question

who 'invented' oceanography?

answer

The Egyptians and Mesopotamian cultures were the first to invent oceanography Accumulation of knowledge at the Library of Alexandria, Egypt.

question

Eratosthenes

answer

Determined the circumference of the Earth using geometry (ca 230BC), put it at 40,000km

question

Magellan

answer

First to circumnavigate the world, died before the end

question

James Cook

answer

Voyages of sci. discovery. Outline of Pacific ocean, discovered new zealand, Australia, hawaiian islands. Made the first accurate maps of the ocean using the chronometer to determine longitude. First one with access to accurate sea clock.

question

Ben Franklin

answer

Discovered the golf stream.

question

The challenger

answer

modern expedition that found depths of the ocean, and how deep life could live

question

Formation of Earth

answer

It formed from the accumulation of dust and gases in space, called a nebulae, differentiation occurred.

question

Core

answer

made up of iron and nickel. Extremely hot

question

outer core

answer

dense viscous liquid

question

inner core

answer

solid dense rock, more dense than granite

question

mantle

answer

mainly oxygen, silicon, iron, magnesium. Layer beneath the crust.

question

mantle: lithosphere

answer

uppermost cool and rigid portion of the mantle, strong

question

mantle: athenosphere

answer

below the lithosphere, hot partially melted, weak

question

inner/lower mantle:

answer

hotter than both the lithosphere and athenosphere, but not fast moving because of high pressure, and high density

question

crust

answer

lightweight and brittle, consists of the oceanic crust(basalt), which is much thinner than the continental crust made of granite. Continental crust is thicker and less dense (floats on ocean)

question

How was the ocean formed?

answer

Came from degassing of the crust and mantle rocks, also from comet impacts. Large amounts of 40Ar, product of 40K radioactive decay. Hot vapors from the outgassing rocks and volcanic vents condensed into clouds. Rained for like 20 million years, but it was too hot so it was vaporized into clouds. Clouds finally cooled enough to form droplets and fell to the earth, only to be evaporated again. As time progressed earths surface cooled and the water began to accumulate into basins and seeped into the rocks. Deposited minerals into the rocks and formed the salty oceans.

question

How do we know the earth is layered?

answer

Seismic waves. P and S waves, p can go through liquid core, s cannot.

question

How does magnetism happen?

answer

movement of liquid metal in the molten outer core

question

Oceanography

answer

The scientific study of the Earth's oceans with the goal of understanding its processes and phenomena.

question

First Ocean Voyagers

answer

from Asia • to Papua New Guinea by 60,000 years ago • to Polynesia 4000 BC ? 1000 AD more recently..... • to Hawaii ~450 AD and other remote islands

question

Ptolemy

answer

(An Egyptian?Greek) oriented charts placing N at the top, and dividing deg

question

Scientific Knowledge of the Oceans

answer

• 1925, German Meteor Expedition - First mapped areas of ocean floor using echo sounding • Post?WWII - global maps of ocean floor - military interest in

question

Research Knowledge

answer

• A way of gathering of knowledge that is not individual, but universal. - observable and measurable by multiple humans - i.e. repeatable • Follows a protocol ? the Scientific Method

question

Belief Knowledge

answer

• Knowledge about the world is inherent and unique in each human being. - attained by individual revelation - a personal belief that is not observable by others. • "Feelings" as an example

question

What is peer?review?

answer

• Scientific studies that are published in academic journals go through stringent peer review - Typically by 3 scientists with relevant expertise - Compare Industry reports (profit motive, no review)

question

Age of Our Solar System

answer

• Meteorites date to 4.567 Ga - left over bits from the time of solar system formation

question

Origin of Solar System

answer

• Solar nebula condenses from past exploded star - H is concentrated at the center and condenses enough to form our sun - Solar nebula rotates as it condenses - Protoplanets in

question

Formation of the Moon

answer

• Glancing blow by a Mars?sized object ~4.5 Ga - Re?melted some of both bodies - Involved primarily the mantles (not the cores) of each body • Moon rock chemistry points to this - Imparted more spin and tilt to the earth than would otherwise be expected

