General Psychology Ch. 1 & 2 Test. Test 1. – Flashcards
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Psychology
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The study of mental activity and behavior.
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Charles Darwin's work on evolution.
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Functionalism was highly influenced by who and what?
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Da Vinci
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who used a wax model to study the brain?
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That psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation, NOT PHILOSOPHY
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what did John Stuart Mill argue in the 1800s?
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he was referred to as founder of modern experimental psychology. He established the first psyc lab in Leipzig, Germany
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what did Wilhelm Wundt do and who was he?
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when people analyze the contents of their own thoughts and experiences.
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What is introspection?
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Edward Titchener made it and it is the thought that ALL conscious experiences can be broken down into its basic underlying components. ex. describe the apple, not as an apple but as red or shiny
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Who made structuralism and what is it?
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William James: He described the stream of conciousness as each person's continuous series of ever-changing thoughts.
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Who was the father of American psychology and what did he do?
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the theory that a whole of an object or scene is more important than it's individual parts.
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what is the Gestalt Theory?
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sigmund freud: he says that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes.
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who was the father of psychoanalysis and what did he say?
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to try to treat patients for mental disorders in a clinical setting.
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Freud was one of the first people to do what?
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took up mantle of behaviorism; thought mental states were another form of behavior.
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who was B. F. Skinner?
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open to new info but weary of scientific findings. (one form of critical thinking)
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what is available skepticism?
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when people overvalue what they "know" and devalue any evidence to the contrary. ex. "that science doesn't apply to me!"
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what is confirmation Bias?
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when people don't know much of a topic, they believe others easier. using logic alone like this will lead people to the incorrect conclusions
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what is failing to judge source credibility?
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"going with your gut" "gamblers prediction" "being due"
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whats another phrase for Failing to Properly use Statistical info?
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using an outcome to explain why an outcome happened. lol ex. failed to predict outcome, until after the outcome.
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what is hindsight bias?
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What % of murder trials plead insanity? we think a lot because of what we see on tv but its quite few.
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give an example of using heuristics that in general produce a predictable outcome.
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when people want to feel good about themselves and it influences their thinking. ex: "Im smart, therefore I'm right"
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what is self serving bias?
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Whether you're born to be who you are today or was it acquired through experiences and cultural beliefs.
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what is the Nature/ Nurture debate? Genetic vs. environment!
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the study of mental functions like intelligence, thinking, language, memory, and decision making. ( what exactly your brain does)
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what is cognitive psychology?
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a behaviorist who launched the cognitive revolution.
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who was George A. Miller?
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the study of how other people or groups influence one's thoughts, feelings, and actions. just the presence of others influences our behavior.
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what is social psychology?
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you wouldn't scream "shots!" at church with family like you would at a bar with your friends!
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give an example of social psychology?
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the study of characteristics, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in people and how all of that changes with different situations.
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Personality Psychology
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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who pioneered a humanistic approach to the treatment of psychology disorders? (2 people)
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cognitive therapies to correct faulty thoughts and beliefs.
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what did Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck create?
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the basic genetic code, or blueprint, for the human body
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what is the human genome?
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studies brain systems, genetics, neuroanatomy, brain imaging
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Biological level of analysis:
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study personality, gender, thinking, decision making
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Individual level of analysis:
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study interpersonal behavior, social cognition groups, relationships, attitudes etc.
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Social level of analysis:
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study norms, beliefs, values, symbols, ethnicity
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cultural level of analysis:
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typical couch sitting, talk about phobias, or disorders.
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clinical psychologists:
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more along the lines of marriage counseling
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Counseling psychologists:
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they focus on bettering the work place and attitudes and well-being of employees.
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Industrial and organizational psychologists:
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Jury selection
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Forensic Psychologists:
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1. description (what a phenomena is) 2.prediction (when will it occur) 3. control (what causes it to occur) 4.explanation (why it occurs)
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what are the 4 primary goals of science?
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methods for data collection, usually questionnaires or surveys
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what are self report methods?
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the the interviewee could be faking good. (saying what they think the interviewer wants to hear)
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what do researchers have to consider when doing an interview?
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a prob in a correlational study where you know 2 variables correlate but don't know which caused the changes in the other. ex. lack of sleep and stress.
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what is a directionality problem?
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when researcher cannot fully manipulate variables so they start to doubt themselves.
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what is a third variable problem?
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make predictions!
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what does establishing correlations help us do?
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variable that is manipulated to cause change in an outcome.
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Independent variable:
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a variable that is measured (happiness, IQ) or the outcome being measured.
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Dependent variable:
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this sample consists of people who are conveniently available for the study.
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what is a convenience sample?
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people are placed into the conditions of an experiment so everyone has an equal chance of being the independent variable.
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what is random assignment?
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unintended differences between the participants in different groups. (in an experiment)
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what is selection bias?
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groups of people who are responsible for reviewing research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and to protect the physical and emotional well being of the participants.
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what are Institutional Review Boards?
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where personal info is gathered but MAY NOT be shared with anyone.
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Confidentiality:
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when the researchers can't get any personal info at all. even if its kept quiet.
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Anonymity:
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its when researchers cannot ask people to endure unreasonable amounts of pain.
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what is the relative risk of participation?
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an analysis of whether the research is important enough to place participants at risk or not.
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risk/benefit ratio?
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the people's right (who volunteer for psychological research) to know what they are going to go through before they do it.
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what is informed consent?
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the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure.
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Construct validity:
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the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations
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External validity:
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when the affects in an experiment are due to the INDEPENDENT variable. not the confounds
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Internal validity:
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where you can measure the same outcome over and over and is consistent
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reliability:
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free from error
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accuracy:
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when the amount of error in a measurement is different each time
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random error:
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when the amount of error in a measurement is constant. (always one second off)
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systematic error:
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a study of studies that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive to a conclusion.
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what is a meta analysis?
