General Psychology Chapter 8 Memory – Flashcards
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Memory
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The persistance of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
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Recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
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Relearning
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A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning info again.
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Encoding
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The processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning
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Storage
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The retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage
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Sensory memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before it is stored or forgotten
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Long-term memory
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The permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, experiences
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Working memory
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Newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and info retrieved from long term memory
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Explicit memory
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Memory that one consciously knows and declares (declarative memory)
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Effortful processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Automatic processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and well learned memory
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Implicit memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclaritive memory)
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Iconic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. Photographic memory last no more than a second
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Echoic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. Can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units automatically
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Mnemonics
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Memory aids, especially those with vivid visuals and devices
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Spacing effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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Testing effect
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Enhanced memory after retrieving info. Sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
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Shallow processing
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Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
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Deep processing
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Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words tends to yield the best retention
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Hippocampus
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A neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage
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Flashbulb memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Long term potentiation
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An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
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Priming
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The activation, of often unconscious, particular associations in memory
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Mood-congruent memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent With one's current good or bad mood
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Serial position effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last, recent, and first, primary, items on a list
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Anterograde amnesia
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An inability to form new memories
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Retrograde amnesia
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An inability to retrieve information from one's past
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Proactive interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
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Retroactive interference
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories
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Misinformation effect
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Incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event
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Source amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced (source misattribution)
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Deja vu
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The eerie sense that "i've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an early experience.
