, the transition as long as is properly used to indicate a stipulation.

question

Jan Micker's 1652 masterwork Bird's Eye View of Amsterdam, [which had been painted long before such a vantage point became possible, features spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than in] most other seventeenth-century Dutch paintings. (a) which had been painted long before such a vantage point became possible, features spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than in (b) painted by the artist long before such a vantage point was to become possible, and featuring spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than those in (c) which the artist painted long before the possibility of such a vantage point, featuring spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than the ones in (d) painted long before the possibility of such a vantage point, with spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than the ones in (e) painted long before such a vantage point became possible, features spatial relationships that are more subtle and intricate than those in

answer

(A) The past perfect had been is inappropriate. For simple sequences of past events (such as those connected by before and after), the correct verb tense is the simple past. The prepositional phrase in the second half of the comparison (...than in most other seventeenth-century Dutch paintings) is not parallel to anything in the first half of the comparison. (B) The verb phrase was to become suggests that the bird's-eye vantage point had been slated to become possible, but never did, in fact, become possible. This sentence is a fragment. It has no main verb; it contains only participial modifiers, formed by the participles painted and featuring (which are not verbs). (C) The phrase before the possibility of such a vantage point illogically suggests that the possibility itself was an event that took place at a particular time. This sentence is a fragment. It has no main verb; it contains only a subject, a subordinate clause (which the artist painted...), and a participial modifier (featuring spatial relationships...). (D) The phrase before the possibility of such a vantage point illogically suggests that the possibility itself was an event that took place at a particular time. This sentence is a fragment. It has no main verb; it contains only a subject, a participial modifier (painted long before...), and a prepositional-phrase modifier (with spatial relationships...). (E) Correct. The participial modifier painted is succinct and correct. There is no need to mention Micker again, since he has already been cited as the creator of the painting. The subordinate clause before such a vantage point became possible is correctly structured, with an appropriate verb in the simple past, as is customary in simple sequences of past events. In the construction those in ... paintings, the relative pronoun those properly stands for the spatial relationships, creating a valid comparison between the spatial relationships in Micker's painting and those in the paintings of his contemporaries. The correct answer is E.

question

[Among the sports played primarily by women in the United States is field hockey, which is one of] the most popular men's sports in South Asia, and volleyball, the sport of many male athletes in Europe and South America. (a) Among the sports played primarily by women in the United States is field hockey, which is one of (b) In the United States, among the sports played primarily by women are field hockey, one of (c) Played in the United States primarily by women, field hockey is among (d) Sports played primarily by women in the United States, including field hockey, one of (e) One of the sports played in the United States primarily by women is field hockey, among

answer

This sentence is intended to highlight a contrast: in the United States, field hockey and volleyball are primarily women's sports, but, in other areas of the world, they are heavily contested by men. To convey this message effectively, the sentence must employ several grammatical elements properly. First, modifiers must be carefully placed. For instance, the construction played primarily by women in the United States, present in the original prompt, suggests the interpretation that women in the United States constitute most of the participants in these sports—an illogical interpretation, given the immediately following facts. The sentence must therefore be rearranged to clarify the idea that in the United States these are primarily women's sports, but elsewhere they are not. Second, field hockey... and volleyball is a compound noun. Therefore, if this noun is the subject of a verb in the sentence, that verb must be plural. Finally, field hockey and volleyball are both followed by descriptive modifiers; ideally, those modifiers should be expressed in forms that are as similar as possible. (B) CORRECT. In this sentence, the modifier In the United States is clearly placed so as to modify the entire following clause, clarifying the idea that the status of field hockey and volleyball as women's sports is a phenomenon limited to the United States (and not illogically implying that American women constitute most of the world's field hockey and volleyball players). The plural subject field hockey... and volleyball is correctly paired with the plural verb are. Finally, the modifiers following field hockey and volleyball are both appositive modifiers, strengthening the cohesiveness of that parallel structure.

