Genetics – Genetics – Flashcards
189 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 189question
Less dense, active genes
answer
Euchromatin
Unlock the answer
question
Mendel was able to deduce that there were _____ with his quantitative approach and garden peas
answer
Units of inheritance
Unlock the answer
question
Mendel would've received a Nobel prize in this category
answer
Physiology and medicine
Unlock the answer
question
Mendel eventually related genes to chromosomes and discovered inheritance patterns of many characters called ______
answer
Transmission genetics
Unlock the answer
question
Paired unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives either one with equal chance
answer
Mendels first law or law of segregation
Unlock the answer
question
Crossing TT or Tt in F2 generation with tt to figure out if individual is TT or Tt
answer
Test cross
Unlock the answer
question
Replicate somatic cells, in many single called organisms such as protozoan salvage and fungi asexual reproduction takes place by this
answer
Mitosis
Unlock the answer
question
Genetic material divided by nuclear division
answer
Karyokinesis
Unlock the answer
question
Cytoplasm divided by nuclear division
answer
Cytokinesis
Unlock the answer
question
Near the end of G1 some cells enter this stage which is a resting phase, cells are viable and metabolically active but not dividing
answer
G0
Unlock the answer
question
DNA replication takes place during this phase
answer
S phase
Unlock the answer
question
Occurs in reproductive tissue in plants and animals and results in haploid cells
answer
Meiosis
Unlock the answer
question
Meiosis I (2n-n)
answer
Reductional division
Unlock the answer
question
Meiosis II (n-n)
answer
Equational division
Unlock the answer
question
Homologous chromosomes pair together or synapse
answer
Prophase I
Unlock the answer
question
Paired dyads
answer
Bivalents
Unlock the answer
question
2 paired dyads
answer
Tetrad
Unlock the answer
question
Where non-sister chromatids are joined
answer
Chiasma
Unlock the answer
question
Random alignment and later separation is basis for
answer
Mendels independent assortment
Unlock the answer
question
Each dyad moves to one pole, disjunction
answer
Anaphase I
Unlock the answer
question
Process by which sperm or egg form
answer
Gametogenesis
Unlock the answer
question
3 stages of Gametogenesis
answer
Maturation, meiosis, and transformation
Unlock the answer
question
Spermatogonial cells (oogonial cells) become primary spermatocytes (primary oocytes)
answer
Maturation
Unlock the answer
question
primary spermatocytes (primary oocytes) to secondary spermatocytes and spermatids (secondary oocytes and ootids); polar bodies are formed for female maximizing the cytoplasm
answer
Meiosis
Unlock the answer
question
Spermatids (ootids) turn into sperm (egg)
answer
Transformation
Unlock the answer
question
Similar process as Gametogenesis except about sporogenesis and production or micro and macrospores
answer
Micro and macrogametogenesis
Unlock the answer
question
Chance of all n number of paternal chromosomes going to the same pole in meiosis
answer
(1/2)^n
Unlock the answer
question
Number of combinations of chromosomes in gametes in meiosis with n = number of chromosomes (heterozygous)
answer
2^n
Unlock the answer
question
Plants alternate between ____ _____ and _____ _____. Meiosis and fertilization are bridges between these 2 stages
answer
Haploid gametophyte, diploid sporophyte
Unlock the answer
question
Most important for genetic variation
answer
Mutation, chromosomal segregation, and recombination
Unlock the answer
question
Mutant genes that produce proteins with no function at all
answer
Null alleles
Unlock the answer
question
Mutant genes that produce enzymes that has reduced level of effectiveness
answer
Leaky mutations
Unlock the answer
question
Genotype a that are able to produce the wild phenotype with just one wild type allele. +/m where m is a null allele and the + allele provides enough protein product for normal function
answer
Haplosufficient
Unlock the answer
question
Genotypes where the null allele (mutant) is dominant: +/M since single wild type allele cannot provide enough product
answer
Haploinsufficient
Unlock the answer
question
