General Psychology In Everyday Life David Meyer Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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Memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
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Encoding
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the process of getting information into the memory system.
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Storage
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retaining of encoded information over time.
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Retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage.
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Sensory Memory
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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
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short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds few items briefly (such as the 7 digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten.
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long-term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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working memory
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a view of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of information, whether newly encoded or retrieved from long-term memory.
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time frequency, and well-learned word meanings.
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
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serial position effect
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the tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
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implicit memory
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retaining learned skills or conditioning, often without conscious awareness of this learning.
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explicit memory
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memories of facts and personal events that you can consciously retrieve.
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with encoding meaning.
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long-term potentiation (LTP)
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an increased in a synapse's firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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recall
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memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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recognition
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memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.
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relearning
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memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time.
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retrieval cue
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any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory.
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deja vu
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that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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mood-congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood.
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memory trace
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enduring physical changes in the brain as a memory forms.
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interference
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the blocking of recall as old or new learning disrupts the recall of other memories.
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.
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misinformation effect
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a memory that has been corrupted by misleading information.
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source amnesia
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faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.