question

With brains shaped by evolution to respond primarily to immediate physical peril, [individual human beings often ignore or underestimate the gravity of more nebulous threats, such as climate change, yet are no less menacing.] (a) individual human beings often ignore or underestimate the gravity of more nebulous threats, such as climate change, yet are no less menacing (b) individual human beings are prone to ignore, or else to underestimate, the gravity of more nebulous yet no less menacing threats, such as climate change (c) individual human beings, often ignoring or underestimating the gravity of more nebulous threats, such as climate change, are no less menacing (d) the gravity of threats, such as climate change, that are more nebulous yet no less menacing are often ignored, or else underestimated, by individual human beings (e) the gravity of more nebulous threats, such as climate change, are no less menacing, yet are often ignored or underestimated by individual human beings

answer

This sentence presents an unfortunate consequence of the evolution of the human brain: Because the brain evolved to respond to immediate physical threats, humans are less likely to appreciate the seriousness of threats that are less immediately apparent. (A) The core structure of this sentence is individual human beings often ignore or underestimate ... yet are no less menacing. According to the first portion of the sentence, the human beings are responding to threats; they are not themselves the threats. This choice illogically conveys that the humans themselves, rather than the nebulous threats, are no less menacing. (B) CORRECT. To ignore and to underestimate are properly parallel, as are more nebulous and no less menacing. The opening modifier With brains is correctly placed to modify the subject individual human beings, and the modifier such as climate change is properly positioned after threats.

question

a semicolon must

answer

separate two complete sentences

question

In 1997 the frequency of calvings among dairy cows increased across Northern Europe; this increase was more apparent in Norway [than in either Sweden or Finland.] (a) than in either Sweden or Finland (b) than either in Sweden or Finland (c) than those in Sweden or Finland (d) than among those in either Sweden or Finland (e) than it was either in Sweden or Finland

answer

This sentence makes a comparison between the increase in calving rates in Norway and that in two other countries. Like all other comparisons, this one must use proper parallelism between the concepts being compared. There is also a second layer of parallelism "nested" within the larger parallel structure: namely, the either ... or construction must also be made parallel. (A) Correct. In the larger-scale comparison, there is proper parallelism between in Norway and in either Sweden or Finland. Also, within the either-or portion, either is followed by Sweden and or by Finland, creating a properly parallel structure. (B) The either-or construction is not parallel, as either is followed by in Sweden and or by just Finland. (C) The pronoun those in the second part of the comparison has no antecedent. In fact, there is no plural noun at all in the first part of the comparison ("more apparent in Norway") to which those could be parallel. (D) The pronoun those in the second part of the comparison has no antecedent. In fact, there is no plural noun at all in the first part of the comparison ("more apparent in Norway") to which those could be parallel. Additionally, although the phrase "among dairy cows" is indeed present in the first part of the sentence, that phrase is not included in the comparison, so it can't be referenced in the second half of the comparison. (E) The either-or construction is not parallel, as either is followed by in Sweden and or by just Finland. The correct answer is A.

question

"so much" or "as much" is always followed by ________

answer

"as"

question

he was not so much dejected ____ frustrated -- after countless hours of pracitce, he still could not make a free throw.

answer

as

question

the word prejudice is always followed by

answer

against

question

wrong or correct: my longtime prejudice towards tomatoes has finally ended; now I eat them all the time.

answer

wrong. it should be prejudice against

question

if north america would not have been in his way) vs. (had north america not been in his way)

answer

had north america... is correct. the if clause is too colloquial for english

question

allows to vs. allows for

answer

allow for" denotes the way the design of something can accommodate a difficult or challenging factor. allow to means that one thing gives permission to the other.

question

was made possible because of..or..was made possible by

answer

was made possible by

question

the word "unlike" means

answer

indicates that parallel structure and comparison is probably being tested

question

fix: never has the Wall Street Journal been read by more people

answer

this is correct because it has never been read by so many people before. if you say "the wWSJ has never been read by so many people" it sounds like there was a new record