Dominant mutant may be _____ when gene product is protein composed of 2 units (polypeptides) and the mutant polypeptide bonds to the wild type polypeptide and interferes with its function. Ex: osteogenesis imperfecta brittle bone disease
answer
Dominant negative
Unlock the answer
question
Incomplete dominance examples
answer
Four o'clock flowers, Tay-Sachs disease
Unlock the answer
question
Examples of codominance
answer
AB blood group, MN blood group
Unlock the answer
question
3 or more alleles segregating at a locus in a population. Ex: ABO blood system
answer
Multiple alleles
Unlock the answer
question
When one dose is present it kills the organism. Example hunting tons disease
answer
Dominant lethals
Unlock the answer
question
Takes two doses to kill an organism, ex: Cy/Cy curly wings in drosophila. Ay/Ay in mice dominant allele but recessive lethal, tailless in cats
answer
Recessive alleles
Unlock the answer
question
Multiple phenotypic effects from a single gene example yellow body color in drosophila also effects body size, agouti alleles also affect size of molars in mice (quantitative trait)
answer
Pleiotropy
Unlock the answer
question
Some conditional mutants are affected by temperature and are called ______. Mostly bc the enzyme the gene produces is most effective at certain temperatures example evening primrose produces red flowers at 23 C but white at 18 C, Siamese cats have dark fur where body temp is slightly cooler
answer
Temperature sensitive
Unlock the answer
question
English physician Garrod studied disease called _____. People who have this cannot metabolize ______ which accumulates in fissures and is excreted in urine where oxidation occurs and turns urine black and causes darkness in cartilaginous areas like ears and nose. He added phe and tyr to diets and homogentisic acid increased. Determined that disease was inherited as simple recessive trait and hypothesized that hereditary info controls metabolism
answer
Alkaptonuria, homogentisic acid
Unlock the answer
question
Some small homology between X and Y in humans
answer
Pseudoautosomal regions
Unlock the answer
question
Morgan discovered white eye mutation in drosophila and reciprocal crosses gave different results. Red F x white M = all red, red M x white F = red F and white M. Hypothesized that gene color of eyes was on X chromosome and one dose of recessive was sufficient to produce mutant in males but it took 2 doses in females
answer
X-linkage in drosophila
Unlock the answer
question
Examples of x-linkage in humans
answer
Color blindness, fabrys disease, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy
Unlock the answer
question
Heterogeneity sex is female not make so patterns are reversed in these two animals
answer
Birds, lepidopterans
Unlock the answer
question
A chromosome in its replicated form
answer
Dyad
Unlock the answer
question
Name 2 evolutionary benefits of meiosis that are not present in meiosis
answer
Reshuffling of homologous chromosomes and crossing over
Unlock the answer
question
The fundamental Mendelian process that involves the separation of contrasting genetic elements at the same locus is called ____
answer
Segregation
Unlock the answer
question
In what ways is sample size related to statistical testing
answer
By increasing sample size one increases the reliability of the statistical test and decreases the likelihood of errand pis conclusions from chance fluctuations in the data
Unlock the answer
question
In a chi square analysis what condition causes one to reject the null hypothesis
answer
When the probability value is less than .05 X^2 > Xc
Unlock the answer
question
If one is testing a goodness of fit to a 9:3:3:1 ratio ho many degrees of freedom would be associated with the chi square analysis
answer
3
Unlock the answer
question
Assuming no crossing over between the gene in question and the centromere when do alleles segregate during meiosis
answer
Meiosis I when homologous chromosomes go to opposite poles
Unlock the answer
question
In studies of human genetics usually a single individual brings the condition to the attention of a scientist or physician. When pedigrees are developed to illustrate transmission of the trait what term does one use to refer to this individual?
