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The process of developing a strong research agenda driven by the writer's interests, the need to solve real-world problems or controversies, and the needs of stakeholders with differing backgrounds.

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Active Inquiry

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Giving a reason in order to persuade someone.

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Arguments

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The intended viewers or listeners of a text. Writers need to understand a text's audience in order to compose the text in a way that meets the audience's needs and expectations.

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Audience

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When a writer allows his or her personal opinions to cloud the arguments.

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Bias

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An online form of commentary that sometimes uses colloquial or informal language. The subjects and length of blogs vary.

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Blog

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The paragraphs that occur after the introductory paragraph and before the concluding paragraph in essays.

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Body Paragraphs

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Active, careful reading of a passage or passages of a text. It includes reading that examines the fine details of a text. There are three kinds of close reading: (1) reading done before a text is read, or pre reading, (2) reading done while a text is read, and (3) reading done after a text is read, or post reading.

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Close Reading

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An opinion piece, either written, verbal, or visual, that expresses the beliefs of the author. It is standard for commentators to write about current trends.

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Commentary

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A person who focuses on the significance of trends, why the trends are happening, or the outcome of the trends. Commentators may inspire critical thinking on the part of the reader.

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Commentator

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The last paragraph of an essay in which the writer revisits the thesis statement and all supporting points. No new information belongs in the conclusion, but sometimes a prediction or call to action for the readers is supplied by the writer.

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Conclusion

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Expectations or customs that writers follow. Conventions include everything from text formatting to grammar to documenting sources to genre expectations such as paragraphing and text structure.

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Conventions

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The credibility of a source depends largely on whether an audience will accept the source as authoritative or truthful. Although different audiences may assign different degrees of credibility to the same source, sources typically achieve credibility through the expertise or political views of their authors, their perceived amount of bias, and their use of acceptable evidence

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Credibility

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(plural: criteria) A standard upon which a judgment may be decided. Criteria assist in evaluations by giving the viewer guidelines by which to determine if the material is of value.

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Criterion

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Speeches take place in a public assembly. The speaker advises the audience or warns them against an idea or practice. The audience is asked to decide whether something will be good or bad for the public

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Deliberative Rhetoric

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Utilizing appropriate voice, tone, and gestures to communicate ideas.

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Delivery (actio)

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The strategies of argumentation used by a speaker to resolve conflict and establish truth.

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Dialectic

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The act of reading written material that has been revised and correcting conventions related to grammar and mechanics.

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Editing

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An opinion piece written by a commentator affiliated with the periodical that publishes the commentary.

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Editorial

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A form of commentary authored by a professional writer whose opinion piece is featured in a newspaper or magazine on a regular basis.

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Editorial Column

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Speeches that praise or blame someone by describing their actions as shameful or commendable. This can take place at a celebration, commemoration/ceremony, or funeral.

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Epideictic Rhetoric

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An appeal to the credibility or character of the speaker or writer.

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Ethos

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The process of making a judgment or assessment about the value of a document or website using clearly defined and explained criteria along with evidence from the text.

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Evaluation

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Giving a statement or story that helps to explain and/or support a point.

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Examples

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From the Latin word for "demand"; refers to the issue that gives rise to persuasive speech or writing

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Exigence

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Professionals with experience and/or degrees in their field who have conducted research and published that research with results that can be used as support in argumentative writing.

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Expert Opinions

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A type of thesis statement that is clearly expressed in a single sentence.

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Explicit Thesis Statement

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A craze that is superficial in nature and dies out quickly or transforms into some other whim.

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Fad

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Pronouns including I, we, me, my, mine, our, and ours.

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First-Person Pronouns

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Steps, which include invention, organization, style, memory, and delivery, that create effective persuasive speeches and writings

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Five Canons

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A word, phrase, or clause mentioned in the introduction that is reinforced in the body of the essay and revisited in the conclusion.

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Framing

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An invention strategy that involves nonstop writing about a topic for a set period of time. It is helpful to avoid editing ideas and thoughts or fixating on grammar and punctuation. Simply jot down any words, ideas, or phrases that come to mind about the topic.

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Freewriting

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A graduated style developed by the University in order to help acclimate students in lower-division courses to the basics of APA formatting.

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GCU Style

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When a writer directly or indirectly states a claim that implies that everyone in that category falls into that claim.

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Generalization

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A type or category of a text. For example, a persuasive essay is one genre of writing, and a rhetorical analysis is a different genre of writing. Every genre of writing has specific qualities and expectations. Writers should understand a genre's qualities in order to compose an effective text.

