GACE – general special education – Flashcards
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Diana v. State Board of Education
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1970, resulted in the decision that all children must be tested in their native language.
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IDEA
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
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What terms did IDEA change?
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"handicapped" to "disabilities"
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What changes were made in 1990 to the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975?
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specific teminology
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What does EHA stand for?
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Education for all Handicapped Children Act
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What type of assisting technology device is excluded from IDEA?
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surgically implanted devices
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What factors relate to the eligibility for learning disabilities?
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discrepancy between potential and performance
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What does ADA stand for?
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Americans with Disabilities Act
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What is provided by the ADA?
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*signed same year as IDEA by President Bush *gives protection to all people on basis of race, sex, national origin and religion * = opportunities to persons with disabilities in employment, public accommodations,transportation, government services & telecommunication
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What was established by IDEA 2004?
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no single assessment will be used to determine special education qualification - minority & bilingual
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IEP's have multiple sections, give examples
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academic achievements & functional performance
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What is required to be eligible for IDEA?
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student must have a disability that fits into one category listed in the IDEA law
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What is required to be eligible for a 504?
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must meet definition of a person with disability, meet requirements of a particular program in spite of disability. school, business facility must be federally funded
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What does FAPE stand for?
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Free Appropriate Public Education
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What is provided by FAPE?
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special ed and related services are provided at public expense; meet standards of state education agency; include preschool, elementary and secondary education; conforms to IEP
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What is a resource room?
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regular school environment supervised by a teacher certified in disability
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What is stated in Public Law 94-142?
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match child's education needs with appropriate education services; include parents in education decisions; allow parent to provide input
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Do self managed student stay in a regular class?
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yes
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What is required by a student with mild learning and behavioral disability?
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require modification in classroom instruction
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Define learning disabled
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discrepancy between achievement and potential
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explain zero reject
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adhere to LEA (Local education agency) reporting and free, appropriate public education
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explain adaptive skills
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hold cup? reach/grasp for item?
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True or False - mental retardation characterized as often indistinguishable from normal developing children at an early age
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true
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define emotional /behavior disorder
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poor social skills, poor academic achievers
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give an example of emotional behavior
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attention seeking
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How is autism categorized in IDEA?
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autism is a separate exceptional category developmental disability that affects verbal/nonverbal communication
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What must be given to parents, in writing, to parents when proposing a child's education placement?
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due process safeguards
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True of False
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Majority of students receiving special services are enrolled mostly in regular classes.
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True or False
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students receiving special services appear different from their peers
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In terms of special education, what would be the MOST restrictive environment?
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institutional setting
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What is assessed in an IEP?
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present level of academic and functioning
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Define normalization
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opportunity for persons with disability to live as close to normal as possible
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Examples of developmental disabilities
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congenital conditions, like spina bifida, deafness, blindness or profound mental retardation, kids who contract diseases like polio/meningitis and are left in an incapacitating functional state
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What is defined in statute 300.53.0300.5?
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defines children with a disability mentally retarded, hard of hearing, speech impaired, visually impaired, seriously emotionally disturbed
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What influences normality in child behavior?
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society's attitudes and cultural beliefs
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What is a CST?
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child study team
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Explain how a CST works
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meets 1st time without parents, teachers take child's learning concerns to school counselor, counselor contacts parents for permission to perform screening
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What does federal hope to achieve for students with disabilities?
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First to perform remedial intervention in classroom after the student is identified as being at risk academically and socially
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What to constitutional amendments leave education up to the states?
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9th & 10th
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What does IDEA state with regards to the assessing of a child?
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it should be continuous and on a regular basis
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In order to prevent bias and discrimination in assessment, what must be provided?
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Evaluation materials used to assess a child must be in native language or other mode of communication
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explain a "group" test
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examiner monitors several students at same time
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What type of testing is appropriate for evaluation of student for eligibility and placement or individualized program planning in special education?
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individualized testing
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What type of test is the LEAST appropriate for individual program planning?
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norm referenced
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What type of information can be provided by a criterion referenced test?
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information about whether a student has mastered prerequisite skills
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test measuring the content of a social studies unit prepared by a classroom teacher covering on es aspect of general curriculum is an example of what type of test.
