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South Asia: Key Characteristics

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-Three types of cities: bazaar-based, colonial, and planned -Two models: bazaar-based model and colonial-based model -India has a relatively balanced urban hierarchy with both a dominant north and south city.

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South Asia: New World Cities

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-Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore became world cities -They are economically and culturally integrated with global flows of good, investment, images and people. -In the late 80s countries dissolved the protectionist economic systems and a New Economic Policy of liberalization or free market globalization was adopted -Middle class rise

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South Asia: Increasing Urban Poverty

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-The majority of urban poor have been relegated to sweatshop-like conditions in Special Economic Zones -Migrations of rural poor to cities have put pressure on urban infrastructure

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South Asia: Urban Patterns

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-India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are ranked as the world's second, sixth, and seventh most populous countries -Although most of South Asia has seen steady urbanization, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and more recently Nepal have suffered civil conflict, revolt, or insurgency, making city growth and development more difficult -The five megacities in South Asia are Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Dhaka, and Karachi

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Two Urban Triangles

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-The megacities of Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata anchor points of a northern urban triangle -Chennai , Bengaluru, Hyderbad for a second urban triangle in the South

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Pakistan's Urban System

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-Rather than true primacy, this country's urban system is dominated by a pair of cities: Karachi in the South and Lahore in the North

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South Asia: Primate City

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-Except for India and Pakistan, urban primacy characterizes the remaining countries of South Asia, especially the smaller ones.

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South Asia: City Types

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-Traditional Cities -Colonial Cities -Planned Cities

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South Asia: Historical Influences

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-Indus Valley civilization (3000 to 1500 BC) -Aryan Hindus (Since 1500 BC) -Dravidians (Since 200 BC) -Muslims (Since 8th century) -Europeans (Since 15th century)

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South Asia: Traditional Cities

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-Cities that were part of a thriving urban system prior to Western Colonialism -Could be a center of trade, commerce, administration, or religious pilgrimage destinations.

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South Asia: Planned Cities

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-Two types -One is political and administrative centers -The other is industrial centers for steel and other heavy industrial activities.

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Caste System

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-Brahmins (Priest) -Kshatriyas (Warrior) -Vaisyas (Commercial and Agricultural) -Sudra (Manuel Labour) -Dalits (Untouchables)

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Aryan Hindu Impact

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-Near the center and a little east are where the temple and residences of high ranking Brahmins resided -Further east were the Kshatriyas, rich merchants, and expert artisans -To the south were government superintendents, prostitutes, musicians, and Vaisya -To the west were the Sudra and low grade Vaisyas -To the north were artisans, Brahmins, and temple maintained for the titular deity of the city

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Dravidian Temple Cities

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-The rules of South India constructed temples and water tanks as nuclei of habitation. -Around the temples grew commercial bazaars and settlements of Brahmin priests and scholars. -The ruler often built a palace near the temple, turning the temple-city into the capital of his kingdom

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Presidency Towns

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-Designed as the headquarters for different Presidencies for British administrative purposes -Their nuclei were forts. Outside these forts were the cities -Became the main focus of the colonial mercantile system

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South Asia: Models of Urban Structure

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-No comprehensive model explaining the growth patterns of indigenous cities' structure -Two principal influential forces, colonial and traditional, have combined to create the existing forms of South Asian cities

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South Asia: Colonial Based City Model

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-Must have a port -A walled fort was constructed adjacent to the port with fortifications, white soldiers' and officers' barracks, a small church, and educational institutions - Separated by Native town and European town with an extensive open space was reserved for military parades and Western recreation facilities -A western central business district -From the late 19th century, the colonial city became so large that new living space was necessary -Intermediate location between black towns and white towns developed the colonies of Anglo-Indians

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South Asia: Urban Challenges

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-Juxtaposition of affluence and poverty -Massive migration of rural poverty to the cities -Slums have developed in almost all the major cities of South Asia -Opening-up markets

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South Asia: Globalization

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-Cities in South Asia have increased abilities to tap global business -Global Corporations look for cheap pools of unorganized labor in populous South Asian cities

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South Asia: Urban Violence

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-Cities in South Asia not only internalize the daily violence of exclusion, but also the sites of inter-community riots and terrorism -Hindu-Muslim violence in India -Ethnic violence in Sri Lanka -International Terror

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South Asia: City Marketing

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-City versus city competition to acquire foreign business and investments -Place Marketing Strategy: green entrepreneurialism, city beautification, gated community.

