question

Wilhelm Wundt

answer

-1879-first psych lab -Dedicated to studying human behavior -Established first research journal so he can put out reports -"Founder of modern psychology" -The scientific study of behavior...the study of consciousness/personal awareness

question

G. Stanley Hall

answer

-1883-first USA lab -24 new universities were established in the next ten years in the USA -APA-American Psychology Association

question

William James

answer

-Leader of the Functionalism -Wrote a book, so influential that people are still required to be read in classes

question

Sigmund Freud

answer

-Was a psychoanalysis and a physician -Made the theory of psychoanalysis - "Behavior is driven by unconscious forces" -Unconscious conflicts and motives -Dreams -Sex is a motivating factor -Believed that by the time we are 5 years old, our blueprints are already laid out for the rest of our lives -He just said things and didn't do research or observations...he based his sayings on his talks with anxiety patients

question

John B. Watson

answer

-behaviorism: redefining psychology -Behavioral manifesto -Observable behavior-should look at what people do -Believed that psychology should become a science and study outward behavior -Radical...really went against what was established before -Nature/Nurture Debate: "Why do we do what we do? Are we born into it or is it our experiences and our upbringing?" -He is saying that nurture/environment/experience controls on who we are

question

B.F. Skinner

answer

-behaviorism: revisited -Believed that the environment shaped us -Operant conditioning -behaviors that are followed by good outcomes, are tended to be repeated...behaviors that are followed by bad outcomes, we tend to not do it again -Controversial figure but influential...was misunderstood sometimes...credit/blame for saying that we are driven by our history so much that we aren't listening anymore and our future behavior is already determined - "Free will is an illusion" -Considered by professionals to be the most important psychology's contributor

question

Abraham Maslow

answer

- humanist -identified the human hierarchy needs...when the low level needs are met then the higher ones are triggered to be met...we want to reach self-actualization even though we don't ever reach it

question

Carl Rogers

answer

-humanist -client centered therapy..." therapists should try to view the world through the client's world view...the clients are the boss and they control the session"

question

Mary Whiton Calkins:

answer

-founded one of the first dozen psychology laboratories in America -invented a widely used technique for studying memory -became the first woman to serve as president of the American psychology association in 1905 -no PhD in psychology -Harvard only allowed her to take graduate classes as a "guest student" because she was a woman -After completing her requirements for her PhD, Harvard would only offer her a doctorate from its undergraduate sister school, she declined

question

Margaret Floy Washburn:

answer

-first woman to receive a PhD in psychology -wrote an influential book that served as an impetus to the subsequent emergence of behaviorism and was standard reading for several generations of psychologists -became the second woman to serve as president of the American psychological association -in college, she was only permitted to take graduate classes unofficially, as a "hearer" she transferred to Cornell U and completed her doctorate

question

Leta Stetter Hollingworth:

answer

-she was the first person to use the term "gifted" to refer to youngster who scored exceptionally high on intelligence tests -played a major role in debunking popular theories of her era that purported to explain why women were "inferior" to men conducted a study refuting the myth that phases of the menstrual cycle are reliable associated with performance decrements in women -her collection of objective data on gender differences forced other scientist to subject popular, untested beliefs about the sexes to skeptical, empirical inquiry

question

Structuralism:

answer

•Elements of conscientiousness...study each element separately •Images, feelings, thoughts, sensations Introspection (looking inside of yourself...have a lot of inside awareness...careful observations and reporting own experiences)

question

Functionalism:

answer

♣ Natural selection, survival of the fittest (short and long beaked birds) ♣ "What is it about consciousness that helps us survive and how does it service us?" ♣ Rejected the idea of consciousness being able to be broken down to elements ♣ Consciousness flows like a stream...cannot be separated ♣ "Stream of consciousness" ♣ Got credit to taking a practical approach/important questions..."can we develop a test that..."