answer
Proband
Unlock the answer
question
A chromosome in its replicated form
answer
Dyad
Unlock the answer
question
Compute chi square value
answer
Sum of (O-E)^2/E
Unlock the answer
question
Segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other
answer
Independent assortment of Mendels second law
Unlock the answer
question
Performed simple crosses and rediscovered Mendels work in 1900
answer
Correns, DeVries, and Tschermak
Unlock the answer
question
AABBCC x aabbcc product of F2 generation
answer
27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 8 different phenotypes 27 different genotypes
Unlock the answer
question
Can get pure lines that are homozygous at all loci through _____ or other forms of inbreeding. This reduced heterozygosity by 1/2 each generation
answer
Selfing
Unlock the answer
question
Can use pure lines to produce hybrids by crossing them because hybrids show ______
answer
Hybrid vigor or heterosis
Unlock the answer
question
Inheritance of traits that you have to measure rather than count. Weight, height, length of femur
answer
Quantitative traits or polygenic traits
Unlock the answer
question
Polygenic or quantitative traits are controlled by a number of genes called
answer
Polygenes or quantitative trait loci QTL
Unlock the answer
question
Suggests that many genes act in a cumulative way to produce phenotype
answer
Multiple-factor hypothesis
Unlock the answer
question
Crossed red and white wheat strains and obtained an F1 with intermediate color and F2 into 5 different color categories. 1:4:6:4:1
answer
Nilsson-Ehle
Unlock the answer
question
Under what conditions does one expect a 1:1:1:1 ratio?
answer
AaBb x aabb
Unlock the answer
question
What conditions are likely to apply if the progeny from the cross AaBb x AaBb appear in the 9:3:3:1 ratio?
answer
Complete dominance, independent assortment, no gene interaction
Unlock the answer
question
Alleles at genetic loci act by producing molecules typically enzymes in ______
answer
Biosynthetic pathways
Unlock the answer
question
Alleles at genetic loci act by leading to growth and differentiation in _______
answer
Developmental pathways
Unlock the answer
question
Alleles at genetic loci act by act in _______ that transmit instructions from an extracellular signal (chemical, hormone, etc.) that activates a protein that eventually turns on/off genes
answer
Signal transduction pathways
Unlock the answer
question
Studied neurospora fungus eventually led to one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis later refined to one polypeptide. They induced mutations via x-rays that caused them to be unable to grow on minimal medium but would when supplemented with vitamins such as B-1
answer
Beadle and Tatum
Unlock the answer
question
Studied 7 mutant strains in neurospora and were able to construct partial biochemical pathway leading to synthesis of arginine. 4 mutants blocked precursor to ornithine rxn 2 mutants ornithine to citrulline and 1 citrulline to arginine
answer
Srb and Horowitz
Unlock the answer
question
Phenotypes often controlled by more than one locus so genes can interact in various ways to produce a given character
answer
Gene interaction
Unlock the answer
question
To detect gene interactions need to form _______ to see if they interact with each other in producing phenotype. Must know what each mutant does and make sure separate mutants are not just alleles of the same gene
answer
Double mutants
Unlock the answer
question
See whether 2 different mutants are the same. Cross 2 mutants and if wild type is produced in F1 then mutants are complementing each other and are at different loci. Cross F1 generation to get double mutants if no gene interaction then expect 9:3:3:1 ratio with double mutant 1/16
answer
Complementation test (cis/trans test)
Unlock the answer
question
Each mutant allele controls a different step in the same pathway. Both dominant alleles are necessary for purple color in harebell. Either or both mutants produce white phenotype, epistasis
answer
9:7
Unlock the answer
question
