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concept of place

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People everywhere define themselves through the places where they are born and grow up. This relationship, which Eudora Welty calls the "sense of place," shapes each of us in deep and lasting ways Places are he intersections of nature, culture, history, ideology and the built environment. Physical space acquires meaning through human experience and becomes a place. Places mean different things for different people.

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Types of region

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formal, functional, vernacular

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heirarchical and relocation diffusion

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hierarchical: from one important person or place to another "leapfrog effect"The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places. Relocation: People with ideas and practices physically move from one place to another bringing practices and ideas with them.

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cultural synthesis (examples)

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It is the process by which 2 or more cultures merge over time to produce an amalgam of elements of both, and/or new elements which did not previously exist in either separate culture.

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Ethnography

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the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

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environmental determinism

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an approach to cultural ecology. The idea that the physical environment shapes culture ex. Popular theory until the 1930s Justification for imperialism, eugenics & genocide, slavery, WW2

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Be familiar with the 5 themes of cultural geography (definitions, examples)

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1)region 2)mobility/diffusion 3)Globalization: mobility of capital, cultures and people. is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. 4)Nature-Culture 5)Cultural landscape: the imprint of human activity on the earth

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placelessness

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homogenization, mobility weakens attachment to place, standardization of culture and landscapes

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isogloss

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border of a family, language, dialect, word or pronunciation. A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

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lingua franca

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A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

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Sense of Place

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People everywhere define themselves through the places where they are born and grow up. This relationship, which Eudora Welty calls the "sense of place," shapes each of us in deep and lasting ways

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In terms of its greek roots, what us the literal meaning of the word geography?

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"To describe the Earth"

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what best describes the research perspective of a cultural geographer?

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the spatial distribution of cultural phenomena over the surface of the earth.

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One concept or method that characterizes the humanistic approach to cultural geography?

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Qualitative methods, observation, ethnography, perception, sense of place, identity, topophilia

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One concept or method that characterizes the social science approach to cultural geography?

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model building, often quantitative, GIS, positivistic, "scientific method"

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which of these statements about culture is true?

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culture is collective, learned and provides a means of communication

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when physical space acquires meaning through human experience it becomes?

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A place

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what is the smallest component of culture?

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culture traits: tools, speech, food, housing

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Attributes or qualities of place

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Have location: both relative and absolute Have both environmental and cultural aspects Exist on a variety of scales Are constantly changing Interact with each other Can be grouped into regions Induce subjective feelings among people

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Cultural Geography

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Investigates spatial distribution of phenomena Two traditions in human geography

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Two traditions in human geography

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space and place

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What do we mean by "culture"?

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Culture: Collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations and knowledge that are transmitted and learned within a group of people. Culture provides a means of communication within a group. There are also subgroups within a culture. Systems of meaning (Clifford Geertz)

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Culture regions

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places with similar culture traits can be grouped into regions

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3 types of culture regions

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formal, functional, vernacular

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formal culture regions

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-"an area inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common" -Boundaries are imprecise, boundary zones -core/periphery pattern, example: how construction differs in certain locations, Pennsylvania barns.

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Functional Culture Regions

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Not based on culture traits but "organized to function politically, socially, or economically" Examples: States, cities, countries, they are precise. Focused on nodes or central points May often have clearly defined borders Distribution areas do not, but are still focused on nodes.

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Vernacular Culture Regions

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"a region perceived to exist by its inhabitants" (outsiders as well) Boundaries usually not clearly defined Identity is often invented or based on folk or popular culture examples: the south, midwest

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The midwest is an example of a region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, cultural geographers call this?

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Vernacular culture region

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I have drawn a map showing an area of the upper midwest where Lutherans form a plurality of the populations. what kind of region is this?

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Formal culture region

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the county of india as delineated by its present borders is what kind of region?

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functional culture region

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Many culture traits generally diffuse from larger urban markets to decreasingly smaller urban markets. this is what kind of diffusion pattern?

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Hierarchical Expansion Diffusion

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Because of their european outlook, British colonists were sure that Great Zimbabwe was not built by Africans but was inspired or built by the Arabs or Portuguese. the controversy over Zimbabwe could be described as?

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Diffusion versus independent invention

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Sequoyah adopted the underlying idea of the english alphabet but devised an entirely new syllabary for the Cherokee language. what type of diffusion is this?

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Stimulus Expansion Diffusion

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Nodes, central points where activities are coordinated and directed, are a common characteristic of a:

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Functional culture region

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whether an innovation spreads by hierarchical or contagious means, the type of diffusion where a trait spreads from person to or place to place is called?

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Expansion diffusion

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Vietnamese, Chinese and Italian restaurants are now common in North America. They were spread initially by what type of diffusion?

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Relocation Diffusion

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South Central Pennsylvania is considered to be a culture hearth for traits diffused to other parts of the country. As one travels towards the edges of this culture region, the occurrence of typical traits like the forebay barn become fewer than in the center of the region, what type of pattern is this?

