General Psychology, Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
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learning
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a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the imporance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping
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behaviorism
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learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events
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associative learning
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the process of learning associations
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conditioning
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What are the two types of conditioning?
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classical and operant
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when organisms learn the association between two stimuli; as a result they learn to anticipate events
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classical conditioning
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organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward; learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards and decrease those that are punished
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operant conditioning
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learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior
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observational learning
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learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
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classical conditioning
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a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response (UR)
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a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus pairing
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conditioned response (CR)
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the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
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acquisition
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the CS and US are presented very close together in time
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contiguity
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the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way
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contingency
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the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
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generalization (in classical conditioning)
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the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
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discrimination (in classical conditioning)
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the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
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extinction (in classical conditioning)
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the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning
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spontaneous recovery
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the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context
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renewal
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Who coined the term 'behaviorism'?
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John B Watson
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What does classical conditioning provide an explanation of?
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fears
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What was involved in the experiment with Albert?
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conditioning a baby to fear a white rat and then a rabbit
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a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
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counterconditioning
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a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus (eg electric shocks and nausea-inducing substances)
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aversive conditioning
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a decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person's ability to fight disease
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immunosuppression
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a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
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taste aversion
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decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
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habituation
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What are classical conditioning and operant condition forms of?
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associative learning
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What does classical conditioning explain?
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how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
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in classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between what?
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two stimuli
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Classical conditioning is a form of what?
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea-producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that was paired with the drug
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respondent behavior
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Classical conditioning is not effective in explaining what sort of behaviors?
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voluntary
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What sort of conditioning is best for explaining voluntary behaviors?
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operant
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Operant conditioning focuses on the association between what?
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behaviors and the stimuli that follows them
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a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
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operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning
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___ also plays a key role in operant conditioning, as it does in classical
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contingency
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Who emerged as the primary figure in operant conditioning?
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B F Skinner
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Thorndlike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
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law of effect
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rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior (eg, train a rat to press a bar to get food)
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shaping
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the process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
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reinforcement
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What are the two types of reinforcement?
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positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
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What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?
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are experienced as pleasant increase the frequency of the behavior
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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positive reinforcement
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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negative reinforcement
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an organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
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avoidance learning
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Both positive and negative reinforcement involve rewarding behavior. What involves following a behavior with the addition of something? And the removal?
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positive reinforcement negative reinforcement
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an organism's learning through experience with negative stimuli that has no control over negative outcomes
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learned helplessness
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a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable (eg. food, water, and sexual satisfaction)
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primary reinforcer
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a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer (eg, getting an A on a test, or a paycheck)
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secondary reinforcer
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where behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired rewards
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token economy
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performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
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generalization (in operant conditioning)
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responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
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discrimination (in operant conditioning)
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decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
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extinction (in operant conditioning)
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when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
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continuous reinforcement
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when a reinforcer follows behavior only a portion of the time
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partial reinforcement
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specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
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schedules of reinforcement
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a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
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punishment
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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positive punishment
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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negative punishment
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the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
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applied behavior analysis or behavior modification
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What does Bandura's Model of Observational Learning consist of?
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Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Reinforcement
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unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
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implicit learning or latent learning
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a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution
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insight learning
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he tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
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instinctive drift
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the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
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preparedness
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when an individual believes that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change
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fixed mindset
