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James Edward Oglethorpe

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The leader of English Parliament who founded the Georgia colony, in order to create an effective buffer from the Spanish and Spanish controlled Florida.

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James Wright

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Georgia's third, and final, royal governor who fled the colony when the American Revolution began

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Nancy Morgan Hart

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one of the most patriotic women in Georgia, she worked as a spy; she disguised herself as a man and entered British camps trying to gain information; famous for holding six British soldiers at gunpoint who tried to pillage her land.

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Yazoo Land Fraud

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1795, the sale of western land to four land companies after the governor and members of the General Assembly had been bribed

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Governor James Jackson

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Overturned Yazoo Act; elected to First Congress; lost reelection

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Trail of Tears

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Forced journey of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to a region west of the Mississippi (present day Oklahoma) during which thousands of Cherokees died

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Joseph Brown

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Governor from Georgia who tried at times to keep his own troops apart from the Confederate forces and insisted on hoarding surplus supplies for his own state's militias. He believed that his state had seceded so that it didn't have to follow the dictates of a central government.

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Milledgeville

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Georgia's fourth capital and seat of the state government during the Civil War

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Henry L. Benning

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A jurist who became associate justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia in the 1850s. He then became a vocal advocate for secession and earned the rank of brigadier general during the Civil War

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Robert Toombs

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A senator and extremist from Georgia who said that the South would never let the federal government be controlled by the Republican party and threatened secession.

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William T. Sherman

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He commanded the Union army in Tennessee. In September of 1864 his troops captured Atlanta, Georgia. He then headed to take Savannah. This was his famous "march to the sea.". His troops burned barns and houses, and destroyed the countryside. His march showed a shift in the belief that only military targets should be destroyed. Civilian centers could also be targets.

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Rufus Bullock

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He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. After various allegations of scandal, in 1871 he was obliged by the Ku Klux Klan to resign the governorship.

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Tunis Campbell

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Represented McIntosh County as a state senator and served as a justice of the peace.Insisted on equal representation of blacks in juries and otherwise championed their rights to the point of making himself an annoyance to the whites. Was sentenced to a year of hard labor for improper conduct.

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Populism

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Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892.

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"New South" Crusade

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Sought to diversify the Georgia economy; eventually led to the industrialization of the state.

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Jim Crow

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The system of racial segregation in the South that was created in the late nineteenth century following the end of slavery. These laws written in the 1880s and 1890s mandated segregation in public facilities.

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W. E. B. Du Bois

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American civil rights activist; wrote the Souls of Black Folk and demanded full racial equality; helped found the NAACP

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Rebecca Latimer Felton

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She was a civic leader that supported women's suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagree with the convict lease system. She was also the first woman to serve in the US Senate

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Leo Frank

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Jewish factory manager in Atlanta who was convicted of murdering a female employee. A mob lynched him in his jail cell.

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County-unit System

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It gave each county or district a certain number of votes. The bigger the district, the more votes. This inacurately stated what people wanted and gave rural areas more votes, which did not represent what most people would prefer.

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again.

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Herman Talmadge

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GA governor; in reaction to Brown vs. BOE he declared that GA will 'not tolerate the mixing of races in public schools or any other tax supported instutions." Forcibly took over the Governor's mansion until it was officially announced he had lost the election.

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Martin Luther King, Jr.

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U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize Winner(1964)

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1996 Olympic Games

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Put georgia on a national stage, and made Atlanta a world known city.

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Jimmy Carter

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39th President who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow; former Georgia governor.

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Reconstruction

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the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

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Jim Crow

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Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

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segregation

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a social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups

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voting restrictions

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poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clause, property requirements aimed at disenfranching black voters

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

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Rebecca Latimer Felton

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She was a civic leader that supported women's suffrage and temperance as well as strongly disagree with the convict lease system.

