question

Psychology

answer

the science of behavior and mental processes

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Positive Psychology

answer

a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience

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Biological Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes.

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Cognitive Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 005)

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Engineering Psychology

answer

a field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help designers create better versions of that equipment

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Developmental Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over the course of a life time

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Personality Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study the characteristics that make individuals similar to, or different from, one another. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 005)

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Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior

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Community Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 006)

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Health Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness, and vice versa

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Educational Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

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School Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who test IQs, diagnose students academic problems, and set up programs to improve students achievement. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

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Social Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study how people influence one anothers behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 007)

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Industrial and Organizational Psychologists

answer

Study behavior of people and work, like those in organizations

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Quantitative Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

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Sport Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

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Forensic Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

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Environmental Psychologists

answer

Psychologists who study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 008)

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Neuroscience

answer

the field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes

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Consciousness

answer

awareness of ourselves and our environment

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Biological Approach

answer

An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals

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Evolutionary Approach

answer

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes

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Psychodynamic Approach

answer

Psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the interplay of unconscious psychological processes in determining human thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

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Behavioral Approach

answer

An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments

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Cognitive Approach

answer

A way of looking at human behavior that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 020)

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Humanistic Approach

answer

An approach to psychology that views behavior as controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 020)

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Operational Definition

answer

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 025)

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Reliability

answer

the degree to which an observed difference in sample means reflects a real difference in population means and is not attributable to chance, the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.

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Validity

answer

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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Theory

answer

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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Naturalistic Observation

answer

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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Case Study

answer

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 026)

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Neuropsychology

answer

branch of the psych. that deals with the relationship between the nervous system and mental processes

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Correlational Study

answer

a research method that examines relationships between variables in order to analyze trends in data, to test predictions, to evaluate theories, and to suggest new hypotheses

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Independent Variable

answer

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

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Dependent Variable

answer

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

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Confound

answer

In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable

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Random Variable

answer

a confounding variable in which uncontrolled factors affected the dependent variable along with or instead of the independent variable

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Experimenter Bias

answer

(psychology) bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment

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Behavioral Genetics

answer

the study of how genes and environment work together to shape behavior

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Epigenetics

answer

the scientific study of changes in the expression of a gene or set of genes that occur without change in the DNA sequence

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Descriptive Statistics

answer

numbers that describe and summarize a set of research data

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Inferential Statistics

answer

set of mathematical procedures that help researchers learn if their research data reflects a true relationship or could be due to random chance

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Mode

answer

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

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Median

answer

The middle number in a set of numbers that are listed in order

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Range

answer

difference between the largest and smallest measurements in a distribution

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Standard Deviation

answer

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

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Correlation

answer

a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other

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Correlation Coefficient

answer

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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Statistical Significance

answer

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 043)

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Biological Psychology

answer

The psychological specialy focused on the physical and chemical changes that cause, and occur in response to, behavior and mental processes. (Bernstein Psychology 8e p. 059)

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Nervous System

answer

A complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately.

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Neurons

answer

nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system

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Glial Cells

answer

cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate with one another

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Axons

answer

long, thin fibers that transmit signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons or to muscles and glands

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Dendrites

answer

the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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Synapses

answer

the gaps between neurons, across which chemical messages are sent

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Action Potential

answer

An abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized

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Myelin

answer

a white, fatty substance that insulates axons and enables rapid transmission of neural impulses

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Refractory Period

answer

A short rest period between action potentials

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Neurotransmitters

answer

Chemicals that assist in the transfer of signals from one neuron to another

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Neural Receptors

answer

Sites on the surfaces of a cell that allow only one type of neurotransmitter to fit into them, triggering a chemical response that may lead to action potential

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Postsynaptic Potential

answer

the change in the membrane potential of a neuron that has received stimulation from another neuron

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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

answer

A postsynaptic potential that depolarizes the neuronal membrane, making the cell more likely to fire an action potential

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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

answer

a postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential

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Central Nervous System

answer

the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

answer

the parts of the nervous system not housed in bone

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Somantic Nervous System

answer

The part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information between the central nervous system and the sensory organs and muscles; also controls voluntary movements.

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Sensory Neurons

answer

Cells in the nervous system that provide information to the brain about the enviroment

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Motor Neurons

answer

The neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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Autonomic Nervous System

answer

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

answer

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

answer

the subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that typically influences activity related to the protection, nourishment, and growth of the body

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Hindbrain

answer

An extension of the spinal cord contained inside the skull where nuclei control blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and other vital functions

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Medulla Oblongata

answer

part of the brain which controls living functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

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Reticular Formation

answer

nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

question

Locus Coeruleus

answer

a small nucleus in the reticular formation that is involved in directing attention

question

Cerebellum

answer

the part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language

question

Midbrain

answer

small structure between hindbrain and forebrain that relays info from eyes, ears and skin that controls certain types of automatic behaviours

question

Substantia Nigra

answer

midbrain area that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway

question

striatum

answer

a structure within the forebrain that is involved in the smooth beginning of movement

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Forebrain

answer

largest, most complicated, and most advanced of the three divisions of the brain; comprises the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, and cortex

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Thalamus

answer

Considered the central switching station of the brain because all of the body's senses (except the olfactory senses) pass through this before being relayed to the brain.

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Hypothalamus

answer

brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst,and sex

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Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

answer

Nuclei in the hypothalamus that generate biological Rhythms

question

Amygdala

answer

brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

question

Hippocampus

answer

Associated with the formation of new memories

question

Limbic System

answer

Play important roles in regulating emotion and memory

question

Sensory Cortex

answer

The parts of the cerebral cortex that receive stimulus information from the senses

question

Motor Cortex

answer

part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body

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Association Cortex

answer

cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of information

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Neural Plasticity

answer

Ability to create new synapses and to change the strength of them

question

Neural Stem Cells

answer

Special Cells in the nervous system that are capable of dividing to form new tissue, including new neurons

question

Acetylcholine

answer

A neurotransmitter that among its fuctions, triggers muscle contraction

question

Norepinephrine

answer

neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal and the fight-or-flight system (also mood, sleep, and learning)

question

Serotonin

answer

Neurotransmitter used by cells in parts of the brain involved in the regulations of sleep, mood, and eating

question

Dopamine

answer

A neurotransmitter associated with movement and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

question

GABA

answer

Neurotransmitters that inhibits the firing of neurons

question

Glutamate

answer

An excitatory neurotransmitter that helps strengthen synaptic connections between neurons

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Endorphins

answer

Neurotransmitter that moderates pain

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Glands

answer

Organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

question

Endocrine System

answer

Cells that form organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones

question

Fight-or-Flight Syndrome

answer

physical reactions triggered by the sympathetic nervous system that prepare the body to fight or to run from a threatening situation

question

Transduction

answer

the process of converting incoming energy into neural activity

question

Neural Receptors

answer

Specialized cells that detect certain froms of energy and transduce them into nerve cell activity

question

Sensory Adaptation

answer

The process through which responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time

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Encoding

answer

conversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory

question

Specific Energy Doctrine

answer

Discovery that stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes for that sense, no matter how it takes place

question

Loudness

answer

Determined by Amplitude of a Soundwave

question

Pitch

answer

How high or low a tone sounds

question

Absolute Pitch

answer

the ability to identify the musical notes associated with specific sound frequencies

question

Timbre

answer

mixture of frequencies of amplitudes that make up the quality of the sound

question

Tympanic Membrane

answer

eardrum of amphibians inside the skull; vibrates in response to sound, allowing hearing

question

Cochlea

answer

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

question

Basilar Membrane

answer

floor of the fluid-filled duct that runs through the cochlea

question

Acoustic Nerve

answer

the bundle of axons that carries messages from the hair cells of the cochlea to the brain

question

Place Theory

answer

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.

question

Volley Theory

answer

a theory of hearing that states that the firing rate of an acoustic nerve matches a sound wave's frequency. Also called frequency-matching theory.

question

Cornea

answer

Curved, transparent protective layer though which light rays enter the eye

question

Pupil

answer

An opening in the eye which light passes

question

Iris

answer

Colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the ye

question

Lens

answer

the part of the eye behind the pupil that bends light rays, focusing them on light rays

question

Retina

answer

The surfaces at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses

question

Ocular Accommodation

answer

the ability of the lens to change its shape and bend light rays so objects are in focus

question

Photoreceptors

answer

light sensitive cells (rods and cones) that convert light to electrochemical impulses

question

Photopigments

answer

chemicals in photoreceptors that respond to light and assist in converting light into neural activity

question

Rods

answer

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.

question

Cones

answer

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)

question

Fovea

answer

area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute

question

Optic Nerve

answer

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

question

Ganglion Cells

answer

neurons that synapse with bipolar cells and carry message to optic nerve.

question

Trichromatic Theory

answer

A theory of color vision identifying three types of visual identifying three types of visual elements, each of which is most sensitive to different wavelengths of light

question

Opponent-Process Theory

answer

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 213)

question

Synesthesia

answer

a blending of sensory experience in which different stimuli can cause odd sensations (taste colors, give personality to numbers, see written words as colored, etc.)

question

Olfactory Perception

answer

Sense of smell

question

Tast Perception

answer

Sense of Taste

question

Olfactory Bulb

answer

Brain structure that receives messages regarding smell

question

Pheromones

answer

Chemicals released by one animal and detected by another that shape the second animal's behavior or physiology

question

Vomeronasal System

answer

Part of Olfactory system that is sensitive to pheromones

question

Papillae

answer

structures on the tongue containing taste buds

question

Cutaneous Senses

answer

Senses of touch, temperature, pain, and kinesthesia

question

Gate Control Theory of Pain

answer

a belief that a neural gate in the spinal cord opens to allow pain messages to reach the brain and closes to shut them out

question

Analgesia

answer

The absence of pain sensations in the presence of a normally painful stimulus

question

Proprioceptive Senses

answer

The sensory systems that allow us to know about where we are and what each part of our body is doing.

question

Vestibular Sense

answer

a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head

question

Kinesthetic Perception

answer

the body's ability to sense movement; refers to the muscle retention of the movement and the effort required to produce dance

question

Computational Model

answer

An approach to perception that focuses on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality

question

Constructivist Approach

answer

An approach to perception taken by those who argue that the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality

question

Ecologoical Approach

answer

An approach to perception maintaining that humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the word are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences

question

Psychophysics

answer

An area of research focusing on the relationship between the physical characteristics of environmental stimuli and the psychological experiences those stimuli produce.

question

Subliminal Stimulation

answer

Stimulation that is too weak or brief to be perceived

question

Supraliminal Stimulation

answer

stimulaton that is strong enough to be consistently perceived

question

Absolute Threshold

answer

minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time

question

Response Criterion

answer

the internal rule a person uses to decide whether or not to report a stimulus

question

Signal Detection Theory

answer

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.

question

Just Noticeable Difference

answer

Smallest detectable difference in the stimulus energy

question

Weber's Law

answer

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

question

Interposition

answer

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

question

Linear Perspective

answer

the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

question

Motion Parallax

answer

a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene

question

Looming

answer

Motion cue involving a rapid extension of an image so that it fills the retina

question

Retinal Disparity

answer

A depth Cue based on the difference between two retinal images of the world

question

Stroboscopic Illusion

answer

an illusion of motion that is created when we see slightly different images or slightly displaced lights flashed in rapid succession

question

Perceptual Constancy

answer

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent lightness, color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

question

Top-Down Processing

answer

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

question

Bottom-Up Processing

answer

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

question

Learning

answer

a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience.

question

Habituation

answer

Process of adapting to stimuli that do not change

question

Classical Conditioning

answer

a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus

question

Unconditioned Stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

question

Unconditioned Response

answer

an automatic response to a particular natural stimulus, such as salivation to meat

question

Conditioned Stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

question

Conditioned Response

answer

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

question

Extinction

answer

The diminishing of a conditioned response

question

Reconditioning

answer

the process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction

question

Spontaneous Recovery

answer

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

question

Stimulus Generalization

answer

Process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

question

Stimulus Discrimination

answer

a process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one

question

Higher-Order Conditioning

answer

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

question

Law of Effect

answer

(psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences

question

Operant Conditioning

answer

a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones

question

Escape Conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus

question

Avoidance Conditioning

answer

training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts.