question

There is generally agreement that feral swine are unwelcome - [such as the Asian carp that are threatening to invade Lake Michigan, but that are far larger, more vicious and mounted on four legs.] (a) such as the Asian carp that are threatening to invade Lake Michigan, but that are far larger, more vicious and mounted on four legs (b)like the Asian carp that have threatened an invasion of Lake Michigan, but far larger, more vicious, and mounted on four legs (c) like the Asian carp that are threatening to invade Lake Michigan, but are far larger, more vicious, and are mounted on four legs (d) like the Asian carp that are threatening to invade Lake Michigan, but far larger, more vicious, and mounted on four legs (e) such as the Asian carp that threaten to invade Lake Michigan, but are far larger and more vicious, and mounted on four legs

answer

D. Because this structure is drawing a comparison and not giving an example (feral pigs are not Asian carp...but they're similar to Asian carp in this respect), the structure "like" must be used, eliminating A and E. Choice B is illogical - the Asian carp have not announced plans to attack, so you cannot say they "have threatened". And choice C breaks parallel structure for the list at the end, using "are" on terms 1 and 3 but leaving it off of 2. Only choice D is free of these errors, so choice D is correct.

question

[The first personal computers had severe hardware and software limitations similar to that of a modern wristwatch] and so were unable to perform the complex operations necessary for today's processor-intensive applications. (a) The first personal computers had severe hardware and software limitations similar to that of a modern wristwatch (b) The first personal computers had severe hardware and software limitations similar to a modern wristwatch's (c) The severe hardware and software limitations of the first personal computers were similar to those of a modern wristwatch (d) The first personal computers' severe hardware and software limitations were similar to those of a modern wristwatch (e) The severe hardware and software limitations of the first personal computers were similar to that of a modern wristwatch

answer

This sentence uses a compound predicate, with a single subject controlling two verbs. Answers (C), (D), and (E) all use the subject "The...limitations", which does not connect to the second verb in the clause "were unable to perform". This creates a Sentence Construction error, so these choices can all be eliminated. Answer (A) uses the relative pronoun phrase "that of a modern wristwatch", while (B) uses the acceptable possessive case "a modern wristwatch's", which ends with an implied relative pronoun. Answer (A)'s use of "that", however, is incorrect: the pronoun antecedent is the plural "limitations", and requires the relative pronoun "those". Thus, only answer (B) grammatically expresses the intent of the original sentence.

question

"as much" must be followed by

answer

"as"

question

Some historians estimate that in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, twice as much acreage was destroyed [than had earlier been] ravaged in Napoleon's Moscow burnings of 1812 and the Great Fire of London of 1666 combined. (a) than had earlier been (b) than the amount that was earlier (c) over the amount that was previously (d) as had earlier been (e) as was

answer

d. as much must be followed by "as" and the event happened before another event so as had

question

Countercurrent heat exchange, a circulatory arrangement in which warm blood leaving the body core passes cooler blood returning from the extremities, allows for heat to pass into regions where [little warmth or heat mechanisms exist.]

answer

little modifies warmth and heat mechanisms, and heat mechanisms is countable so must seperate the two in something like "few heat mechanisms and little heat available"

question

Plato praised the ideal of the philosopher-king, exemplifying a ruler such as Solon.

answer

wrong. it should be "as exemplified by" because the ideal is not doing the exmplifying

question

what is wrong here: The plot of the film Amadeus centers on the [rivalry between Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, a brilliant and famous composer, with his contemporary, Antonio Salieri,] a composer who never equalled Mozart's fame and artistic achievement.

answer

it is...centers on the x between a with b. with is not the correct word. it should be between a AND b.

question

[Like Stravinsky, the music of Charles Ives] is complex, polyrhythmic, and polytonal - given to the simultaneous use of two or more different keys in different parts of the orchestration. a. Like Stravinsky, the music of Charles Ives b. Like Stravinsky, Charles Ives' music c. Like Stravinsky's, Charles Ives' music d. As Stravinsky's, the music of Charles Ives e. As with Stravinsky, Charles Ives' music

answer

c is correct. Choice (D) uses the word "as," which is not correct in this context. Here the "like" construction is preferable to "as" since the word functions as a preposition. If the word functioned as a conjunction ("Charles Ives' music is polytonal, as is Stravinsky's music") then "as" would be preferred. Answer Choice (C) is the only choice to compare logically similar items without introducing a new error. Therefore, Answer Choice (C) is the correct answer. (Note also that Choice (C) uses the acceptable elliptical construction in which the word "music" is implied after "Stravinsky's.")