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Genre

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Understanding that there are categories or types of artistic products, such as writing, painting, sculpting, dancing, and singing, that are used to express thought and feeling. Recognizing these different forms of expression opens doors for analyzing and understanding.

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Genre Awareness

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Includes writing details related to English rules such as spelling, verb tenses, fragments, and run-ons.

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Grammar

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Usually the first sentence or two in an essay that serves to catch or hook the reader's attention.

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Hook

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A type of sentence that asks or tells the reader what to do; it usually begins with a verb located at the beginning or very near the beginning of a sentence.

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Imperative Command Sentence

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A type of thesis statement that is implied rather than expressly stated

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Implicit

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The inclusion of borrowed material within the body of a text. In-text citations typically include a "head," "body," and "tail" to introduce the source, provide a quote or paraphrase, and follow up with additional information (such as page numbers or paragraph numbers).

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In-Text Citations

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The first paragraph of an essay. It serves as a bridge to help the reader enter into the essay and understand a bit of background or history about the topic or issue about which the essay is written and leads the reader into understanding the point of the essay.

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Introduction

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Refers to credibility that has to be established within a given context.

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Invented Ethos

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The initial step of the writing process in which a writer considers his or her topic. This step includes idea generation and may involve prewriting strategies such as freewriting or listing.

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Invention

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A method for finding arguments that fit the situation.

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Invention (inventio)

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Speeches that takes place before the court. The judges whether a past event was just or unjust.

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Judicial Rhetoric

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The right or opportune time. In rhetoric, it is the speaker's ability to adapt and take advantage of changes in circumstances that may influence the perception of the audience.

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Kairos

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New terms or expressions that are created with ongoing social changes and contemporary trends, such as hashtag, hipster, locavore, selfie, and twerk.

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Labeling

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The degree to which a writer chooses a formal or informal approach to a writing task. Generally, academic writing is more formal than informal, and personal writing is more informal than formal

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Level of Formality

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An appeal to reason or logic of the audience.

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Logos

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Includes writing details such as punctuation marks, spacing, formatting, and layout.

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Mechanics

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Not only the practice of not needing a script or preparation, but also being able to recall appropriate arguments that can then be suited to a given situation without preparation.

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Memory (memoria)

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A form of blogging in which a writer posts simple phrases and statements, reveals random thoughts, or shares access to online links in order to share thoughts and opinions and communicate ideas through an online platform with Internet readers. Flip

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Microblogging

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New terms or expressions that center around the identification and naming of contemporary trends; also known as labeling.

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Neologism

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Commonly referred to as an op-eds, differ from traditional editorials found in newspapers or magazines. Op-ed commentaries are written by those who are not professionally associated with the periodical.

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Opinion-Editorial

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Effective and eloquent public speaking, often appealing to the emotions of the audience members.

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Oratory

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Structuring an argument correctly (e.g. introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion).

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Organization (dispositio)

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A process in which a writer takes all or part of a text and puts it into his or her own words. Paraphrased material is generally shorter than the original text. Citing sources when paraphrasing is essential.

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Paraphrasing

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An appeal to emotions or emotional disposition of the audience.

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Pathos

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Discipline-specific scholarly articles that top scholars in their respective disciplines have reviewed for criteria such as accuracy and rigor

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Peer-Reviewed Articles

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The author or speaker advocates or argues a particular view or belief.

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Persuasion

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The act of using material from a source without indicating the material's source.

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Plagiarism

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A type of commentary that uses imagery and art as a medium to express opinions on bureaucracy, government, and national or foreign policy.

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Political Cartoon

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The act of composing that takes place during the invention stage of the writing process. Kinds of prewriting include listing, freewriting, and diagramming.

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Prewriting

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Writing that considers the audience's needs and traits; also referred to as Audience-Based Writing.

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Reader-Based Prose

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A formatted list of sources from which information was used to develop the writer's essay.

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References

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The process of informing oneself about a topic and then selecting material to include as evidence in a paper.

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Research

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In an academic context, a review involves evaluative writings about a text or website. It uses comparison and contrast as well as certain criteria to evaluate the text or website. It evaluates whether the text or website is valuable for its intended audience.

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Review

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The act of reading written material and rewriting and changing areas that need to be corrected.

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Revision

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The ability to communicate and use language effectively; the art of persuasion.

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Rhetoric

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A particular means of inquiry in which texts (which can be written, oral, or visual) are examined in terms of what they communicate, the purposes for which they do so, the effects they attempt to have on their intended audience, and how those purposes and effects are accomplished.

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Rhetorical Analysis

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Devices used to persuade or motivate an audience, which include logos, pathos, and ethos.