Occurs when genes at different loci control the expression of the same character. When alleles prevent expression of others they are said to be epistatic whereas alleles at second locus which are masked are said to be hypostatic to alleles at first locus ex blue eyed Mary plant, Labrador retrievers
answer
Recessive epistasis 9:3:4
Unlock the answer
question
Foxglove phenotype with petal color affects intensity of pigment, dark red or light red, and another where pigment is deposited, throat vs petals,
answer
Dominant epistasis 12:3:1
Unlock the answer
question
Some genes suppress action of others so if have mutant it reverts to wild type in presence of a suppressor gene at another locus ex purple eye color in drosophila
answer
Suppression 13:3
Unlock the answer
question
When genes that are transferred to a different location on the chromosome act differently especially is gene is located in heterochromatin region
answer
Position effects
Unlock the answer
question
Autosomal recessive causes this lethal disease that does not show for the first few months but children die by age 3
answer
Tay-Sachs
Unlock the answer
question
X linked recessive disorder not seen until 3-5 years usually die in 20s
answer
Duchenne muscular dystrophy DMD
Unlock the answer
question
Autosomal dominant not seen until 30-50 years
answer
Huntingtons disease
Unlock the answer
question
Mutant gene does not always fully express phenotype, percentage of individuals expressing mutant caused by environment, suppressor or epistatic genes
answer
Incomplete Penetrance
Unlock the answer
question
Expresses variability of phenotypic expression
answer
Expressivity
Unlock the answer
question
Ratio from mono hybrid cross with incomplete dominance
answer
1:2:1
Unlock the answer
question
AaBb x AaBb is made in which gene loci are autosomal, independently assorting, and incompletely dominant what phenotypic ratio would you expect from this cross
answer
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
Unlock the answer
question
Regarding the ABO blood group system in humans if an individual is genetically IBIO yet expressed the O blood type it is likely that they have the ______ genotype
answer
hh (Bombay)
Unlock the answer
question
If a cross yields a 15:1 ratio the phenotype with 15/16 probability is produced by the interaction of
answer
Two dominant genes at different loci
Unlock the answer
question
Cock feathering in chickens is an example of what kind of trait?
answer
Sex-limited
Unlock the answer
question
In drosophila male flies that are hemizygous for forked bristles a recessive sex linked gene have normal bristles if they are hemizygous for another recessive gene known as su-f. What does this illustrate?
answer
Importance of genetic environment
Unlock the answer
question
When 2 genes fail to assort independently the term normally applied is
answer
Linkage
Unlock the answer
question
The phenomenon in which one cross over increases the likelihood of crossovers in nearby regions is called
answer
Negative interference
Unlock the answer
question
Hershey chase experiment offered evidence in support of DNA being the genetic material in bacteriophages by labeling
answer
Phosphorus and sulfur
Unlock the answer
question
Enzyme that deals with synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
answer
Reverse transcriptase
Unlock the answer
question
What type of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other in double stranded DNA
answer
Hydrogen
Unlock the answer
question
Deoxyribose and nitrogenous base
answer
Nucleoside
Unlock the answer
question
In Hershey and chase experiment why was the pellet radioactive in the centrifuge tube that contained bacteria with viruses which had been grown on medium containing 32P
answer
The bacteria were in the pellet and many contained the radioactive viral DNA
Unlock the answer
question
Frederick griffiths experiments involving bacterium diplococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that a substance from one bacterial strain could genetically transform other bacterial strains. What was the name of the substance capable of such transformation and who determined its identity?
answer
Deoxyribonucleic acid Avery et al
Unlock the answer
question
DNA polymerase III add nucleotides to the
answer
3' end of the RNA primer
Unlock the answer
question
DNA polymerase I is thought to add nucleotides
answer
In place of the primer RNA after it is removed
Unlock the answer
question
DNA replication in prokaryotes
answer
Fixed point of initiation bidirectional semi conservative
Unlock the answer
question
Determined DNA replication in E. coli is semiconservative by supplying 15N in order to distinguish new from old DNA, one band seen after one generation of replication and 2 bands after two generations of replication, more dense 15N near bottom at equilibrium
answer
Meselson and stahl
Unlock the answer
question
To initiate DNA replication in vitro kornberg used
answer
DNA polymerase, 4 deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates & DNA template
Unlock the answer
question
In eukaryotic DNA synthesis a gap in DNA synthesis from the lagging stand template created by removal of the primer in this region is solved by
answer
Telomerase which adds repeats that form a hairpin loop that fills the gap and allows synthesis
Unlock the answer
question
All such mutations in bacteria are generally expressed directly because
answer
Bacteria are haploid
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteria that cannot grow in a minimal medium. They have lost the ability to synthesize one or more organic compounds
answer
Autotrophs
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteria that can grow in minimal medium
answer
Prototroph
Unlock the answer
question
Bacteria growth at first is slow
answer
Lag phase
Unlock the answer
question
Period of rapid growth for bacteria
answer
Log phase
Unlock the answer
question
No additional growth occurs in bacteria 10^9 cells/mL
answer
Stationary phase
Unlock the answer
question
performed experiment with 2 auxotrophic e coli strains with F+ and F- factor
answer
Lederburg and Tatum
Unlock the answer
question
performed interrupted mating experiment with Hfr x F- to show genes were transferred in a specific order, linear but different direction each time, showed chromosome was circular and being cut
answer
wollman and jacob
Unlock the answer
question
F factor not transferred bc its at the end, forms a merozygote which consists of endogenote, one complete genome, and one partial genome, exogenote. exogenote must integrate to be expressed which happens only by double or even number of cross over
answer
Hfr x F-
Unlock the answer
question
F plasmid is integrated into genome
answer
Hfr
Unlock the answer
question
F plasmid is independent of genome
answer
F+
Unlock the answer
question
with genome passing linearly we can map the genome by
answer
minutes
Unlock the answer
question
when F factor leaves genome and goes into cytoplasm and takes part of bacterial genome
answer
F'
Unlock the answer
question
can pass F factor and bacterial genes from another bacteria, creates partial diploid called merozygote
answer
F' x F-
Unlock the answer
question
uses sex pilus
answer
conjugation
Unlock the answer
question
bacteria takes up extracellular pieces of DNA from the environment, binds at a receptor site on a competent bacteria cell, pass into cell via active transport, 1 of 2 strands of DNA is degraded and other pairs with homologous region which it replaces, get heteroduplex since strands are not identical
answer
transformation
Unlock the answer
question
in transformation, after replication you get 2 different cells
answer
one with original genotype and one with transformed genes
Unlock the answer
question
genes on DNA that get transformed are close to each other and said to be _________ and can establish relative mapping distances
answer
linked
Unlock the answer
question
phage attacks bacteria, bacteria replication shuts down and phage dna replication occurs and make new phages, discovered by regular crosses of auxotrophic mutants where bacterial cells did not have contact, one had prophage and one didnt, prophage broke from chromosome became lytic and infected the other bacterial cell with some of the dna it took from the first bacterial cell
answer
transduction
Unlock the answer
question
cell is lysed when 200 phages are made and lysozome bursts cell, clear areas where they get out is called plaque
answer
lytic cycle (lysis)
Unlock the answer
question
dna from phage integrates onto chromosome (prophage)
answer
lysogenic cycle (lysogeny)
Unlock the answer
question
can only lyse the cell
answer
virulent phage
Unlock the answer
question
can lyse cell or act as prophage
answer
temperate phage
Unlock the answer
question
viral dna that can replicate in the cytoplasm or as part of bacterial chromosome
