Glencoe World History Chapter 19 – Flashcards
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capital
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money available for investment
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Entrepreneur
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person interested in finding new business opprotunities and new ways to make profits
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Cottage Industry
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method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes
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Puddling
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process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron
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Industrial capitalism
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economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing
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Socialism
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system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production
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conservatism
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political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
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Principle of intervention
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idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments
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Liberalism
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a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties - the basic rights of all people - should be protected
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universal male suffrage
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the right of all males to vote in elections
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militarism
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reliance on military strength
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kaiser
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German for "caesar," the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
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abolitionism
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a movement to end slavery
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secede
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Withdraw
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romanticism
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an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
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secularization
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indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
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natural selection
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the principle set forth by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others, in popular terms, survival of the fittest
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realism
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mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was
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James Watt
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Scottish engineer who, in 1782, made changes to the steam engine which enabled it to drive machinery to spin cotton, thus improving production
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Manchester
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rich cotton-manufacturing city in England
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Liverpool
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thriving port in England
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Robert Fulton
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American inventor who built the first paddle-wheel steamboat in 1807
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Robert Owen
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Utopian socialist who set up a flourishing community in New Lanark, Scotland
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Congress of Vienna
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Peace Treaty designed by heads of European powers in 1814 (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) which rearranged territories after Napoleon's defeat to form a new balance of power
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Klemens von Metternich
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Austrian foreign minister; most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna
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Vienna
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city in Austria that hosted the Congress of Vienna in 1814
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Bill of Rights
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American written statement of fundamental rights and privileges for an individual
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Louis-Napoleon
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elected president of France's Second Republic in 1848 after the French Revolution; the nephew of Napoleon
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German Confederation
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Thirty-eight independent German states recognized by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 of which Austria and Prussia had the greatest powers
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Piedmont
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northern Italian state
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Italian patriot who unified Italy
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Otto von Bismarck
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Prussian prime minister in 1860s who governed Prussia without parliament's approval and forced war first with the Austrians and then the French (Franco-Prussian War in 1870) where France was forced to relinquish Alsace and Lorraine. Prussia was then the strongest power in Europe.
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Alsace
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province of France turned over to Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871
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Lorraine
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province of France turned over to Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871
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Queen Victoria
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British queen from 1837-1901 with the longest reign in English history who helped to stabilize the economy with continued improvements as a result of the Industrial Revolution. In 1876, she also assumed the title of Empress of India.
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Czar Alexander II
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ruler of Russia who freed the serfs in 1861
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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German composer known for his classical symphonies; considered one of the greatest composers who continued to compose after he became deaf
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Louis Pasteur
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French biologist whose discovery of microorganisms in fermentation led to pasteurization and who also proposed the germ theory of disease which advanced modern scientific medical practices
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Charles Darwin
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British scientist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection
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Charles Dickens
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famous British novelist who wrote realistic novels focusing on the lower and middle classes of England's early Industrial Age; wrote Oliver Twist and David Copperfield