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Rhetorical Appeals

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The ability to understand unique situations and audiences and act on this by creating texts that are appropriate for a specific purpose. A writer should determine what kind of situation and audience is required for a given written task.

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Rhetorical Knowledge

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The intention or goal writers have in mind when they write. It is a writer's task to clearly convey that intention or goal. It is a reader's task to uncover the purpose.

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Rhetorical Purpose

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The circumstances in which a writer or speaker communicates. It includes characteristics such as the audience, the writer or speaker's purpose, and the circumstances that encourage the individual to communicate.

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Rhetorical Situation

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A visual representation of speaking and writing in order to persuade utilizing ethos, pathos, and logos.

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Rhetorical Triangle

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pronouns including you, your, and yours.

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Second-Person Pronouns

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Writing sentences in a variety of ways so that the text flows and does not sound monotone.

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Sentence Variety

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Words or phrases supplied by the writer that introduce direct quotations from sources so that the quotation does not seem to be abruptly just dropped into the essay. Such words and phrases are used to prevent possible confusion on the reader's part.

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Signal Phrases

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Refers to credibility that is assumed or granted.

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Situated Ethos

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An acronym of the elements of the rhetorical situation, which includes Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject, and Tone.

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SOAPStone

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A group of people who taught many subjects, but generally specialized in philosophy and rhetoric. They charged a fee to instruct students and supported the ideas of wisdom and eloquence.

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Sophists

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Using credible sources, such as peer reviewed journals, that contain definitions, statistics, case studies, quotes, expert research, and facts.

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Source Support

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Any pieces of outside information that are borrowed and used as references in a paper. Although the library is the first place one should go to look for sources, material found outside the library also counts as a source if it is referenced in a paper. It is important when looking for sources to assess their quality.

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Sources

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A logical way of categorizing arguments. It includes four categories: fact, definition, quality, and policy. Stasis theory can include the questions of who, what, when, where, why, and how of a topic or an issue. Reaching the end goal of stasis means that the participants have agreed upon the conclusions achieved in the stasis.

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Stasis Theory

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A writer's voice that sets him or her apart from other writers and involves a variety of elements such as word choice, tone, and sentence variety. It must fit the genre context, audience, and purpose.

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Style

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Evoking the emotions of the audience.

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Style (elocutio)

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Thought process occurring below the level of consciousness but operating with a strong enough force to affect the interpretation of the viewer or reader.

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Subliminal

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Sentences or paragraphs that explain in one's own words the main point of a text. Summaries are shorter than the original text because the focus is on explaining the main point of the text rather than the entire text. Citing sources when summarizing is critical.

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Summaries

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To assist and defend a point (argument) so that it holds up and proves to be accurate.

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Support

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The main point of an essay that tells the reader what to expect in the essay. It is an answer to the main research question a writer discovered in a brainstorming stage of writing. The thesis statement makes the writer's claim about a debatable issue that could be disputed by someone else.

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Thesis Statement

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Pronouns including he, his, she, hers, they, them, and theirs.

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Third-Person Pronouns

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The way the text sounds as it is read, often with either an emotional charge to it or with an academic, formal voice.

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Tone

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The main or central sentence in a paragraph that clues the reader in to what the paragraph will cover.

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Topic Sentence

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To move from one statement to another, such as from a sentence into a quote or from one paragraph to another paragraph.

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Transitions

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Trends are based on current events. Trends are new phenomenon and happening in the now, within the past five to eight years, and are found to occur in various locations, populations, age-groups, etc. Trends create a lasting impression on society and can either be positive or negative in effect.

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Trend

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The rationale for writing specific genres of essays, such as analyzing, reviewing, or making statements about topics or issues.

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Type of Purpose

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When analyzing images in documents, one must have a basis from which to begin to make meaning of what is displayed. Effectively understanding and interpreting images is a fundamental part of writing, especially for students seeking to write clear arguments that might include sources or materials with visual displays. This understanding and using visual rhetoric can also include color and font type and size and the effects it might have on interpretation

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Visual Rhetoric

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The writer's personality. A good writer is able to convey his or her personality without detracting from the meaning of the written work.

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Voice

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Writing that is private and intended for the author as the sole reader.

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Writer-Based Prose

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: A series of steps that helps writers develop written work. There are six basic steps to the writing process, including invention, organization, drafting, revising, editing, and feedback. The writing process typically is not linear because steps may be repeated.

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Writing Process

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The rational for writing specific genres of essays, such as analyzing,reviewing, or making statements about topics of issues

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Purpose

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