question

Psychoanalysis:

answer

♣ "Behavior is driven by unconscious forces" ♣ Unconscious conflicts and motives ♣ Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

question

Behaviorism:

answer

•is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior •abandon the study of consciousness altogether and focus exclusively on behaviors they could observe directly

question

Humanism:

answer

o Rejected animal testing o Unique human qualities- freedom, personal growth, self-direction ♣ Optimistic o Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth

question

Rise of Clinical Psy:

answer

Is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

question

Cognitive Psy:

answer

-Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge -decision-making, reasoning, problem-solving, language, etc. -How we acquire knowledge and then process it -Psychology was the study of consciousness when it first started but it changed to cognitive

question

Biological Psy:

answer

look at how your nervous system, hormones and genetic makeup affect your behavior. Biological psychologists explore the connection between your mental states and your brain, nerves and hormones to explore how your thoughts, moods and actions are shaped

question

Evolutionary Psy:

answer

o Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

question

Cultural Psy:

answer

seeks to understand how forces of society and culture influence individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

question

Positive Psy:

answer

Uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence

question

Define: Psychology

answer

is the science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underline behavior, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

question

Define: APA Trends

answer

national organization devoted to the advancement of psychology

question

Define: Major professional specialties:

answer

clinical, counseling, school, and industrial/organizational psychology

question

Clinical:

answer

concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavioral and emotional problems

question

Psychiatry:

answer

branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

question

Theme 1: Psychology is Empirical

answer

-knowledge should be acquired through observation

question

Theme 2: Psychology is Theoretically Diverse

answer

-a theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations -having different ideas

question

Theme 3: Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context

answer

- in response to what is going on in the society during that time

question

Theme 4: Behavior is determined by multiple causes

answer

- something happened because... (there are multiple explanations for behavior)

question

Theme 5: behavior is shaped by cultural heritage

answer

- "what does our society tell us that we have to do" -cultures are transmitted socially across generations

question

Theme 6: heredity and environment jointly influence behavior

answer

- nature-genetics...we are born to be this way, nurture-environment, experiences

question

Theme 7: peoples experience of the world is subjective

answer

-the way people experience the world is unique to the individual

question

Developing Sound Study Habits:

answer

1. Set up schedule for studying 2. Find a place to study where you can concentrate 3. Reward your studying

question

Improving Your Reading:

answer

1. Preview reading assignments section by section 2. Work hard to actively process the meaning of the information 3. Strive to identify the key ideas of each paragraph 4. Carefully review these key ideas after each section

question

Skills involved in critical thinking:

answer

1. understanding how reasons and evidence support or refute conclusions 2. distinguishing among facts, opinions, and reasoned judgments using principles of likelihood and uncertainty when thinking about probabilistic events 1. generating multiple solutions to problems and working systematically toward a desired goal 2. understanding how causation is determined

question

Evolutionary Psychology:

answer

-emerging as an influential school of thought -Men are superior to women -critical thinking and asking questions

question

Steps in a Scientific Investigation:

answer

Step 1: Formulating a Testable Hypothesis Step 2: Select the research method and design the study Step 3: Collect the Data Step 4: Analyze the data and draw conclusions Step 5: Report the Findings

question

Empiricism

answer

the idea that knowledge should be gained through observations

question

Hypothesis

answer

prediction about the relationship between two variables; frustration vs. aggression

question

Variable

answer

any condition or behavior that can be measured or observed or controlled in a study

question

Theory

answer

organized set of ideas that explains a number of observations; not always attachable

question

Operational Definition

answer

precise definition, how concept will be observed and measured, describes the actions or operation that will be used to measure or control a variable

question

Experiments Advantages:

answer

clarity and precision...its relative intolerance of error

question

Research Methods

answer

consist of differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies

question

Independent Variable

answer

condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable (is controlled or manipulated) "How does X affect Y?" X=independent Y=dependent

question

Dependent Variable

answer

variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable (depends on manipulations of the independent variable) "How does X affect Y?" X=independent Y=dependent

question

Extraneous Variables

answer

are any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

question

Experimental Group

answer

group consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable

question

Control Group

answer

group consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group

question

Example of I.V and D.V:

