Geology chapter 20 – Flashcards
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21. Terranes that can be shown to have traveled great distances are known as _____ terranes. A. accreted B. exotic C. suspect D. cratonic E. shield
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1. _____ are chains thousands of kilometers long composed of numerous mountain ranges. A. Mid-oceanic ridge B. Volcanic arcs C. Back arcs D. Valley and Ridge Province E. Mountain belts
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22. Late stage normal faulting in a mountain range is a result of _______. A. volcanism B. igneous intrusions C. vertical uplift or extension D. sea-floor spreading E. geosyncline formation
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2. During the last couple of decades, geologist have used a _____ approach to gain insight into the growth and wearing away of mountains. A. tectonic B. erosional C. weathering D. system E. climatic
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23. Migmatites must have been transported much higher in the crust during and after ____. A. normal faulting B. volcanism C. emplacement of plutons D. an orogeny E. subduction
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3. The once deep-seated roots of former Precambrian mountain belts are the _____ rock for the now stable, central part of the continent. A. cratonic B. basement C. core D. platform E. isostatic
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24. At the close of the Paleozoic, eastern North America was attached to what is now _______. A. Europe and Asia B. China and South America C. India and Antarctica D. Africa and China E. Europe and Africa
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4. In many mountainous regions are found ____, which are characterized by large thrust faults stacked one upon another. A. fold and thrust belts B. numerous rock types C. evidence of intrusions D. patterns of deformation E. volcanic landforms
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25. _____ is the detachment of part of the mantle portion of the lithosphere beneath a mountain belt. A. Delamination B. Mantle convection C. Terrane shift D. Isostatic adjustment E. Craton formation
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5. ____, intermixed granitic and metamorphic rock, may represent those parts of mountain belts that were once at even deeper levels of the crust. A. Pegmatites B. Sutures C. Migmatites D. Extensional fabric E. Subduction patterns
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26. _____ faults in the Tibetan plateau indicate that gravitational collapse is taking place. A. Normal B. Reverse C. Thrust D. Strike-slip E. High-angle thrust
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6. Frequent earthquakes, offshore trenches, and active volcanoes perched on top of older rock are all indications of ____. A. old mountain belts B. stable craton C. platform D. Precambrian shield E. active mountain ranges
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27. ________ beneath the Basin and Range helps to explain the extensive rhyolitic and basaltic eruptions that occurred tens of millions of years after the last orogeny. A. Obduction B. Delamination C. Wilson Cycles D. Subduction E. Thickening of the continental crust by "rooting"
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7. Geologists believe that when the thick and high part of a mountain belt becomes too high and gravitationally unstable _____ occurs. A. massive landslides B. gravitational collapse and spreading C. volcanic eruptions D. rapid downcutting E. basalt flows
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28. The cycle of splitting of a supercontinent, opening of an ocean basin, followed by closing of the basin and collision of the continents, is known as a ________. A. Wegener plan B. Wilson Cycle C. delamination plan D. Hess Process E. Vine-Mathews system
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8. In some mountain belts the crust breaks into fault-bounded blocks resulting in _____ mountain ranges. A. fault-block B. extremely high C. extensional D. isostatically adjusted E. metamorphic
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29. A ______ is the source of sedimentary and volcanic material accumulating along a convergent boundary. A. subduction zone B. magmatic arc C. suspect terrane D. mid-oceanic ridge E. folded mountain range
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9. The _____ is(are) the product of oceanic-continental convergence and Earth's second highest mountain belt. A. Appalachians B. Himalayas C. Andes D. Basin and Range E. Sierra Nevada
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30. Continents grow bigger as _______. A. accretionary wedges form at the margins B. gravitational collapse and spreading widens the craton C. mountain belts evolve along their margins D. uplift and block-faulting takes place E. isostacy lifts them up
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10. A _____ is a group of closely spaced mountains or parallel ridges that may show a history of intrusive tectonic activity. A. volcano B. mountain range C. back-arc basin D. spreading center E. any uplifted region
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31. Major mountain belts with higher mountain ranges tend to be geologically ___________ relative to those where the mountains are lower. A. the same age B. younger than C. random in age D. older than
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11. The continental crust is _______ beneath mountain belts than under the craton. A. thinner B. thicker C. the same thickness D. more felsic E. more dense
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32. Geologists regard most bodies of ultramafic rock as being _______. A. intrusions formed during the accumulation stage B. due to gravitational collapse and spreading C. due to lithospheric delamination D. areas left by block faulting and uplift E. mantle material faulted into the crust during orogeny
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12. Most of the world's mountains existing today are a result of ____. A. intense deformation B. isostasy C. weathering and erosion D. intense deformation and isostasy E. intense deformation, isostasy, and weathering and erosion
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33. The present ________ represent rejuvenation following uplift in Late Tertiary time. A. Appalachian Mountains B. Alps C. Himalayan Mountains D. Ural Mountains E. Sierra Nevada Mountains
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13. Extension and normal faulting take place in a mountain range ____. A. during their early stage of formation B. when rock at high level flows outward C. before folding and metamorphism D. randomly throughout the range's history E. and is always related to late stage intrusions
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34. The system approach regards mountains as the products of three closely interdependent components. Which of the following is not one of those components? A. plate tectonics B. meteor impacts C. climate D. erosion
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14. The region of a continent that has been structurally stable for a long period of time is called the ______. A. dome B. basin C. Precambrian shield D. craton E. mountain range
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35. Of the two major mountain belts in North America, the _______ are in the West. A. Urals B. Himalyan C. Appalachians D. North American Cordillera E. Andes
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15. The _____ resulted from the collision of Asia and Europe. A. Alps B. Pyrenees C. Caledonide Mountains D. Ural Mountains E. Himalayan Mountains
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36. A(n) __________ is an episode of intense deformation of the rocks of a region. A. isostatic adjustment B. geosyncline C. orogeny D. buoyancy event E. basin to dome event
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16. The sedimentary sequences that form on passive margins are predominantly ____. A. shale B. limestone C. sandstones D. andesitic flows E. shale, limestone, and sandstones
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37. The Grand Canyon, Ozark dome, Black Hills, and Adirondacks expose ________. A. a fold and thrust belt B. ophiolites C. a Precambrian basement D. an ancient magmatic arc E. the result of delamination
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17. Volcanic rocks, mostly _______, accumulate near a convergent plate boundary. A. shales B. sandstones C. granites D. andesites E. marbles
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38. Most of the _____ of the United States has/have a very thin blanket - only 1000 to 2000 meters - of sedimentary rock layers. A. craton B. Gulf Coast C. Rocky Mountain region D. Oregon-Washington coast E. Blue Ridge Mountains
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18. The Himalayan Mountains formed as the result of ______ convergence. A. ocean-continent B. arc-continent C. ocean-ocean D. arc-ocean E. continent-continent
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39. According to the concept of ____, lighter less dense continental crust "floats" higher on the mantle than denser oceanic crust. A. delamination B. gravitational collapse C. geosynclines D. block faulting E. isostacy
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19. A _____ terrane has rock types and ages that do not seem to be related to the rest of the geology of a mountain belt. A. mixed B. coupled C. partial D. integrated E. suspect
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40. A(n) _________ mountain range, such as the Basin and Range and Tetons, implies a horizontal extension strain. A. fault block B. erosional C. volcanic D. fold E. strike-slip.
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20. If the San Andreas Fault remains active, Los Angeles will continue northward and crash into ___. A. Alaska B. Japan C. the Imperial Valley D. British Columbia E. Hawaii