answer
episome
Unlock the answer
question
any region of the bacterial chromosome is mistakenly packaged
answer
generalized transduction
Unlock the answer
question
DNA integrates into bacterial genome and can replicate with it
answer
complete transduction
Unlock the answer
question
DNA does not integrate into genome and cannot replicate but is passed down from one cell to the next
answer
abortive transduction
Unlock the answer
question
specific genes such as gal are transduced, makes merozygotes
answer
specialized transduction
Unlock the answer
question
recombination in phages produce mutants with larger plaque and clear edges
answer
rapid lysis (r)
Unlock the answer
question
T2 phages can infect E. coli B (normal) but with this mutant they can infect E. coli B-2 causing center of plaques to appear darker
answer
host range (h) mutation
Unlock the answer
question
how to find recombination frequency in phages,
answer
% recombinant plaques/ total plaques
Unlock the answer
question
h+r and hr+ allow 2 mutants to simultaneously infect bacteria
answer
mixed infections
Unlock the answer
question
more doubles than expected on random chance in mixed infections of phages
answer
negative interference
Unlock the answer
question
did experiment on rII locus recombination of t4 phage, mutants at this locus produced distict plaques when grown on B bacteria but cannot grow on K bacteria, mixed 2 r mutants together in B and allowed them to grow and then plated them on K to let them grow therefore since they grew on K they complemented each other
answer
Benzer
Unlock the answer
question
benzer eventually used deletions for recombination testing, when crossed point mutation in area of deletion with deletion mutant would not recombine as WT, so know mutation is in area of deletion, used overlapping deletions to narrow mutation site, many deletion sites now known as nucleotides, this was referred to as the _______
answer
fine structure analysis
Unlock the answer
question
genetic material must be capable of:
answer
replication during meiosis/mitosis, storage of hereditary info, expression of info, mutation,
Unlock the answer
question
central dogma of molecular genetics
answer
DNA makes mRNA makes proteins
Unlock the answer
question
prokaryote studies of virulent (smooth) streptococcus and avirulent (rough), living S = mouse dies, heat killed S = mouse lives, living R into mice = mouse lives, living R with heat-killed S = mouse dies, called this tranformation
answer
griffith
Unlock the answer
question
follow up griffiths work, S strain extract into mouse with polysaccharides, lipids, RNA, and protein all destroyed mouse dies and live S strain recovered. but when DNA destroyed mouse lived and no live S strain recovered
answer
avery et al
Unlock the answer
question
used radioisotopes 32P and 35S in T2 phage, P incorporated into DNA and S into protein with phage in presence of bacteria P was inside bacteria and most of S was outside
answer
hershey chase
Unlock the answer
question
number of ways to arrange nucleotides
answer
4^n, n = number of nucleotides
Unlock the answer
question
studied x-ray diffraction and proposed DNA structure, rosalind franklin found pattern
answer
watson and crick
Unlock the answer
question
concluded wrong that DNA was triple helix
answer
linus pauling
Unlock the answer
question
U replaces T, single stranded, can fold back to form double strand regions
answer
RNA
Unlock the answer
question
measures sedimentation of RNA determined by size and shape
answer
svedburg coefficient S
Unlock the answer
question
largest RNA makes up ____% of RNA in cell
answer
rRNA, 80
Unlock the answer
question
length of DNA that is replicated following one initiation at a single origin (in bacteria is entire chromosome)
answer
replicon
Unlock the answer
question
discovered DNA polymerase I
answer
kornberg
Unlock the answer
question
DNA polymerase I and II have 3' to 5' exonuclease activity which allows them to cut out the wrong nucleotide and synthesis can proceed
answer
exonuclease proofreading
Unlock the answer
question
differences in eukaryotic replication compared to prokaryotic
answer
have multiple replication origins (many replicons), have a number of DNA polymerases, special process for replication at end of chromosome
Unlock the answer
question
origins of replicating segments of yeast (250-400 replicons) consist of 11 base pairs flanked by short sequences
answer
automonously replicating sequences ARSs
Unlock the answer
question
6 types of DNA polymerase in eukaryotes
answer
3 for DNA replication, 2 for DNA repair, 1 for synthesis of mitochondrial DNA
Unlock the answer
question