question

Origin of the Ocean 1: volcanoes

answer

• Volcanic H2O vapor outgassing from the Earth as it cooled • Current Volcanos emit: - H2O (water), 50?60% - CO2 (carbon dioxide), 24% - SO2 (sulfur dioxide), 13% - "other", 3%

question

Origin of the Ocean 2: comets

answer

• Comets - ice and rock

question

Deepest part of the ocean

answer

11km

question

Key Observations from Earthquakes

answer

• Shallow earthquakes are associated with mid ocean ridges • Deep Earthquakes are only associated with trenches

question

abyssal plains

answer

avg 4km deep, relatively flat, comprised of old, dense ocean floor

question

Mid?Ocean ridges

answer

- Long linear mountain chains - Occur in all oceans - Fractures perpendicular to ridges

question

active margins

answer

margins marked by trenches, subducting zones

question

seamounts

answer

submarine volcanoes also called guyots or atols

question

Sediment

answer

Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid

question

Law of Superposition

answer

Younger material is deposited on top of older material.

question

Clastic Sediments

answer

Clastic: little bits of rock - Terrigenous: material transported from continents ...later in the semester

question

Chemical Sediments

answer

Chemical: minerals precipitated from seawater 1. Abiotic (not shells) 2. Biotic (shells of organisms)

question

Abiotic

answer

Abiotic: chemicallyprecipitated,withoutlife • e.g., manganese nodules

question

Biotic

answer

Biotic: biologically precipitated • i.e., shells of organisms • Foraminifera • Coccothithophores • Diatoms • Radiolarians millions of skeletons make 'oozes' or ocean mud.

question

ccd

answer

snow line, caco3 does not accumulate below this line, because the water is colder, and dissolves CO2 faster, so it does not accumulate there

question

ocean sedimentation

answer

slow in the deep sea, because sediment is easily dissolved by cold water, faster above ccd line

question

water molecule

answer

polar molecule H20, hyrdrogen bonds are weak, but strong enough to result in surface tension

question

solution

answer

two or more components, with uniform molecular properties throughout solvent and solute, water to salt

question

solution: solvent

answer

• Solvent (usually a liquid) is more abundant water is a good solvent

question

solution: solute

answer

• Solute (usually a solid or gas) is the less abundant component

question

SALINITY,

answer

• Salinity is the total quantity of dissolved inorganic solids in water - As salinity increases, freezing point decreases - As salinity increases, evaporation slows - As salinity increases, density increases

question

Sensible Heat

answer

- Heat carried by convection or conduction • temperature changes (it can be sensed) • Your hands heated near a fire. Your hands heated when you hold a wire in fire.

question

Latent Heat

answer

- A loss or gain of heat as water changes state • temp does not change during change of state

question

thermal intertia

answer

tendency to resist change in temperature, water has a high resistance to change in temperature

question

Upwelling

answer

- the vertical movement of water from depth moving up toward the surface.

question

Downwelling

answer

- the vertical movement of water from the surface, moving down (sinking)

question

Vertical mixing

answer

in the ocean is like a conveyor belt • downwelling in one area • upwelling in another • but most of the time it travels sideways

question

Density Change Mechanisms: Salinity

answer

• Add Fresh Water, salinity drops • rain • melting of ice • river (local only, not global) • Evaporate, salinity rises • Form Sea Ice, salinity rises • when seawater freezes, it makes "pure" ice and leaves the salts behind in the sea--left over water is saltier

question

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)

answer

• formed in the open North Atlantic by cooling of high salinity water • flows southward underneath the Gulf Stream • salty and cold

question

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

answer

• formed adjacent to Antarctica by increasing salinity of cold water through ice formation • flows northward into all major ocean basins • salty and cold

question

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

answer

• Trade Wind Convergence - Zone of intense rainfall, storms - Migrates north and south with the seasons - Important for low latitude agriculture

question

Coriolis Effect Second Order Control on ATM Circ.

answer

• Fluids in motion are affected by Earth's rotation - Air masses move to the right in the northern hemisphere - Air masses move to the left in the southern hemisphere

question

three cells of air flow

answer

hadley cell ferrel cell polar cell

question

ocean v land heat retention

answer

continents cool and heat faster than ocean, ocean stays relatively the same temperature

Geol 107 Oceanography USC – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards