Geology Mineral and Energy Resource Quiz – Flashcards
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Materials extracted from ground and is economically useful
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Resource
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known deposits that haven't been extracred yet
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Reserves
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rock from which valuable minerals can be extracted
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Ore
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When cracks in sediment are filled with minerals
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Vein deposit
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underwater hydrothermal vent
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Black Smokers
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formed in shallow basins that were periodically flooded by seawater but dried up because of intense evaporation under arid conditions
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Evaporite deposits
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when magma cools and hardens, some minerals form before others and sink to the bottom of the magma chamber, forming mineral deposits
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Magmatic Mineral Deposits
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When magma begins to harden, mineral crystals form. The minerals crystals sink to the bottom of magma chambers because they are denser than magma- layers of minerals are formed at bottom of magmatic body
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Gravitational Settling
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Contact metamorphism causes the minerals to become concentrated in one area
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Metamorphic Mineral Deposits
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Streams become concentrated because heavier minerals drop to the stream bed while lighter mineral particles are washed away by the water these occur in the curves of meandering streams and behind rocks and submerged bars and Between ripple marks
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Placer Mineral Deposits
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Formed by weathering reaction- weathering removes undesirable materials from decomposing rock, leaving a concentration of the desirable elements (Ex. Gravel)
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Residual Mineral Deposits
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What is formed in swamps where plants grow and die rapidly, and the water is oxygen- deficient so the organic matter accumulates faster than it can decompose
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Coal
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Groundwater goes near a hot igneous rock, The hot water dissolves minerals from the surrounding rock, creating a solution The solution rises through cracks. The water cools and dissolved substances precipitate out, creating a concentration of the mineral
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Hydrothermal mineral deposits
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Located near heat sources because heat is needed to make groundwater
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Hydrothermal Vents
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Underground mining sinking shaft to the appropriate levels and then driving horizontal tunnels to reach the ore. Advantages: less damage to the environment so people are less are harmed. Disadvantages: Dangerous for miners high production cost and labor intensive
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Extracting Mineral Resources
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Can extract all materials less dangerous for workers short term environmentally devastating
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Open pit Mining
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Forms in sedimentary rock. The dead marine microorganisms settle to the seafloor that are buried under layers of muddy sediment. Organic material breaks down and turns into petroleum and natural gas.
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Natural Gas and Oil Formation 1
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Gas and oil are squeezed out of the source rock and up into the porous and permeable reservoir rock - sandstone or siltstone. The reservoir rock must be capped by impermeable rock called a cap rock to prevent the oil/gas from leaking out to surface
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Natural Gas and Oil Formation 2
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A geological environment that allows significant amounts of oil/gas to accumulate underground.
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Petroleum Traps
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Salt layers act like impermeable structures, causing oil and gas to accumulate in the beds next to the salt column.
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Salt domes
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Geophysical Data and Geochemical
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Locating Resources
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Concentration, Size, Accessibility, Price, Environment
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Factors to consider before extracting
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Contaminated Water, Plants and Animal Habitats destroyed, First Nation land and practices, House's Damage and exposed radioactive materials.
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What are the effects of mining on the environment
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Treat contaminated water, Reuse mine water, Reconstruct slopes and stabilize the soil.
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What Companies can do?