special process for replication at end of chromosome
answer
primer produced at end of chromosome has no OH to build on so shortens by one length of RNA primer so telomerase carries a short RNA molecule so primase can add primer and fill gap
Unlock the answer
question
telomerase in a protozoan
answer
contains its own RNA of 159 bases including complementary ones and behaves like reverse transcriptase synthesizing a DNA complement
Unlock the answer
question
without telomeres
answer
double stand ends of chromosomes would be mistaken for double strand breaks by the cell and attempts would be made to repair these by fusing or stopping cell division
Unlock the answer
question
cancer cells maintain
answer
telomerase and allow cell to divide
Unlock the answer
question
people have shorter telomeres bc of mutation in WRN gene that codes for a helicase that is part of the telomere cap structure, causes premature aging
answer
werner syndrome
Unlock the answer
question
labeled uracil in RNA was found mostly in cytoplasm
answer
pulse-chase experiments
Unlock the answer
question
template strand
answer
antisense strand
Unlock the answer
question
nontemplate strand
answer
sense strand/coding strand
Unlock the answer
question
initiation is dependent on _____, or cis-acting elements (TATA 30 elements upstream) and (CAAT -80 upstream) general transcription factors, necessary for recognition by RNA polymerase
answer
promoters
Unlock the answer
question
trans-acting factors, proteins known as transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB)
answer
enhancers
Unlock the answer
question
RNA polymerase recognizes transcription factors and binds to promoter to form
answer
preinitiation complex
Unlock the answer
question
pre-mRNA has 7mG cap added to 5' end to prevent degradation and essential for translation and cleavage of 3' end 10 to 35 nucleotides form a conserved AAUAA and addition of a polyA tail, 150-200 As added (all done in nucleus)
answer
cotranscriptional modification or processing
Unlock the answer
question
foudn with spliceosome during splicing
answer
snRNA
Unlock the answer
question
rare introns form a ribozyme that perform function of spliceosome, RNA first genetic material, RNA world
answer
self-splicing
Unlock the answer
question
encodes a small RNA rather than protein that produced mutant phenotype, repress expression of genes, produced from genes that make longer DNA fold in half and cleaved into 22 nucleotide products, repress translation, or promote degredation by removing poly A tail
answer
miRNA micro
Unlock the answer
question
double strand RNA formed that repressed mRNA and results in gene silencing first found in C elegans roundworm 35 nucleotides in length
answer
siRNA
Unlock the answer
question
special subunit of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes that recognizes and binds to the promoter region
answer
sigma factor
Unlock the answer
question
protein synthesis took place in
answer
cytoplasm at ribosomes
Unlock the answer
question
regions of specific AA sequences that are associated with specific functions in protein molecules
answer
protein domains
Unlock the answer
question
used enzyme tryptophan shynthetase from e coli and isolated mutants and matched them turned out to be same order as altered amino acids: colinearity
answer
yanosky
Unlock the answer
question
used in vitro protein synthesizing system and polynucleotide phosphorylase which allowed production of synthetic mRNAs, enzyme required no DNa template unlike polymerase, created poly U strands and found phe matched
answer
nirrenburg and matthaei
Unlock the answer
question
wobble hypothesis several tRNAs with different anticodons may attract same AA
answer
crick
Unlock the answer
question
stop codons
answer
UAG, UAA, UGA
Unlock the answer
question
AA code for same in all species, except UGA codes for tryptophan in mtDNA or Mycoplasma capricolum or some protozoans
answer
universal code
Unlock the answer
question
AA binds to tRNA to begin charging under direction of
answer
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
Unlock the answer
question
complete set of proteins produced by genes in an organism, many more proteins than genes bc of alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications
answer
proteome
Unlock the answer
question
proteins assume a 3D configuration with chaperones, phosphorylation phosphate added to OH group by kinases removed by phosphatases, addition of multiple copies of protein ubiquitin that targets for protein degradation for short-lived damaged or mutated proteins, change in N-termal to signal sequence used for protein targeting
answer
posttranslational modifications
Unlock the answer