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Southeast Asia: Key Characteristics

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-Dominated by primate cities -Foreign influences play a critical role -One of the least-urbanized regions in the world -Prior to colonialism, Southeast Asia was home to some of the world's most impressive cities -The cities of Southeast Asia today are densely populated and sprawling

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Southeast Asia: Precolonial Patterns of Urbanization

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-Prior to colonialism, Southeast Asia was one of the world's most urbanized regions -Maritime influences have contributed urbanization process -"Indianization" was the influence of India on Southeast Asia in a more gradual and uneven process of exposure and adaptation

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Sacred Cities

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-One of two urban forms in precolonial period -More populous -Sprawling administrative, military, and cultural centers -Planned and developed mirror symbolic links between human societies on earth and heaven

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Southeast Asia: Market Cities

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-Cities were supported through the conduct of long distance maritime trade -Center of economic activity -Occupy more restricted coastal locations and thus had more limited hinterlands -More compact and ethnically diverse

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Southeast Asia: Urbanization in Colonial Period

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-In first three centuries the most pronounced in two regions: in Manila under the Spanish and in Jakarta under the Dutch -Urban development in Southeast Asia was encouraged on the coast and suppressed inland -Created mainly primate cities but also mining towns, regional administrative centers, and upland resort centers/hill stations

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Southeast Asia: Recent Urbanization Trend

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-Urban areas have recently increased in population from natural growth, rural to urban migration, and immigration

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Southeast Asia: Middle Class

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-Emergent middle class -Materially project their new found social status -Middle class contribute to the urban sprawl by their demand of single-family housing -Often in lived in gated communities with western themed names -Middle class enclaves areas sit side-by-side with ever-rising numbers of the urban poor -Results in social segregation

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Generalized Model

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-Created by Terry McGee which builds on a long tradition of urban modeling in North America. -Only two zones of land use remained relatively constant: the port district and the periphery of the city

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Jakarta

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-Does not have a good coverage of piped water -Clean water is a luxury -Poor drainage system contributes to the discharge of inorganic waste, untreated industrial refuse and sewerage into rivers

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Manila

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-Primate city of the Philippines

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Southeast Asia: Socialist Countries

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-Three stages in the urbanization process -Deurbanization -Socialist governments entered into a second, bureaucratic stage wherein longer-term strategies of socialist urbanization were implemented and population movement was restricted -Socialist reform was the last stage

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Southeast Asia: Urban Challenges

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-Housing problems because of lack of employment -Squatter problems which is combated by eviction and demolition -Environmental issues in the form of air pollution, water pollution, and traffic congestion -Urban unrest

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East Asia: Key Characteristics

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-Colonialism had less important role in East Asia -China is about half urban in population distribution. -Concentric zone and multi-nucleic models of urban land use -Region is split between China (50% urban) and the rest of the region (71% urban)

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East Asia: Types of Cities

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-Traditional/Pre-industrial (Before 16th century) -Colonial city (16th century to the end of WW2) -Post-colonial and industrial cities (since 1945)

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East Asia: Pre-Industrial City

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-East Asia is one of the original centers of urbanism in world history -reflect the conception of the universe and the role of the emperor as intermediary between heaven and earth -Utilizes grid layout, highly formalized design, surrounding walls with strategically placed gates, etc

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Chang'an

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-Now called Xi'an -One of the best expressions of the classic Chinese capital city -Ancient Japanese and Korean capital cities were modeled after this city

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East Asia: Colonial Cities

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-The large castles in Japan were influenced by Portuguese and Dutch -Served as nuclei for many of the cities of modern Japan -Treaty ports of China

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Treaty Ports

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-Port cities in China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, that were open for foreign trade by unequal treaties -Japan had a minor colonial experience internally

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East Asia: Internal Structure

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-Two paths of urban develop: socialist and non-socialist -This dichotomy is no longer valid -Several distinctive urban types such as megalopolises, decolonized cities, primate cities, regional centers, and socialist cities in transition -Changes caused by rural to urban migration, rise of privatization, higher standards of living, racial homogeneity, and socioeconomic stratification

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City Development in Mao Period

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-Peri-urban areas provided food for the cities -Satellite towns in the outskirts of large cities were developed to accommodate the spillover of industries -Without a land market, self-contained work unit neighborhoods dominated urban landscape -Strict control over internal migration within the country through the household registration system

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City Development in Deng Period

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-Growing per capita income fueled a housing boom in the 1990 -Real estate market beginning to function -In the late 1980s, suburbanization on a large scale began -Development zones established all over China -Increase in income disparity created new urban poverty

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China's Opening Policy

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-Establishment of export-processing zones with concessionary tax policies attracted foreign investment -Included designation of four special economic zones and 14 coastal cities in 1984 -De-collectivization of agriculture and the return to private smallholdings helped raise labor productivity and quality of life for peasant -Relaxed restrictions on internal migration

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North Korea

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-One of the world's most secretive society -Nuclear ambitions have worsened its isolation from world -Juche, or self-reliance, became a guiding light for their development -Decades of this rigid state-controlled system have led to stagnation and a leadership dependent on the cult of personality

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East Asia: Urban Challenges

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-Dichotomy between the socialist and the non-socialist is becoming vague, especially for mainland China -Regional imbalances and floating population -Expensive land is an obstacle to urban development -Decentralization -Pollution -City planning lacking and hinders urban development, high economic growth and urbanization.

