General Psychology Ch.9 – Flashcards
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Lifespan developmental psychology
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looking at change; study of physical, cognitive, and psychological changes throughout the lifespan from conception until death
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nature
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genetics; what you are conceived to be
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nurture
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influenced by environment
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longitudinal study
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LONG; best study, b/c studying same people and their change; takes a long time; people die; people move; ex: kid definitions of friendships change-use same group of kids throughout study
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Cross-sectional study
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same year, but different groups; faster to complete; not as accurate
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cohort
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group of people born in same time period; same major world events and how they affect them
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zygote
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fertilized egg; sperm+ovum=zygote
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embryo
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2 months after fertilization
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heredity
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have 23 pairs of chromosomes
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genes
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carry heredity; on chromosomes
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polygenic inheritance
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"many"; complex traits such as intelligence and personality, are determined by many genes
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determination of sex
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23rd chromosome pair=sex cell; XX=female and XY=male
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sex-linked traits
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mom-only has X; dad-X or Y; recessive vs. dominant; ex: hemophilia; lack of material on Y
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teratogen
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any biological, chemical, or physical agent capable of causing birth defects
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Factors of Teratogens (Effects)
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1. What it is 2. How much? 3. When? 4. Wildcard/genetic makeup of mother -understanding factors is helpful
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Examples of Teratogens
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caffeine; falling down stairs; presence of male
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critical period
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what is growing at that time; specific time during development when damage may occur or certain processes should take place
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smoking
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what will do more damage? -quitting? -continuing? SOLUTION: stop smoking
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fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)
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found in some children when mothers drank during pregnancy; smaller head; cranial differences; moderate drinking can cause these problems
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amniocentesis
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procedure; sonogram; pull out amniotic fluid to test it; raises likelihood of miscarriage; is it important to have this info.; used to check for down syndrome; sonograms are becoming more high-tech; could help decrease amniocentesis testing
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rooting reflex
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infant turns its head in the direction of a touch on its face
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palmar or grasp reflex
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reflex consisting of a very strong hold on any object placed in the palm
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Evolutionary perspective of reflex
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reflex=survival
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moro reflex
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startle reflex in response to a loud noise or the sensation of being dropped
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Babinski reflex
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reflex in which the infant's toes fan upward when the bottom of the foot is stroked
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sensory abilities
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well-formed before birth; spinal cord not fully connected; due to God's design; about 30 years ago, babies couldn't learn up until 2 months old-not human?-brainstem preparations (Dr's taught this); now we know learning begins in the womb
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Hearing and Voice Recognition
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Mom and Dad's voice after birth is recognized; well developed
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Vision
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not well developed; see best 8-12 in. in front of them; nearsighted in beginning; born for connections; parents and then to God; humans vs. cows; babies look for faces; born to identify faces
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taste and smell
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well developed; know mom's smell with breast milk; one taste not quite developed=salty
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milk vs. meat
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physical growth vs. spiritual growth
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temperament
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adaptability to new situations, intensity and mood; the how of a child's mood; how easily they adapt
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Thomas and Chess 3 Temperaments
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Each category has positives and negatives. 1. easy-"go with the flow" 2. slow to warm-up 3. difficult (intense)
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Sigmund Freud
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sensual urges-feels good; power and anger; mother-child relationship is very important
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Psychosocial crisis
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crisis=overstatement; critical learning period; developmental problem or obstacle that is created when a psychological need conflicts with the demands of society (trust vs. mistrust)
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basic trust vs. basic mistrust
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1st crisis: birth to 15 months; crisis=learning period; either come out with trust or mistrust; whether they environment can be trusted
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autonomy vs. shame doubt
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2nd crisis:15 months to 3 years; best idea to have them learn about the world; children determine who has control, them, or external forces
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autonomy
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independence; terrible twos; first adolescence; feeling of being able to act independently and having personal control over one's actions
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initiative vs. guilt
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3rd crisis: 3-7 years; children begin to evaluate the consequences of their behavior
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Erik Erikson
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psychosocial crisis
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industry vs. inferiority
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4th crisis: 7-10 years; children being to acquire the knowledge and skills that will enable them to become productive members of society
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attachment
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intense reciprocal relationship formed by 2 people, usually a child and an adult; very important
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contact comfort
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preference for holding/clinging to objects, such as blankets or teddy bears, that yield physical comfort and warmth
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The Strange Situation Test
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secure attachment; explore with mom's attachment; insecure attachment
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The Father's Role
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without dad, people are 4X more likely to commit suicide
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cognitive development
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development of intellect; "cognitive development depend on biological maturation and appropriate environmental stimulation"; biological maturation means they need to be old enough
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assimilation
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Piaget's term for the process of incorporating info. into existing schemas
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accommodation
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Alteration of existing schemas to understand new info. schemas=thought patter=tools
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sensorimotor stage
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Piaget's 1st stage of cognitive development, in which children learn about their environment through direct sensory contact and motor activities
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object permanence
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recognition that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be directly sensed
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mental representation
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an internal representation of an object or event that is not present
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pre-operational stage
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Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development, in which a child begins to think about objects that are not physically present
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symbolic representation
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using a mental thought or activity as a substitute for an actual object
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egocentrism
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inability to see a situation/event from another person's point of view
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The Concrete Operational Stage
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Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development, in which child is able to use mental representations to think about current objects and events but is not yet capable of abstract thought
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conservation
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recognition that a physical change in a substance does not change the amount of that substance
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moral development
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do what you do so you don't get punishment
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pre-conventional level
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Kohlberg's 1st stage of moral development: ages 4-10, in which standards are set by others are observed in order to receive reinforcement or avoid punishment
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conventional role conformity
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Kohlberg's 2nd stage of moral development: ages 10-13, in which rules and standards are internalized and behaviors are preformed in order to please others
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Post-conventional level/autonomous moral principles
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Kohlberg's 3rd stage of moral development: age 13-later (if it all), in which control over moral conduct is completely internalized
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adolescence
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social; extensive; psychological
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pubescence
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physical; physiological
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puberty
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the time @ which an individual achieves full sexual maturity
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secular trend
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tendency of members of one generation to begin puberty at an earlier age than their parents; taller and heavier is also a trend
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primary sex characteristics
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directly related to reproduction; ability to father or carry a child
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secondary sex characteristic
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sex-related characteristic that develops during adolescence and are not directly related to reproduction; ex: underarm hair growth; oily skin; etc.
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4 transitions
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-early maturing females-struggle with mom&dad -late maturing females -early maturing males-easiest time -late maturing males-hardest time overall
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identify achievement
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2 things must happen: 1. crisis: don't know who you are 2. commitment: pick what you do
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foreclosure
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commitment, but no crisis; people tell you what you'll be; struggle later in life
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early adulthood
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intimacy vs. isolation; have to develop commitment to others; marriage/kids; age 20-40
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Fluid Intelligence
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declines as early as 20; our ability to see new relationships; solve new problems; form new concepts outside the box
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crystalized intelligence
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ability to retrieve and use info already stored; continued to develop up until 70's; ex: word games; scrabble; Jeopardy
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Parenting Styles
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1. authoritarian: rules and power 2. authoritative: discipline and choices within limits 3. permissive: little control and focuses on choices/ relationships/ friendship-not rocking the boat 4. neglectful
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middle adulthood
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physical changes; 40-65; ex:glasses; 10% physical decline
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menopause
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drop in estrogen levels; mark ending of childbearing years
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osteoporosis
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primarily in women; can happen to men 1. genetics 2. amt. of calcium, vitamins, and exercise
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midlife crisis
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adjust as you go, you realize what you want doesn't have value
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generatively vs. stagnation
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=stuck looking @ past; = giving to the next generation; ex: mentors, coaches, etc.
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empty nest syndrome
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depends on perspective; depend on marriage
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late adulthood
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period from appox. 65 until death; dif. reg. body temp.; sleep is less efficent
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cataracts
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clouding of the lens of the eye
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dementia
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generalized category
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Alzheimer's Disease
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specific disease; aluminum?; 1/3 of people over 85; correlation between age & alzheimer's; early-on-set harder to deal with/ understand
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Integrity vs. despair
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Erikson's 8th psychosocial crisis: last crisis; ex: older people who are sick, but still have positive attitude, leave you smiling; not what happens but your attitude; how things could have been; wishing you could go back
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Bereavement, Grief, Mourning, and Support Kubler Ross Model (Stages)
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D-denial: why me? A-anger: not me, can't be true B-bargaining: yes, but lifestyle changes D-depression: whoa is me A-acceptance: me, it is what it is *presence more important than words*
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Hospice
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usually not at home; allows person to stay with family