question

Discriminative Conditioned Stimuli

answer

Stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made

question

Shaping

answer

Process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response

question

primary Reinforcers

answer

Reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water.

question

Secondary Reinforcers

answer

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

question

Continuous Reinforcement

answer

A pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs

question

Partial Reinforcement

answer

A pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs

question

Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

answer

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

question

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

answer

operant conditioning procedures in which organisms receive rewards for a certain percentage of behaviors that are emitted, but this percentage is not fixed

question

Fixed-Interval Reinforcement

answer

operant conditioning procedures in which organisms receive rewards for their responses only after a fixed amount of time

question

Variable-Interval Reinforcement

answer

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

question

Partial Reinforcement Effect

answer

a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule

question

Learned Helplessness

answer

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.

question

Insight

answer

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

question

Nonconscious Level

answer

the level of consciousness at which reside processes that are totally inaccessible to conscious awareness

question

Preconscious Level

answer

a level of mental activity that is not currently conscious but of which we can easily become conscious

question

Unconscious Level

answer

a level of mental activity that influences consciousness but is not conscious

question

non-REM sleep

answer

Sleep stages 1 through 4, which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity.

question

REM Sleep

answer

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 276)

question

Circadian Rhythm

answer

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

question

Insomnia

answer

A sleep disorder involving difficulty faling asleep or staying asleep at night

question

Narcolepsy

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

question

Sleep Apnea

answer

A sleep disorder in which people briefly by repeatedly stop breathing during the night

question

SIDS

answer

A disorder in which sleeping baby stops breathing and suffocates

question

Sleep Terror Disorder

answer

Occurrence of horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep, followed by a rapid awakening in a state of intense fear

question

REM Behavior Disorder

answer

A sleep disorder in which a person does not lose muscle tone during REM sleep, allowing the person to act out dreams

question

Lucid Dreaming

answer

Awareness that a dream is a dream while it is happening

question

State theories of Hypnosis

answer

Theories proposing that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

question

Nonstate Theories of Hypnosis

answer

Proposing the Hypnosis does not create an altered state of consciousness

question

Psychoactive Drug

answer

A substance that acts on the brain to cause some psychological effect

question

Agonist

answer

drug or other chemical that enhances or mimics the effects of neurotransmitters

question

Antagonist

answer

drug or other chemical that inhibits the effects of neurotransmitters

question

CNS Psychoactive Drugs

answer

Drugs that inhibit the functioning of the CNS

question

CNS Stimulating Drugs

answer

Psychoactive Drugs that have the ability to increase behavioral and mental activity

question

Opiates

answer

Drugs such as opium, morphine, and heroin that produce sleep-inducing and pain relieving effects

question

Hallucinogenic Drugs

answer

psychoactive drugs that alter consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changed in emotion, perception, and thought

question

Assimilation

answer

the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

question

Accomodation

answer

a mental process that restructures existing schemas so that the new info is better understood ex:a child's schema of a bird includes any flying object, until they learn that a butterfly or a plane is not a bird

question

Sensorimotor Stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

question

Object Permanence

answer

recognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age

question

Preoperational Stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

question

Conservation

answer

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

question

Concrete Operations

answer

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age

question

Formal Operational Stage

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

question

Preconventional Reasoning

answer

Reasoning that is not yet based on the conventions or rules that guide social interactions in society.

question

Conventional Reasoning

answer

Reasoning that reflects the belief that morality consists of following rules and conventions.

question

PostConventional Reasoning

answer

Reasoning that reflects moral judgments based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human life.

question

Generativity

answer

in Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself ex:to family, work, or future generations

question

Terminal Drop

answer

A sharp decline in mental functioning that tends to occur in late adulthood, a few years or months before death.

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