General Psychology Module 3 – Flashcards
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Stimulus
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physical energy an organism senses
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Introspection
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to look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
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Structuralism
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school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements (Edward Titchener)
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Functionalism
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school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments (William James)
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Natural Selection
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Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions
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Behaviorism
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school of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior (John B Watson)
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Response
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any muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior
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Cognitive Behaviorism
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an approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (e.g. perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior
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Gestalt Psychology
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emphasizes the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts EX: singing "happy birthday" on different instruments but still getting the same notes and song "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." (Max Wertheimer)
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Unconscious
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contents of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person (Sigmund Freud)
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Psychoanalysis
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a Freudian approach to psychotherapy that emphasizes exploring unconscious conflicts
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Neo-Freudian
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a psychologist who accepts the broad features of Freud's theory but has revised the theory to fit his or her own concepts
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Psychodynamic Theory
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any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
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Humanism
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an approach to psychology that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
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Determinism
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the idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
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Self-Actualization
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the ongoing process of fully developing one's personal potential (Abraham Maslow)
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Biological Perspective
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the attempt to explain behavior in terms of underlying biological principles
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Neuroscience
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the broader field of biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists
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Evolutionary Psychology
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study of how human evolution and genetics might explain our current behavior
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Psychological Perspective
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traditional view that behavior is shaped by psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual
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Positive Psychology
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study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning
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Sociocultural Perspective
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focus on the importance of social and cultural contexts in influencing the behavior of individuals
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Cultural Relativity
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the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs
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Social Norms
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rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group
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Psychologist
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a person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
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Animal Model
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in research, an animal whose behavior is studied to derive principles that may apply to human behavior
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Clinical Psychologist
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psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
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Counseling Psychologist
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psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional and behavioral disturbances
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Psychiatrist
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medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
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Psychoanalyst
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mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis
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Counselor
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mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not involves serious mental disorders EX: marriage, career, etc.
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Psychiatric Social Worker
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mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals
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William Wundt
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the father of psychology studied vision, hearing, taste, touch, memory, time perception, and many other topics
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William James
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person who broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, and abnormal behavior
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John B Watson
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a behavioralist believed that introspection is unscientific because there is no objective way to settle disagreements between observers "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, etc."
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Sigmund Freud
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believed that mental life is like an iceberg: only a small part is exposed to view