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informal test
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test comparing student progress with that of peers of same age or grade level on a national basis, is an example of what type of test
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formal test
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extent to which a test measures what its authors or users claim that it measures is the _____ of the test
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validity
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appropriateness of sample items used to measure a criterion, acculturation of norm groups as compared to that of population being measured, reliability of test
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test validity
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A scholastic aptitude test checked against predictive success in academic endeavors, which type of validity is one attempting to establish?
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criterion related
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refers to an individual's experiential background
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acculturation
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fair assessment relates to -
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representation, acculturation, language
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What type of testing do kids in a regular classroom receive?
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testing primarily related to promotion by grade level
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Even if guessing results in a correct response, it introduces error into a test score into interpretation of the results. What does this represent?
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true factor that affects reliability of the test
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Give an example of test-retest
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survey or test group, then re-administer same evaluation two weeks later
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When would an oral response test not be a good idea?
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when assessing something like handwriting
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When is an intelligence test used?
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to establish learning potential
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What does an intelligence test assess?
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abstract reasoning comprehension
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Where must an IQ fall for a person to be diagnosed with mental retardation?
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2 standard deviation points below mean
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What do achievement tests measure?
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student's skill development in academic content areas
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What is a prerequisite skill?
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Skill which must be demonstrated before instruction on a specific task can begin
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What is assessed by criterion referenced measures?
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student's functional capabilities and entry level skills
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term for altering of tasks to match student's rate of learning
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pacing
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What are two ways to pace?
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alter subject content or rate at which tasks are presented
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Acculturation
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Differences in experiential background.
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A test which measure students' skill development in academic content areas, is classified as what type of test?
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achievement
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What type of test best measures a student's functional capabilities and entry level skills?
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criterion referenced measures
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What term is used for altering of tasks to match the student's rate of learning?
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pacing - alter subject content & rate at which tasks are presented
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Two ways an effective teacher cooperate packing as a means of matching a student's rate of learning?
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selected content is presented based upon prerequisite skills & task presentations are paced during optimum time segments
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explain direct versus indirect services of special education teachers
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direct services are those in which personnel work with students in the classroom to re-mediate difficulties. Indirect, special ed consult with reg classroom teachers to assist them in teaching students with mild disabilities.
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give an example of tactile perception
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identifying a rough surface with eyes closed
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example of kinesthetic excercise
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playing a game like "looby loo"
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What modalities are frequently used in the learning process?
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auditory, visual, and tactile
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Give an example of cross-modal perception involving integrating visual stimuli to an auditory verbal process
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describing a picture
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What is generalization?
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occurrence of a learned behavior in the presence of a stimulus other than the one that produced the initial response (ex: reading to math word problems)
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method used to increase student engaged learning time by having students teach other studewnts
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collaborative learning
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According to Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, what are the steps to establishing cooperative learning groups?
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teacher selects members of each learning group, teacher directly teaches cooperative group skills, teacher assigns cooperative group activities, teacher evaluates group efforts
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example of environmental elements which influence learning styles
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sound, light, temperature and design
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if a student is predominantly a visual learner, he may learn more effectively by
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watching a film strip
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teaching student how to manage their own behavior in school is what type of learning strategy
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cognitive
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What factors do an effective teacher vary her instructional presentations and response requirements?
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student needs, task at hand, learning situation
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Cognitive modeling is an essential component of which self-training approach?
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self-instructional training
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self-instruction
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child performs the task while instructing himself, silently or overtly
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self-monitoring
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refers to procedures by which the learner records whether or not he is engaging in certain behaviors, particularly those that would lead to increased academic achievement and/or social behavior
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the adult model performs a task while verbally instructing himself
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cognitive modeling
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strategies specifically designed to move the learner from dependence to independence include
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demonstration imitation, assistance, prompting, and verbal instruction; cognitive modeling and self-guidance through overt, faded overt & covert stages
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A student needs continuous feedback in order to experience small, incremental achievements. What type of instructional material would best meet this need?
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programmed materials allow student to chart his progress as he achieves each goal & he can monitor himself and take responsibility for his successes
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What type of question would most directly evaluate the utility of instructional material?
