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Psychology

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Psychology is the science of mental and behavior processes. *All science study the same mental and behavior processes. However, they do not have the same perspectives.

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Psychology Perspectives

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General points of view used for explaining peoples behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal

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School of Thoughts

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The school of thoughts is more useful to refer to psychological perspectives

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Psychological perspectives

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1. Behavioral 2. Psycho Analistic 3. Humanistic 4. Cognitive 5. Evolutionary 6. Biological 7. Social Cultural

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Behavioral

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Emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinable of behavior *Environmental factors

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Psyco Analistic

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The term Feud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders; the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory. *Emotions, unconscious motivations, early childhood experiences

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Humanistic

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The focus of uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice and growth. *Subjective experiences, intrinsic motivation to achieve self-actualization

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Cognitive

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The mental process such as memory, problem solving, decision making, perception, language, etc ... the way humans process information

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Evolutionary

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Studies the human behaviors required for survival have adapted in the have of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution. *Inherited traits that enhance adaptability.

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Biological

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Looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences. *Biological structures, processes, heredity

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Social Cultural

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Social and cultural factors that may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factor in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others. *Social and cultural variables

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Specialties in psychology

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1. Clinical psychologist 2. School psychologist 3. Forensic psychologist 4. Counseling psychologist 5. Physiological psychologist 6. Experimental psychologist 7. Developmental psychologist 8. Educational psychologist 9. Social psychologist 10. Industrial/ Organizational psychologist

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Clinical psychologist

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Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders such as anxiety, phobias, and schizophrenia

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School psychologist

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Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of learning and behavioral problems that interfere with learning

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Forensic psychologist

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Apply their training in psychological issues involving psychology and law

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Counseling psychologist

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help people that have adjustment problems (marital, social, or behavioral) that are generally less severe than those handled by clinical psychologists.

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Physiological psychologist

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Study the relationship between physiological process and behavior.

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Experimental psychologist

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Conduct experiments in most areas of psychology (learning, memory, sensation, perception, motivation, emotion and others.)

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Developmental psychologist

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Study how people grow, develop, and change throughout the life plan

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Educational psychologist

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Specialize in the study of teaching and learning, study learning in typically developing people.

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Social psychologist

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Investigate how the individual feels, thinks, and behave in a social setting

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Industrial/Organizational psychologist

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Study the relationships between people and their work environment.

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Descriptive research methods

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Research methods that yield descriptions of behavior.

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Research methods

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1. Naturalistic observation 2. Laboratory observation 3. Case Study 4. Survey

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Naturalistic observation

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A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it.

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Laboratory observation

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A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting.

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Case Study

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A descriptive research method in which a single individual or small group of persons are studied in great depth.

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Survey

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A descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attributes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a small group of people.

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Scientific Method

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The orderly, systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings.

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Steps in Scientific Method

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1. Observe and Theorize 2. Formulate a Hypothesis 3. Design a Study 4. Collect Data 5. Apply Results to the Hypothesis

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Observe and Theorize

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Is the first step in the scientific method and is an interactive one in which a researcher observes some phenomenon and theorize, or develops a hunch, about what might lead to it.

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Theory

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A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related.

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Formulate a hypothesis

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The second step in the scientific method. A testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process my occur.

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Design and Study

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The third step in the scientific method. This is to test the hypothesis. The researcher could design a study.

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Collect Data

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The forth step in the scientific method. Once the researcher conducts their study, they collect data that is relevant to their hypothesis.

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Apply the Results to the Hypothesis

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The researcher concludes if the data supports their hypothesis. Makes other psychologist aware of their findings, presents in a professional meeting such as American Psychological Association, or by publishing it in a professional journal. or they can apply a replication. (The process of repeating a study to verify research findings)

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Goals of Psychology

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There are four goals in psychologists pursue when they plan and conduct their studies. 1. Description: Identifying and classifying behaviors and mental processes as accurately as possible 2. Explanation: Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes. 3. Prediction: Offering predictions (or hypothesis) about how a given condition or set of conditions will affect behaviors and processes. 4. Influence: Using the results of research to solve practical problems that involve behavior and mental processes.

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Types of research

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There are two types of research: 1. Basic Research: Research conducted to see new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding. 2. Applied Research: Research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life.

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Correctional Method

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A research method used to establish the degree of relationship (correlation) between two characteristics, events, or behavior.

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Memory

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The process of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

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Memory Processing

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1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval 4. Memory

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Categorizes of Memory

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1. Sensory 2. Short-Term 3. Long-Term

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Sensory Memory

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The memory system that holds information from senses for a period ranging from only one fraction of a second to about to seconds.

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Short Term Memory

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The component of the memory system that holds about seven items for less than 30 seconds without retrieval; also called the working memory.

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Chunking

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A memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into longer units, which are easier to remember.

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Rehersal

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The act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in the short term memory.

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Automaticity

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The ability to recall information from long term memory without effort.

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Long Term Memory

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The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a persons permanent or relatively permanent memories.

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Types of Long Term Memory

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1. Declarative Memory (explicit) 2. Non-Declarative Memory (implicit)

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Declarative Memory

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Explicit Part of the memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or the form of images and the declared or stated. a. Episodic - declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced. b. Semantic - declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective fact and information

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Hippocampus

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Is the part of the brain that transfers short-term memory to long-term memory

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Non Declarative Memory

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Implicit Stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses. a. Motor Skills - acquired through repetitive practice and include such things as eating with a fork, riding a bicycle, driving a car with no conscious effort. b. Classically Conditioned - Ex. Feeling nauseated at the sight or smell of certain food

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Reasons of Forgeting

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1. Failure to Encode 2. Failure to Decay 3. Failure to Retrieve 4. Interference (proactive/retroactive)

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Retrieving

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1. Recalling - instant search in memory 2. Recognition - being familiar/ encountered before 3. Relearning - Retention/ Reviewing

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Encoding Failure

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Occurs when information was never put into long-term memory

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Decay Failure

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Theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear all together.

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Retrieval Failure

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Not remembering something one is certain of knowing.

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Interferance

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A cause of forgetting that occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember. Proactive - old information interfere with new information Retroactive - new information interfere with old information

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Is a condition when patients can recall information but they can't recall old information

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Is a condition when patients can't transfer new information from short term to long term. But they can retrieve old information previously stored in long term.

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Amnesia

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A partial or complete loss of memory due to loss of consciousness, brain damage, or some psychological cause.

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Repression

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A psychological process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious.

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Infantile Amnesia

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The relative inability of older children and adults to recall events from the first two years of life.

General Psychology (SSY101:LAGCC) Chapter One/Six/Two (my study notes) – Flashcards

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