GLY1102 Topic 27, GLY1102 Topic 28, GLY1102 Topic 29

Although some fossilized dinosaur organs have been recovered, none of these is of a heart.

Bacterial infection from bites and scratches may have been lethal to dinosaurs.

Three-dimensional vision occurs because each eye sees an object at a slightly different angle, therefore, projecting a slightly different image on the retina.

In rare cases, internal organs may be represented as fossil molds or casts, even more rarely they are mineralized.

Allosaurus and Carcharadontosaurus had binocular fields of vision half as wide and more similar to modern alligators. These dinosaurs may have ben ambush predators.

Dinosaurs developed tumors, had arthritis, and suffered from diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).

The blood pressure required to pump blood from the heart to the head is a function of the distance and elevation of the head form the heart.

A hatchling of this dinosaur was found in Italy with fossilized traces of muscles, large intestines, windpipe, and a liver spot.

Binocular vision occurs where the two monocular fields of view overlap and it is within the binocular range that an animal experiences depth perception.

All animals have different monocular and binocular ranges of vision.

Active predators tend to have a narrower range of depth perception than scavengers or ambush predators.

Animals with a wide range of depth perception are more often ambush predators, lying in wait until their prey comes close and within their range of depth perception.

A mature Brachiosaurus may have held its head 43 feet (13m) above the ground, more than twice the height of a giraffe.

An infection of the toe on the right food of \”Big Al\” the Allosaurus contributed to his death.

The crest of a lambeosaurines is hollow with a complex series of tubes inside, connecting to the nose and throats.

Psittacosaurus is the basal member of the ceratopsian clade and the only member of the Psittacosauridae.

Protoceratops bears the distinction of being one of the first dinosaurs for which specimens were found of a range ages, probably of each sex.

Ceratopsians do not display sexual dimorphism.

Triceratops was the smallest of all ceratopsians.

Pentaceratops has five significant horns—two horns are forward pointing over the orbits, another a nasal horn, and two protruding cheekbone horns.

Centrosaurus has two large frill openings (pariental fenestra) with a parietal strut dividing them.

The Ceratopsidae are all large, habitually bipedal, with very large skulls, large nostrils, very prominent frills, and a variety of horns.

As is the case with the Psittacosauridae, the Protoceratopsidae have no nasal or post-orbital horns, just a thickened bump in front of the orbit.

Ceratopsians were very social animals, some traveling in large groups or herds of 1000 or more individuals.

The Neoceatopsia were obligate bipedals.

Ceratopsians became very abundant in the Late Cretaceous, especially in North America.

All ceratopsians had horns on their skull.

Ceratopsians are ornithischian dinosaurs and are closely related to ornithopods, both being plant-eating ornithischians.

Protoceratops has no horns (nasal or post-orbital) and the nostrils are much larger than the Ceratopsidae.

The frill is a shelf of bone projecting from the back of the skull.

The Neoceratopsia is comprised of two families, the smaller Protoceratopsidae and the Ceratopsidae.

A bony shelf on the back of the skull unites this group called the ______.

The margins of some ceratopsian frills had extra bones called ______.

The Ceratopsia (\”horned faces\”) includes a relatively large group of some 20 genera, mostly from upper cretaceous of North America.

Pachyrhinosaurus is a memorable ceratopsian of about 6m in length, with a short beak, and a low face with masses of very roughened bone that extend the length of the snout from the nose to eyes.

Whereas Psittacosaurus has only a small rudimentary frill, the Protoceratopsidae display a much larger bony frill that extended back over the neck.

All ceratopsians had a relatively large frill.

Chasmosaurus has two very large openings (parietal fenestra) in the frill.

While the Protoceratopsidae were bipedal, the Psittacosaurus were clearly an obligate quadrupedal.

Centrosaurus has six long, bony spikes sticking out fanwise from the back of its frill.

The thickened skull of ____ has led to speculation that males clashed heads with one another in competition for females during breeding season.

Most Pachycephalosaurs lived during the Late Cretaceous in ____

The Homalocephalidae were the largest pachycephalosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs were all bipedal

Which of the following pachycephalosaur characteristics is false?

Pachycephalosaurs first evolved during the _____.

The name \”Pachycephalosauria\” means ____.

All known pachycephalsaurs are from the Northern Hemisphere.

Pachycephalosauridae have a flat skull roof.

Running, Stegoceras would have had its back almost perpendicular with the ground requiring the tail to act as a counterbalance.

The Homalocephalidae family is more diverse than the Pachycephalosauridae.

The Pachycephalosauria are divided into two families based upon their ____.

Pachycephalosaurs were all herbivores.

Unlike Stegoceras, Pachycephalosaurus has very prominent bony spikes projecting from the snout.

Homalocephale from Mongolia had a relatively flat skull roof.