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Leo Frank

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American Jew lynched in Atlanta for the murder of a white girl superintendent of a pencil factory

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Mary Phagan

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girl who was supposedly raped by leo Frank

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the county-unit system

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allotted votes by county, with little regard for population differences, or example, three rural counties with a combined population of 7,000 just as much clout in statewide elections as Fulton County, with its 550,000 inhabitants

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Robert Elliott Burns

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wrote about his torturous imprisonment exposes abuses in the Georgia prison system

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I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang

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book by Robert Elliott Burns chronicling his imprisonment and escape

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convict lease system

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allowed private companies to rent persons convicted of serious crimes

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Tobacco Road

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A novel from the 1930s by Erskine Caldwell, about a family of sharecroppers from Georgia and their many tragedies ; a "Tobacco Road" is a poor shantytown, usually in the rural South, and usually populated by whites.

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God's Little Acre

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A novel from the 1930s by Erskine Caldwell, about a family of sharecroppers from Georgia and their many tragedies.

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boll weevil

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grayish weevil that lays its eggs in cotton bolls destroying the cotton

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Great Depression

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the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

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New Deal

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the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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Paid farmers to destroy surplus and limit production ; An unintended consequence of the policy, however, was to put farmers out of work, causing even greater numbers to seek other means of employment.

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Warm Springs

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natural wonders visited by FDR to treat his polio

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Ben Epps

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considered to be the father of aviation in the state

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Athens

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Ben Epps field 1907

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Charles Lindbergh

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1923 flew his first solo flight at Souther Field in Americus

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William B. Hartsfield

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mayor of Atlanta from 1936 to 1961; targeted Democrats and Blacks and offered improvements

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Hartsfield Airport

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It is named after William Hartsfield, father of atlanta aviation, and (later)Maynard Jackson, the first black mayor. It increases trade and international businesses can travel to Atlanta.

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Eastern Air Lines

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used Hartsfield as a major hub

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Delta Air Lines

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moved its headquarters to Atlanta in 1941

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Empire State of the South

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title given to largest slaveholding state in the south

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Joseph E Brown Governor

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disliked centralized Federal and Confederate power

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Robert Toombs

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secretary of state, strong advocate for secession

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Alexander Stephens

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Vice president of the confedacy

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1861

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When the Georgia Secession Convention held in Milledgeville

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Cobb Brothers

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Howell presided over Confederacy's organizing ; Thomas authored the constitution

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Henry L. Benning

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lawyer, legislator, judge on the Georgia Supreme Court, and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He is also noted for the U.S. Army's fort named in his honor

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William T. Sherman

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general who burned Georgia marching thru Atlanta to Savannah, 1864

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Field Order 15

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Sherman's special order granting 400,000 acres of land to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments; likely origin of the phrase "forty acres and a mule"

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Andersonville

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Horrific POW camp infamous for atrocities and prisoner mistreatment

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Reconstruction

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Process to readmit Southern states to the Union, 1865-1871

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460,000

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Number of slaves freed during and after the war

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Freedmen's Bureau

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established by Congress to aid African Americans undergoing the transition from slavery to freedom in the aftermath of the Civil War

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Ku Klux Klan

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Terrorist organization devoted to racial inequality, suffering and evil, established 1868

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Black Legislators

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27 duly elected were expelled from the General Assembly leading Congress to impose martial law and ban Georgia's congressmen

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Racist bullshit

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Sometimes it seems like the history of Georgia is solely compromised of this single element

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Rufus Bullock

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first Republican to be elected to Governor, fought for equality and brought industry to the state, falsely accused of corruption

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John B. Gordon

answer

general and clansman, lost Gubernatorial contest to Rufus Bullock

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1870

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Georgia readmitted to the Union

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Democrats

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party of racists and clansmen

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Republicans

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party of reformers fighting for equality

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Redeemers

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Democrats working to counter reconstruction and equality

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Thirteenth Amendment

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officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude; 1864

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Fourteenth Amendment

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overruled Dred Scott(1857) granting blacks citizenship ; reinforced due process and equal rights; 1868

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Fifteenth Amendment

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explicitly grants right of citizens to vote regardless of race, color or having been enslaved (!) ; 1870

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Redemption

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widespread movement to oppress the newly freed ; the term reeks and drips irony like a bloated corpse

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the crop-lien system

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a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests ; guess how well this worked for farmers