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Are the materials organized in a useful manner?
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What recently developed assistive device can "read" aloud sections from a newspaper received electronically?
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personal companion
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Which electronic devise can assist by dialing a telephone, turning book pages and drinking from a cup?
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manipulator robots
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behaviorists contend that all behavior is
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learned
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procedure employed to decrease targeted behaviors include
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punishment and extinction
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Which description best characterizes primary reinforcers of an edible nature?
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natural, unconditioned, innately motivating
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example of secondary reinforcer
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praise or a hug
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What is key to encourage the individual to continue the targeted behavrio
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timing and quality of the reinforcer
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what principle state that any activity in which a student voluntarily participates on a frequent basis can be used as a reinforcer for any activity in which the student seldomnpaticipates
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Premack Principle
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dispensing school supplies is a component associated with which type of reinforcement system
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activity reinforcement
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which type of reinforcement system is most easily generalized into other settings
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social reinforcement
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the number of times the behavior is displayed in a given period
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rate or frequency
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which category of behaviors would most likely be found on a behavior rating scale
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disruptive, acting out; shy, withdrawn; aggressive (physical or verbal)
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age appropriate
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means mental age, not chronological age
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target behaviors must be
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observable, measurable, definable
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Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test is designed to give the examiner what type of info about a child
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the child's expressive grammatical competence
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Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test assesses which type of language component?
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syntax
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the study of significant units of speech sounds
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phonology
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study of the smallest unit of language that convey meaning
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morphology
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system of rules for making grammatically correct sentences
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syntax
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study of relationships between words and grammatical forms in a language, and their underlying meaning
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semantics
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smallest unit of meaningful language
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morpheme ex: "er" on its own has no meaning
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which component of language involves language content rather than the form of language
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semantics
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Which language skills involve encoding?
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self-expression
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child who has difficulty in verbalizing his thoughts and feelings has a problem with what
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encoding language
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child who has difficulty understanding what is said to him, relating it to situations with which hes is familiar, or applying it to a new or different situation, may have a problem
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decoding language
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give an example of a language disorder
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aphasia
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give an example of a speech disorder
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disfluency
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people with language disorders exhibit what traits
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difficulty in comprehending questions, commands or statements inability to adequately express own thoughts delayed language interrupted language development qualitatively different language total absence of language
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people with speech disorders exhibit what traits
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unintelligible speech or speech that is difficult to understand & articulation disorders speech-flow disorders unusual voice quality obvious emotional discomfort when trying to communicate damage to nerves or brain centers with control muscles used in speech
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ability to build and maintain interdependent relationships between persons.
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social interpersonal skills
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social maturity may be evidenced by the student's
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ability to cooperate, following procedures formulated by an outside party, achieving appropriate levels of independence
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the work-study movement
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focused upon the delivery of services within a specific type of inter-agency agreement
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the career education movement
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was targeted for the general populace of students but included special education students as well
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in career education specific training and preparation required the wold of work occurs during what phase
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career preparation
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what is most descriptive of vocational training in special education
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instruction focuses upon self help skills, social-interpersonal skills, motor skills, rudimentary academic skills, simple occupational skills, and lifetime leisire and occupational skills
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individual with disabilities in need of employ ability training, as well as a job would go to which community service agency for assistance
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rehabilitation services
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Locus of control
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Refers to the way a person perceives the relation between his efforts and outcome of an event.
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Glasser's Reality Therapy
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Makes use of an alternative behavior plan, a form of group therapy
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Eustress
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Sort if elation or release of anxiety
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Self monitoring
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Choosing behaviors and alternatives and monitoring those actions
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Self evaluation
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Deciding the effectiveness of the behavior in solving the problem
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Self reinforcement
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Telling oneself that one is capable of achieving success
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REI
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Regular education intervention or inclusion
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PL 99-457
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Individualized family service plan - provides services for kids ages 3-5 and their families
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Honig v. Doe, 1998
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Where student has presented an immediate threat to other, that student may be temporarily suspended up to 10 school days to give the school and parents time to review the IEP and discuss possible alternatives to the current placement.