answer

If a scientist conducts an experiment to test the theory that a vitamin could extend a person's life-expectancy, then: ¥ The independent variable is the amount of vitamin that is given to the subjects within the experiment. This is controlled by the experimenting scientist. ¥ The dependent variable, or the variable being affected by the independent variable, is life span. ¥ Extraneous Variables include how alike these two groups are and how each person reacts to the vitamins ¥ Control group is the group of people that do not receive special treatment ¥ Experimental group receive special treatment like a special drink or food that boosts your system in addition to the vitamin

question

Correlational Research Advantages

answer

• it permits conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables

question

Correlational Research Limitations

answer

• experiments are often artificial...must construct simple, contrived situations to test their hypothesis experimentally. Another disadvantage is that the experimental method can't be used to explore some research questions

question

Correlation

answer

exists when two variables are related to each other

question

Positive Correlation

answer

indicates that two variables covary (change together) in the SAME direction

question

Negative Correlation

answer

indicates that two variables change together in the OPPOSITE direction

question

Correlation Coefficient

answer

is a numerical index of the degree or relationship between two variables

question

Data Collection Techniques (5 of them) and describe:

answer

♣ Observation: researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects ♣ Surveys and Interviews: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior ♣ Tests ♣ Physio Measures ♣ Case Studies: is an in-depth investigation of an individual subject; typically involving data from many sources

question

Sample v. Population

answer

♣ Sample: is the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study ♣ Population: is the much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is dram from) that researchers want to generalize about

question

Research flaws in the "Looking for Flaws" section.

answer

♣ Flaws: replication process sometimes leads to contradictory results. Inconsistent finding on a research question can be frustrating and confusing for students

question

Research flaws in the "Looking for Flaws" section (SB)

answer

Sampling Bias: exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn

question

Research flaws in the "Looking for Flaws" section (PE)

answer

Placebo Effects: occur when participant's expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

question

Research flaws in the "Looking for Flaws" section (DS-R-D)

answer

♣ Distortions in self-report Data: the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

question

Research flaws in the "Looking for Flaws" section (EB)

answer

♣ Experimenter Bias: occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

question

Ethics in psychological research (PSYCHOLOGICAL):

answer

♣ Psychological: the major ethical dilemmas center on the use of deception and the use of animals

question

Ethics in psychological research (DECEPTION):

answer

Deception: psychologists fake and lie and misinform participants about the purpose of a study to reduce problems resulting from placebo effects, the unreliability of self-reports, and other factors that can underline the scientific value and validity of research

question

Ethics in psychological research (ANIMAL):

answer

♣ Animal: want to know more about the behavior of a specific type of animal. They want to identify general laws of behavior that apply both humans and animals. Psychologists use animals because they can expose them to treatments that clearly would be unacceptable with human participants. The ethical acceptability of specific animal studies should be judged by assessing the studies along three independent dimensions: (1) the extent of anticipated animal suffering, (2) the importance of the research problem addressed, and (3) the likelihood of beneficial discoveries. o Guidelines for animal research include: (1) harmful or painful procedures cannot be justified unless the potential benefit of the research are substantial, and (2) research animals are entitled to decent living conditions

question

Ethics in psychological research (APA ETHICAL PRINCIPLES):

answer

♣ APA ethical Principles: (1) people's participation should always be voluntary and they should be allowed to withdraw from a study at any time. (2) participants should not be subjected to harmful or dangerous treatments. (3) if a study requires deception, participants should be debriefed (informed of the true nature and purpose of the research) as soon as possible. (4) participants right to privacy should never be compromised.

question

What is anecdotal evidence?

answer

♣ Consisting of personal stories about specific incidents and experiences

question

Why is anecdotal evidence considered flawed?

answer

♣ Can be seductive and is similar to self-report-data, which can be distorted for a variety of reasons ♣ Consists of stories that people have heard about others experiences ♣ Often inaccurate and riddled with embellishments ♣ Sampling bias - it is so easily manipulated

General Psychology 1003: Chapter 1&2 Exam 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards