Geology Ch. 5- Minerals – Flashcards
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oppositely charged ions attract to produce a neutral chemical compound- weak (velcro)
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ionic bond
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sharing of electrons to achieve a stable atomic structure- strong (rope)
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covalent bond
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electrons are shared between all atoms
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metallic bond
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opposite charges occuring on opposite sides of a sheet- weak (usually found in weak areas- graphite)
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van der waals bond
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What are the 4 most abundant elements on Earth? (in order of abundance)
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iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium IOSM
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What 5 characteristics must a mineral have?
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1. naturally occurring 2. inorganic 3. solid 4. crystalline 5. definite chemical composition NISCD
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naturally occurring, inorganic solid of one or more elements that have a definite chemical composition with an orderly internal arrangement of atoms
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mineral
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What are the physical properties of minerals? C S L H S C F/C
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Color Streak Luster Hardness Specific Gravity Crystal Habit Fracture/Cleavage
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unreliable identification of minerals due to impurities/imperfections in the crystal
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color
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color of powder produced by crushing a mineral obtained by scraping a mineral on unglazed porcelain
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streak
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the way a mineral reflects light 2 categories: metallic and nonmetallic
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luster
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resistance to abrasion or scratching in a mineral measured with Mohs Hardness Scale the harder the mineral, the more it scratches certain objects and the more it is not scratched
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hardness
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represents the density of a mineral mineral weight over the weight of an equal water volume "heft"- how heavy it feels *metallics are more dense *darker minerals are more dense bc they are higher in iron and magnesium
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specific gravity
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the arrangement of the faces of a crystal to form a particular shape needs, cubic, pyramid, etc
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crystal habit
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minerals brak in ways that reflect atomic bonding implies equal bond through strength in all directions
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fracture
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when a mineral breaks like glass
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conchoidal fracture
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mineral breaks along planes of weakness due to atomic structure usually produce breaks with flat, shiny, parallel sides
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cleavage
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What are mineral classes classified by?
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their dominant anion
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the most common mineral class make up almost the whole crust and mantle
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silicates
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separation of material due to density (heavy stuff sinks) (lighter minerals are at the surface of Earth and heavy minerals are beneath toward the core)
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differentiation
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What are the 4 layers of the Earth?
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crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
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this layer of the earth is solid, continental, and oceanic primary element is OXYGEN
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crust
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this layer of the earth is solidish primary element is OXYGEN
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mantle
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this layer of the earth is liquid due to the amount of pressure on it primary element is IRON
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outer core
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this layer of the earth is solid primary element is IRON
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inner core
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the number of protons in an element (number on top of the element symbol)
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atomic number
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average mass of an atom as a particular element (number underneath the element symbol)
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atomic weight
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two items that have the same composition, but different crystal structures ex. graphite and diamond are both made of carbon, but have different crystal structures, making them different
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polymorph
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Do these factors indicate creating or destroying minerals? solidification of melt, precipitation from a solution, solid state diffusion, biomineralization, precipitation directly from a gas
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creating
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Do these factors indicate creating or destroying minerals? melting (heat breaks atomic bonds), dissolving (solvents break down bonds), chemical reactions (reactive materials break bonds)
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destroying
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a mineral with special value
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gemstone
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a cut and polished stone created for jewelry precious: rare and expensive (diamond, ruby) semiprecious: less rare (aquamarine, topaz)
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gem
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originate under extremely high pressure pure carbon found in Kimberlite pipes rifting causes deep mantle rock to move upward
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diamond
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a naturally occurring, cohesive, aggregate of minerals, or less commonly, glass
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rock
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the 4 characteristics of rocks: 1) not manufactured 2) holds together by interlocking grains (crystalline) or by natural cement (clastic) 3) collection of many minerals or grains **minerals do not include glass, but rocks do
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naturally occurring coherent aggregate
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Cliffs, readjust, stream cuts, and areas that lack vegetation are where you can find _____.
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rock
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"water made"- all rocks originated from being precipitated from the "universal sea"- earth was originally covered in hot sea with all kinds of dissolved material; volcanoes are "burning coal beds"
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Neptunism
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"melt made"- rocks melt and some of those can spill out onto the surface; started to be understood around 1774 by observing volcanoes in France and Italy
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Plutonism
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"born of fire"- forms when hot molten rocks cool (magma or lava) cools, freezes, solidifies
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igneous rock
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forms by the cementing together of fragments of preexisting rocks or precipitation of mineral out of water
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sedimentary rock
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from when preexisting rocks changes into a new rock due to heat and pressure (does not melt)
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metamorphic rock