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Bourbon Triumvirate

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Joseph E. Brown(ex-Confederate governor), John B. Gordon and Alfred H. Colquitt (ex-Confederate gennerals) maintained power from 1872-1890 focused on industrializing the stated for their own profit

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Tunis Campbell

answer

prominent African American politician, fought for equality and justice

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Henry W. Grady

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editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who spearheaded a crusade to build a prosperous "New South" centered around Atlanta

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New South

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dream that Georgia might lead the South phoenix like from the ashes as a land of prosperity and equality

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Atlanta

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state capital 1868

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sharecroppers

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tenant farmers, serfs, who worked the land they did not own for a meager share of the crops

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Populist Party

answer

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

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Farmers' Alliance

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A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

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Thomas E. Watson

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ran for vp on Populist Party ticket, in later life he became a racist

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Yazoo Land Fraud

answer

land companies bribed GA leaders to sell land cheaply; resulted in U.S. take-over of disputed land

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James Jackson

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Reformer, wants to clean up the mess made by the Federalists. Plans to repeal the Yazoo deal if elected. Father of Jeffersonian Party in Ga. Swept the election, takes office in 1796, rescinds the Yazoo purchase of year prior.

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Trail of Tears

answer

Cherokee were forced to leave their lands traveling over 800 miles more than 4,000 died; 1838

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Indian Removal Act 1830

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Passed by Congress under the Andrew Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

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Signed the Declaration of Independence

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Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton

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Signed U.S. Constitution

answer

Abraham Baldwin and William Few Jr.

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Nancy Hart

answer

a female patriot and spy credited with killing several Tories at her home.

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Battle of Kettle Creek

answer

battle near Augusta, GA won by the Patriots on February 14, 1779

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Augusta

answer

Becomes capital in 1779

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Eli Whitney

answer

Invented the cotton gin, 1793

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cotton gin

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machine which automated cotton processing

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Gold Rush

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largest discovery of gold east of the Mississippi, 1828

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University of Georgia

answer

established 1785

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Wesleyan College

answer

first womens college, 1836

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James Edward Oglethorpe

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created colony, georgia, for English debtors & to protect the other British colonies from Spanish atttack (buffer colony)

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James Wright

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Georgia's third royal governor for 16 years who fled the colony when the American Revolution began

question

Nancy Morgan Hart

answer

from Georgia, she had to defend her home against a group of Loyalist fighters

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Board of Trustees

answer

Appointed by King George II in 1732 to govern Georgia until 1752

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Debtors

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One of the original motivation for the colony

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Henry Ellis

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Georgia's second and most popular Royal Governor, he wore a thermometer

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Slavery

answer

Was prohibited in Georgia until 1750

question

John Reynolds

answer

First governor of Georgia, 1752

question

Yamacraw

answer

Tribe that helped the original settlers

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Yamacraw Bluff

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Geographic feature that impressed Oglethorpe to build Savannah

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Salzburgers

answer

German-speaking Protestant colonists that founded Ebenezer and New Ebenezer

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St. Augustine

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Built by the Spanish and attacked by Oglethorpe

question

Fort Frederica

answer

Built by Oglethorpe and attacked by the Spanish

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Battle of Bloody Marsh

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Victory for Oglethorpe over the Spanish on St. Simons Island in 1742

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Mary Musgrove

answer

The chief translator and go-between of Georgia's early days

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Catholics

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Barred from Georgia

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Jews

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Among the earliest settlers

question

1732

answer

Charter granted

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1733

answer

Savannah founded

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1752

answer

Becomes Royal Colony, first governor John Reynolds

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1750

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The shame of slavery begins

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1742

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Oglethorpe victory at Battle of Bloody Marsh

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Governor's Council

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The upper legislative body in Georgia's Royal Government

question

Commons House of Assembly

answer

The lower legislative body in Georgia's Royal Government

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Creek

answer

Native Nation the Yamacraw were part of

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George II

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Granted charter to trustees in 1732

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Tomochichi

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Chief of the Yamacraw and friend to colonists

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Zero

answer

Number of debtors release and sent to settle in Georgia

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50 Acres

answer

Amount of land needed to vote in Royal Georgia

question

500 Acres

answer

Amount of land needed to be a legislator in Royal Georgia

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