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Core/Periphery Pattern

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Diffusion:

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-The process whereby a concept, practice or innovation spreads from its point of origin to new places. -Cultures undergo constant change through innovation and diffusion. -Diffusion versus independent invention

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culture hearth

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is an area where innovations developed and from which they spread

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Relocation

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People with ideas and practices physically move from one place to another bringing practices and ideas with them.

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Expansion diffusion

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innovations spread from place to place "snowball effect"

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Hierarchical Diffusion

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from one important person or place to another "leapfrog effect"

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Contagious Diffusion

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a wave-like spread of an innovation

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Stimulus Diffusion

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The specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted. Examples: Sequoyah's syllabary

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Some places are more likely to resist change than others. Factors that inhibit diffusion:

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Time-distance decay Absorbing barriers Permeable barriers

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3rd theme: Globalization

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economic cultural Mobility of capital, cultures and people

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4th theme: Nature-Culture

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The study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environment it occupies. Every human group modifies the environment because of their culture. Culture is also adapted to the environment Cultural adaptation and adaptive strategies. Three different approaches to cultural ecology:

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Three different approaches to cultural ecology:

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Environmental determinism Possibilism Environmental perception

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Environmental determinism

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The idea that the physical environment shapes culture ex. Popular theory until the 1930s Justification for imperialism, eugenics ; genocide, slavery, WW2

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Possibilism

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relationship between culture and environment is a "two-way street" CHOICES guided by culture and adapted to environment

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Environmental Perception

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Choices people make in dealing with the environment depend more on what they perceive the environment to be rather than reality Example: Virginia being like southern Spain because they have the same latitude

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5th theme: Cultural Landscape

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The imprint of human activity on the land!!!!!!!!!! Humanistic geography Different cultures shape the landscape in different ways Therefore landscapes reflect the cultures that formed them: landscape as text

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landscape as text

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relics in the landscape sequent occupance

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Cultural landscape studies focus on

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settlement forms land division patterns (cadastral patterns) Regional architecture (built environment)

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3 types of cadastral Patterns

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township and range" adopted by USA after 1810 Metes and bounds: primitive, first USA settlers, random Long Lots: French creation, allowed everyone a narrow lot with access to waterway..

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Cultural aspects of Globalization

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cultural diffusion is rapid cultural homogenization dominance of Western popular culture regional landscapes become standardized placelessness (Edward Relph) loss of cultural identity increased "interconnectedness of places"

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"Opposed forces are operating simultaneously" Glocalization

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Resistance or response "Roots" revival new regionalism nostalgia for the past sustainable development increasing cultural diversity ecological movements increasing religious fundamentalism protest!!!

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Locavore

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eating local foods a person who primarily eats food grown or produced locally

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What is the major drawback of globalization

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The benefits of Globalization are unevenly distributed!!!!

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What precisely do we mean in cultural geography by the term cultural landscape

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the imprint of human activity on the land!!!!

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Which of the following concepts, taken to the extreme, supported colonialism, slavery, and racism, and led to the eventual genocide?

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Environmental determinism

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The study of the relationship between a culture group and the environment is called?

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cultural ecology

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wealthy backers of the settlement of Jamestown expected Virginia's climate to be like Spain's because they shared a similar latitude, what is this an example of?

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Environmental perception

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the approach to cultural ecology that emphasizes human choice and culture in adapting to the natural environment?

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possibilism

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Rational system common in the midwest and most parts of the USA settled after 1810

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township and range

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Very Irregular system of land division, found in ares settled early by Anglo-Americans

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Metes and Bounds

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Relict landscape

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old

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sacred landscape

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old churches, graves

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environmental determinism

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A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

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agricultural landscape

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farming, mechanized or non-mechanized, subsistence agriculture

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environment perception

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The way in which an individual perceives the environment; the process of evaluating and storing information received about the environment. It is the perception of the environment which most concerns human geographers because decision-makers base their judgements on the environment as they perceive it, not as it is (see mental maps). The nature of such perception includes warm feelings for an environment, an ordering of information, and an understanding, however subjective, of the environment.

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vernacular

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log cabins, stuff distinct to native culture, Pennsylvanian barns, huts, etc

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suburban landscapes

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auto-mobility, mac Manson, commercial strip development=placelessness

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Geography of Folk Culture

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Folk Culture: largely rural, conservative largely self-sufficient Behavior based on custom, family, religion. "Tradition" Change comes slowly. Subsistence economy, handmade goods Folk culture as a way of life: non-Western

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Material and nonmaterial culture

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Nonmaterial: music, dance, customs, language (oral traditions, storytelling) religion (folk practices and beliefs) material culture: physical objects, artifacts

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Formal folk regions

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: based on material and nonmaterial elements

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Folk regions

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U.S. and Canada are in decline, but artifacts remain Cultural diffusion takes place often relocation and hierarchical. Innovation meets and often overcomes social, class or moral barriers.

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Geography of Popular Culture

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Popular culture: constant change, urban, mass production and mass media, heterogeneous, global in scope.