question

While neither the 1984 nor the 2000 Democratic candidate won the Presidential election, Sarah Loe praises Walter Mondale's selection of a woman and Al Gore's selection of a Jewish man as Vice Presidential running mates, [which she likens to building a bridge for others to pass through.] a. which she likens to building a bridge for others to pass through b. which she likens to others passing through a bridge that was built c. which she likens to a bridge being built for others to pass through d. likening these selections to others passing through a bridge that was built e. likening these selections to building a bridge for others to pass through

answer

which cant be the first word cuz it must refer to the word immediately before which, which is "running mates" so it must be likening.

question

Precisely because he was vilified and murdered by a man as monstrous as Stalin, [there is a tendency for people to view Trotsky's violent acts as] heroic rather than savage. a. there is a tendency for people to view Trotsky's violent acts as b. the violence of Trotsky tends to be viewed as c. Trotsky, who also participated in violent acts, tends to be viewed by people as d. Trotsky tends to be viewed by people with violent acts as e. there is a tendency for people to view Trotsky's violent acts to be

answer

The modifying phrase (whose subject is "he") that begins the sentence must refer to Trotsky himself, not to "a tendency of people" or "the violence of Trotsky." C. is correct

question

a modifying clause must begin

answer

with the subject of what it is modifying

question

There are a few acts of nature, such as a total solar eclipse or [a dormant volcano exploding, that are so rare and so dramatic as to seem like metaphors for the virtue of patience itself.] a. a dormant volcano exploding, that are so rare and so dramatic as to seem like metaphors for the virtue of patience itself b. an explosion of a dormant volcano, that are so rare and dramatic enough that they seem like metaphors for the virtue of patience themselves c. the explosion of a dormant volcano, that are so rare and so dramatic that it seems like a metaphor for the virtue of patience itself d. the explosion of a dormant volcano, that are so rare and dramatic enough as to seem like a metaphor for the virtue of patience themselves e. a dormant volcano exploding, that are so rare and so dramatic that they seem to be a metaphor for the virtue of patience themselves

answer

here it is easier to look for mistakes within answers first. c. "it" refers to acts of nature. b and d. "dramatic enough. e is correct until it says "patience themselves" refering themselves to patience, which is singular, so it should be "itself". so the answer is A

question

more...as vs. more...than

answer

more as is incorrect. more than is correct

question

the word "by"

answer

sets up parallelism

question

Although most large public relations firms can afford to run information technology centers in-house, some niche firms are discovering that the [cost associated with] maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated. A) cost associated with B) costs associated from C) costs associated with D) cost arising from E) costs arising from

answer

cost needs to be plural and "with" is not parallel with "from continuously" so must be "from" B is awkward so the answer is E

question

By the year 2000, A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens' gripping [book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy had around 200 million copies in print, making it more than] that of almost any other English book ever written. what is wrong here

answer

(1) "gripping...aristocracy" is a modifying clause on the book, so it should be in commas (2) "it" is not clear what it is referring to (3) "making it more than" illogically compares the copies to books.

question

Agricultural scientists continue to search for a strain of wheat that is [hardy, disease-resistant and yields] more grain per acre.

answer

Parallel Construction. This option separates the verb from the list of adjectives. "hardy and disease-resistant and that yields"

question

whose can potentially refer to

answer

a place. chicago's fire

question

among vs. between

answer

if there is more than 2 use among, if there is 2 use between

question

in a hard problem read the ____

answer

passage in a holistic manner. just pointing out the subject, verb, and seeing what is a modifier or not.

question

A group of industrial designers suggested that the use of bamboo [will be more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material as wood is.] a. will be more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material as wood is b. be more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material as wood c. be more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material as wood is d. is more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material as wood is e. be more widely introduced into production methodology as bamboo is as versatile a material than wood is

answer

c. cuz u want subjunctive, but you also want to keep the verb "is"

question

the reason....because

answer

redundant. the reason because is redundant

question

[The reason that tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants is because elephants are just as dangerous as predators are.] a.The reason that tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants is because elephants are just as dangerous as predators are b. The reason that tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants is that elephants are just as dangerous than predators are c. Tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants because elephants are just as dangerous as predators are d. The reason that tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants is that elephants are just as dangerous as predators e. The reason that tourists on safari are warned to keep a distance from elephants is that elephants are just as dangerous as other predators are

answer

not e, because it adds "others", which changes the meaning and makes it seem like elephants are predators, something the original sentence does not. the answer is c. you also dont want "the reason because" this is redundant

question

Though/Although/Even though/Despite/In spite of... later followed by but/yet/however/still/nevertheless

answer

redundant

question

[Even though the law mandates that all passengers in a vehicle wear a seat belt, still approximately] 20% of the population refrain from doing so. a. Even though the law mandates that all passengers in a vehicle wear a seat belt, still approximately b. Even though the law mandates that every passenger in a vehicle wears a seat belt, approximately c. The law mandates that all passengers in a vehicle wear a seat belt, still approximately d. The law mandates that all passengers in a vehicle will wear a seat belt, yet around e. Even though the law mandates that every passenger in a vehicle is wearing a seat belt, approximately

answer

(1) even though...still is redundant (2) "that" is followed by the subjunctive, so wear should not have an "s"

question

what is wrong: Numerous [vegetarians believe that there are, doubtlessly,] a wealth of good reasons to stop eating meat.

answer

"a wealth of good reasons" is singular, so it should be "numerous vegetarians believe that there is, without a doubt, a wealth of good reasons to stop eating meat.

question

what is wrong here and why: Performing [at least one hour of physical aerobic exercise a day is a must for children as it] improves muscular fitness and bone health.

answer

"it" is incorrect because it must refer to a noun, not a noun. If you want to refer to a noun you must write "to do so or doing so.

question

The report suggests that in some cases radiation levels might have an inverse effect — rodents and insects in areas with higher radiation exposure may show greater adaptation, and thus less genetic damage, [compared to areas with lower radiation levels.]

answer

(1) compares rodents and insects to areas (2)**may show greater THAN. not "may show greater compared" so have to replace compared with THAN

question

Arteriviruses are a genus of microorganisms that cause digestive and respiratory infections that are sometimes benign and sometimes severe, in humans, other mammals, and in birds.

answer

the list at the end is wrong. two "in"s when should just be either 1 outside or 3 inside

question

Market research has shown that the newest model of E-Phone [gained widespread popularity not due to technical superiority but through seamless] and intuitive design. is this a correct substitute: did not gain widespread popularity due to technical superiority but through seamless what should be?

answer

that is not correct because the option uses the verb "gain", but then says but through seamless. so it would be like saying "but gain through seamless" thus the original sentence is correct

question

The Christmas holiday brought a brief respite to opposing [armies during World War I in that an unofficial ceasefire spread along the Western Front on Christmas Eve, 1914.] whats wrong with this option: armies during World War I, spreading an unofficial ceasefire along the Western Front on Christmas Eve, 1914 is the original correct

answer

that option says "spreading", but it is unclear what is doing the spreading the original is not correct

question

a new study has found that college students [had been more involved in on-campus political activities during the last few years than at any time in the past two decades.] a. "same" b. have been more involved in on-campus political activities during the last few years than at any other time c. have been more involved in on-campus political activities during the last few years than at any time

answer

b is the correct answer because the intended meaning refers to more involved than...so to any other time

question

depending on which scholar you consult, Chistopher columbus, leif ericoson, or Zing Shuen [is credited with being the first explorer from the Eurasian continent to have traveled to the New world by ship.] a. "same" b. is credited to be the first explorer from the Eurasian continent to have traveled to the New world by ship.] c. are credited to be the first explorers from the Eurasian continent to have traveled to the New world by ship.]