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Japan's Future

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-Seem to be forever under construction -Lack a direction -Huge potential demand for urban redevelopment -Little vision regarding a living environment

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China's Future

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-Urbanization will continue -High-speed train project that will benefit the rich and middle class, but negatively impacts the lower class -Floating population

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East Asia: Tourism

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-240 million international journeys annually involves cultural tourism -Tourism can be a powerful force in maintaining traditional places in Asian cities and countrysides -Spurious tourist developments based on notions of beautifying a place can be culturally destructive

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Place Identity

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-Composed of tangibles and intangibles -Tangibles consists of physical components -Intangibles consists of activities, symbols/meanings

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Venice Charter

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-International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites -Arose from an International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments in Venice -Emphasis is on physical fabric rather than social meanings

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Burra Charter

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-Uses the term "place" to define cultural heritage resource and became the basis of the concept of place for Australian heritage practice.

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Nara Document

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-An acknowledgement of the plurality of approaches to the issue of authenticity -It is an attempt to explore the beliefs that acknowledges local traditions and intangible values

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Hoi An Protocol

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-Rectifies the woolly nature of the Nara Document -It is a recognition of diverse and enduring cultural identities in Asian countries -It emphasizes the practices for conservation of the physical heritage sites, intangible heritage, and cultural landscape

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Australia: Key Characteristics

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-Two groups: those in Australia/Aotearoa/New Zealand and those of the Pacific Islands -Australia and New Zealand exhibit urban characteristics of other developed countries. Characterized by urban primacy, suburbanization, and gentrification -Characteristics of Pacific Island cities are similar to developed countries

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Australia: Urban History

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-Urban settlement began with the arrival of numerous colonizers in the 18th and 19th century -Railroads and industrialization enhanced the growth of Australia's colonial capitals -Colonialism was responsible for Australian urban primacy because of the formation of coastal locations for trades/growth and the functions of colonial administration and competition in the capitals saw growth in existing urban centers rather than new areas

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Australia: Urban Trends

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-Tourism, political independence/instabilities, migration, and environmental hazards play significant roles for cities of the Pacific Islands - industrialization followed by deindustralization, globalization, international immigration, urban governance, and simultaneous rural population growth and depopulation are the primary urban influences for Australia and New Zealand

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The Pacific Islands

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-Land is a communal resource -Informal housing is common because of the demand for housing, substantial urban poverty, and limited employment -Global warming puts the low-lying islands at risk of flooding because of sea level rise -Out-migration relieves pressures in the cities

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Cities of Australia

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-State capital cities dominant due to industrialization, migration, and globalization -During the past 25 years, two factors have been the basis of change: international migration which sees uneven distribution and globalization which changes urban functions

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Australia: Capital Cities

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-Highly suburban and geographically expansive -High energy demands of suburb life are questioned -Limited availability of land -High costs of social and physical infrastructure needs of suburbs

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Internal Structure of Australian Cities

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-New Economy: home of many global industry employees -Gentrifying: home to those with ties to the global economy; also have sizeable population of low-income residents -Middle-Class Suburbia: Homes of educated professionals, though with a low level of density to the global economy -Working Class Battler: house trades people, often home owners -Battling Family: have above average levels of single-parent and non-family households -Old Economy: Primarily in suburban area, the decline of manufacturing has brought about concentrations of unemployment -Peri-Urban: On the fringe of the capitals, they attract low-income people seeking cheaper housing or housing for retirement

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New Zealand

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-Market forms since the 1980s have transformed large cities -Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin are the four largest cities -Immigrants, initially from the Pacific have flowed into the large cities -Internal shift in economic activity -Entrepreneurial urban governance processes were deployed to make cities more attractive and to stem population decline

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Sydney

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-Sprawled metropolitan form -Employment, retail, and services have been decentralizing since at least the 1970s -The development of regional centers of commercial activity has given the city an increasing polycentric form -Characterized more by multiethnic suburbs than by ethnic minority concentrations

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Port Moresby and Suva

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-The capital of Papua New Guinea and Fiji -Weak manufacturing sector -Reliant on agricultural sector -Large informal sector, informal settlements, and political problems/ unrest -Policy responses to urban poverty and marginalization have been small and problematic

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Perth

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-World's most isolated city -Served as a rural and mining hinterland -Between 1980 and 1990, there was substantial redevelopment to of older parts of the city as tourist and leisure spaces -Urban Sprawl

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Auckland

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-Served as an agricultural and forested hinterland historically -By the 1990s, it hosted more than a third of the New Zealand's employment in manufacturing, transport, communication, and business service -High-rise residential living has become popular -The New Urbanism suburbs and inner city gentrification creates social exclusion

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Tourism Urbanization

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-Urban development is based primarily on tourist consumption of goods and services for pleasure -Urban form is shaped by the city's ability as a leisure space

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Gold Coast

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-A city on the east coast of Australia -Colonial settlement in the 1840 that focused on timber and agriculture -Through many cycles of boom and bust the region matured as a tourist destination -Rapidly expanding resident population -Developed more conventional suburbia -Blending into extended urban region of southeast Queensland -One of the lowest income cities in Australia

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Australia: Challenges

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-Fragile ecosystems -Urban governance is now characterized by a variant of neoliberalismin which market processes and solutions underpin policy -Affordable housing -Heat, fire, and floods

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