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Placelessness

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homogenization, mobility weakens attachment to place, standardization of culture and landscapes

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Convergence

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versus regional clustering, nostalgia for folkways and neo-traditionalism

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Blues and Folk/Country Music in popular media (commodification)

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Films: "Oh Brother Where Art Thou" Coen Brothers mixture of country Blues (Chris Thomas King), popular country (Blue Grass, Honky Tonk: Soggy Bottom Boys), traditional Upland South (Ralph Stanley), Black gospel (Fairfield Four) and African American worksongs (Po Lazarus collected by Alan Lomax) "American Routes" Radio program on Public Radio 92.1 9:00 Sat.

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British Isles: Ireland, Scotland, Britain

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bought over the

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the British Isles bought over what example of material culture?

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fiddle

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The only aspect of material culture that came directly from Africa?

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banjo

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what event among blacks had the greatest impact on folk culture?

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the great migration

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Commodification

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to make culture a product, could be done by putting something into a recoding or film.

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Folk ecology

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adaptive strategies are characterized by close relationship with the physical environment. Geophagy folk medicine environmental perception

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Folk Culture and the cultural landscape

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survives in relicts that are often commodified in the West, but... are still an important aspect of regional and national identities. Examples: Next slide!@@@@@

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Folk Architecture

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vernacular architecture: architecture without architects -African-American Culture Region: shotgun house Path of diffusion: west Africa, Haiti, Louisianan, African-American south -Louisiana French Culture Region Creole or Cajun cottage ex Path of diffusion: Nova-Scotti, Louisiana, two front doors porch is shaded by house -Upland South: log houses and farmsteads "worm fences"

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Pennsylvania Culture Region

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forebay barn continental/Georgian house I-house, common in the Midwest, but diffused from Carolinas and Virginia

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Recycling of folk culture in response to globalization of culture

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museums folk festivals neo-traditional architecture

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Geography of Popular Culture

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Popular culture: constant change, urban, mass production and mass media, heterogeneous, global in scope. Placelessness: homogenization, mobility weakens attachment to place, standardization of culture and landscapes Convergence versus regional clustering (p. 52), nostalgia for folkways and neo-traditionalism. Tension between globalization and the local placemaking: Disneyfication, downtown festival spaces internet: virtual places global media: American cultural imperialism Ecology of popular culture: urbanization and the environment suburbanization and edge cities Megalopolis Boston-Washington

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From which "traditional" folk region is the piece of music you are listening to now derived? A) the Upland South Culture Region B) the Louisiana French Culture Region C) the African American Culture Region D) the Pennsylvania Culture Region

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c

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Which of the following is the best example of the process of commodification of culture ? A) The migration of large numbers of African Americans to urban areas in the North. B) The use of traditional folk music as a form of protest. C) Diffusion of Hawaiian folk guitar style to the mainland U.S. D) Recordings made in the 1920s and 30s of "hillbilly" music and "race" records E) All of the above

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d

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Folk culture is associated with which of the following characteristics: A) rapid change B) urban settlement C) mass communication D) geographic isolation

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d

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Rockabilly, the immediate predecessor to Rock and Roll, emerged in Memphis as a form popular music derived from traditional Upland South forms and: A) Louisiana French or Cajun music B) African American forms C) Tejano music from the Hispanic ethnic homelands D) New England ballads and dance music E) all of the above

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b

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In which of the following countries would people be more likely to be immersed in folk culture as a way of life? A) Scotland B) Mexico C) Australia D) Canada E) France

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b

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Which of the following is a common trait in African music widely used in African American forms of music? A) close harmony B) all and response C) ornamentation D) accordion accompaniment

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b

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Which of the following folk culture regions was most affected by musical styles originally diffused from the British Isles? A) the Upland South Culture Region B) the Louisiana French Culture Region C) the African American Culture Region D) the Pennsylvania Culture Region

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a

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Which of the following is a musical instrument diffused from the British Isles to North America? A) banjo B) accordion C) guitar D) fiddle

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d

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Which of the following is a musical instrument diffused from Africa to North America? A) banjo B) accordion C) guitar D) fiddle

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a

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All of the following statements describe the Great Migration EXCEPT: A) The Great Migration could be interpreted as a form of resistance or response to placelessness and the globalization of culture? B) The Great Migration consisted of tens of thousands of African Americans moving from the rural South to large cities C) The Great migration set the stage for the transition of African American folk forms of music into popular culture D) African Americans chose to leave the rural South because of racist (Jim Crow) laws and the lure of jobs in urban areas.

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a

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folk music:

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usually a Capella, use call and response, work songs, sometimes they were ballads

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culture regions

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African-American Folk culture region Upland South Folk culture region Pennsylvania Folk culture region Louisiana-French folk culture region

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Language and Religion are important symbols of ethnicity, politics and identity.

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Nostratic: A proto-language? Language family: group of languages with a common origin. Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo mother (E) matka (P) meter (Gk) madar (Farsi) Isogloss: border of a family, language, dialect, word or pronunciation

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