answer

the idiom: you credit someone with being is correct. a is correct

question

you credit someone ______

answer

with being

question

noting that [its revenues had fallen due to a recent] prolonged slump in CD sales, the music-store chain announced that it would be forced to raise prices at all of its outlets. a. "same" b. its revenues have fallen due to a recently c. its revenues are falling due to a recently

answer

it cant be "recently" because recently is an adverb, so must modify a verb. so in the sentence "recent" is modifying slump, but in (B) and (C) it modifies prolonged changing the meaning. A is correct.

question

correct: among the many problems plaguing suburbs is the ubiquity of shopping malls, the increasing cost of gas, and the unavailability of mortgages.

answer

because there are 3 things listed it should be "plaguing suburbs ARE

question

correct: The assembly of delegates intend to scrutinize the governor's policy decisions

answer

the assembly is singular. should be "intends"

question

where are mistakes: Beatrix Potter's stories depict animals in an unsentimental and humorous manner, and she illustrated them with delicated watercolor paintings.

answer

(1) "she" must refer to a noun, but beatrix potter is never a noun. intead, the sentence uses "beatrix potter's". this does not word (2) "them" is unclear what it refers to

question

where are mistakes: It is now recognized that the dangers of nuclear war are much graver than that of conventional warfare.

answer

(1) dangers is plural so it should be "those of conventional warfare"

question

[Using a seismic survey, hydrocarbons can be located even though they are buried far beneath Earth's surface.]

answer

(1) what comes after the modifier "using a seismic survey" must be the subject of that modifier (what is using a seismic survey). So hydrocarbons is incorrect. It should be "a geophysicist can locate hydrocarbons...."

question

I like to contrast my plaid pants ____ a lovely paisley jacket.

answer

with

question

according to aristotle, contentment is different ______ happiness.

answer

from

question

I must decide between one _______ the other

answer

and

question

I would prefer salty treat (like/such as) potato chips (over/to) a candy bar

answer

such as, to

question

[when a product costs more, be it] a bottle of wine or a handbag, the more likely it is to be esteemed by consumers. a. same b. When a product costs more, whether it is c. As a product becomes more and more costly, like d. The more a product costs, like e. the more a product costs, whether it is

answer

(1) the more....the more, so it must start with "the more" (2) When a product costs more....more than what? it is not clear what it is more than (3) like changes the meaning, it should be "whether it is" answer:e

question

the more....______

answer

the more

question

"there has been" "there was" etc

answer

should usually be avoided because can lead to wordy sentences

question

what is wrong: If she was more competent, she would be promoted more quickly.

answer

should be were not was

question

many citizens agree that austerity measures are necessary, few are happy about the ones that were enacted

answer

two independent clauses. Should have a conjunction such as "although" after the comma

question

She invited me to join her at the sushi restaurant which just opened next to Carlotta's Bistro on Main street.

answer

which is incorrect without a comma. Should be "that" if no comma

question

The United State's trade deficit with China rose in 2003 to $123 billion, [which is 17 percent more than the previous year] and more than 10 times the US-china trade deficit in 1998. a. same b. which is 17 percent higher than it was the previous year c. 17 percent higher than the previous year's figure was d. an amount that is 17 percent more than the previous year was e. an amount that is 17 percent higher than the previous year's figure.

answer

(1) "which" is referring to $123 billion and is comparing it to "previous year" this is not "like-to-like" (2) was should not come at the end of the sentence because it is not parallel to the end of the sentence. answer: e

question

The relationship between the yucca plant and the yucca moth shows that the mutual dependence of plants and insects sometimes [has an evolution that is quite elaborate and improbable and] such relationships ensure the survival of both species. a. has an evolution that is quite elaborate and improbable and b. has quite an elaborate and improbable evolution and c. quite elaborately, and improbably, evolves, so d. evolves quite elaborately and improbably and that e. evolves quite elaborately, quite improbably, and

answer

you want "shows that....and that" d is correct

question

Forward-thinking business leaders can now install technologically sophisticated communication systems quickly enough [so as not to lose information in a lengthy conversion.] a. so as not to lose information b. that information is not lost c. so that there is no lost information d. and thus not lose information e. and this way there is no information lost

answer

the idiom is "enough that" answer: b

question

idiom: enough ____

answer

that

question

If the new sports complex store [would open by January, it will be attracting] many professional skiers. a. would open by January, it will be attracting. b. would be opened by January, it would be able to attract c. was opening by January, it would be able to attract d. was to open by January, it also will attract e. opens before January, it will attract

answer

e.

question

[Since taking control of the capital, the BBC reporter says security forces have arrested] about 40 insurgents of the majority political group, killing one of them. a. Since taking control of the capital, the BBC reporter says security forces have arrested b. The BBC reporter says that, since taking control of the capital, security forces have arrested c. The BBC reporter, since taking control of the capital, says security forces d.Security forces, since taking control of the capital, have, the BBC reporter says, arrested e.Security forces have arrested the BBC reporter since taking control of the capital

answer

b is correct. d is wordy

question

Because the population is denser there and the automobile is therefore inefficient as a means of transportation, a commuter rail system [serving a given population is usually five times more efficient in a European city than it is in an American city.] a. serving a given population is usually five times more efficient in a European city than it is in an American city b. serving a given population will usually be five times more efficient if it is placed in a European city instead of an American city c. will usually be five times more efficient in a European city than one serving a comparable population in an American city d. in a European city will usually be five times more efficient than will a system serving a comparable population in an American city e. that is implemented in a European city will usually be five times more efficient than if it is implemented with a comparable population in an American city

answer

c has parallelism that doesn't work: compares "five times more efficient" to "one serving. d is the correct answer

question

The Kenyan government, working closely with conservation groups, has proposed a plan that would require developers who own land within elephant habitats [follow strict rules limiting new developments so as to protect] the elephant population. a. follow strict rules limiting new developments so as to protect b. to follow rules strictly limiting new development in order to protect c. follow strict rules which would be limiting new development, thereby protecting d. to follow strict rules limiting new development for the protection of e. for the following strict rules which limit new development for the protection of

answer

idiom is "require...to...in order to. (b) is correct

question

Scientists hypothesize that Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator so overwhelmingly powerful [that it had yet to be encountered by its superior at the time of its extinction.] a. that it had yet to be encountered by its superior at the time of its extinction b. that at the time of its extinction it had yet to encounter its superior c. at the time of its extinction there was yet its superior to be encountered d. that its superior was yet to be encountered at the time of its extinction e. encountering its superior was yet to happen at the time of its extinction

answer

(a) uses passive voice and b uses active, so rather have active. b is the answre

question

The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts [had expected it to and its business will improve] in the second half of the year. (A) had expected it to and its business will improve (B) had expected and that its business would improve (C) expected it would and that it will improve its business (D) expected them to and its business would improve (E) expected and that it will have improved its business

answer

(b)

question

Changes in sea level [are not only a result of changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but of melting glaciers as well.] (A) are not only a result of changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but of melting glaciers as well (B) not only result from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also when glaciers melt (C) are a result not only of changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also the melting glaciers (D) result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers (E) result from not only changes in water temperature, affecting water density, but as well as when glaciers melt

answer

D

question

Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction [and the vastness of the biosphere, having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both] in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life-forms. (A) and the vastness of the biosphere, having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both (B) and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both working (C) and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both (D) as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both work (E) as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both

answer

C

question

In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, [Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of] East African cave paintings. (A) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of (B) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting (C) Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of (D) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting (E) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of

answer

A

question

It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, [may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other] at close range. (A) may be caused by the interaction where two stars orbit each other (B) may be caused by the interaction between two stars that each orbit the other (C) are because of the interaction between two stars that orbit each other (D) are caused by the interaction of two stars where each is orbiting the other (E) are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other

answer

E

question

According to scientists at the University of Alaska, while the surface temperature of the globe has risen over the last century by about one degree Fahrenheit, [the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased in the previous thirty years by about five degrees.] (A) the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased in the previous thirty years by about five degrees (B) the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased over the last thirty years by about five degrees (C) there was an increase in the last thirty years by about five degrees in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada (D) it had increased in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada by about five degrees over the previous thirty years (E) it has increased in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada over the previous thirty years by about five degrees

answer

B (over the last thirty years, not in the previous thirty years)

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