Fundamentals of nursing chapter 1-5 maryville university – Flashcards
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What is nursing
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Nursing as a profession focused on end assisting individuals, families, communities to attain, recover and maintain optimum health in function from birth to old age
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The word nurse originated from the Latin word "nutrix" which means..
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To nurtue
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What is the science of nursing?
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The knowledge for the care that is given.
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What is the art of nursing?
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The skilled application of that knowledge to help others achieve maximum health and quality-of-life.
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Who was the first trained nurse in the US?
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Linda Richards. New England Hospital for Women and Children Graduated in 1873
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Who was the founder of modern nursing?
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Florence Nightingale. Born 1820
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Who was the first African-American nurse?
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Mary Mahoney New England Hospital for Women and Children Graduated 1879
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Who founded the American Red Cross?
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Clara Barton Found it in 1882
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What year was the American Red Cross founded?
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1882
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The Benedictine order was the entry of ____ into nursing.
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Men
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What was the Goldmark report?
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Report by Rockefeller foundation concluded that nursing education needed financial support and suggested that such support given to university schools of nursing.
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What was the Lysaught report?
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Study calling for clarification nursing roles and responsibilities in relation to those of other healthcare professionals
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Who is Harriet Tubman?
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In African-American nurse and abolitionist. Founder of the Underground Railroad.
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Who was Lavinia Dock?
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Instrumental in constitutional amendment giving women right the vote. Nursing leader and women's rights activist.
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During the ancient times, nurses had glamorous roles? T or F.
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False, not glamorous
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After the crusades, large cities began to develop. The growth of large cities lead to certain health problems. These health problems included...
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Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor Heating and Cooling Poor sanitation, garbage collection, plumbing Poor water supply inadequate methods of preserving foods ignorance of elementary hygiene
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During the ancient times, nurses did not follow the directions of the doctors. They were autonomous. T or F
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False, not autonomous
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During the middle ages, secular groups were formed. These groups included: A. Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony B. Misercordia in Italy C. Alexian Brothers D. Alexian Sisters in Indiana
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All but D.
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In what century did Florence Nightingale bring about major reforms in Nursing?
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19th Century, During Crimean Wars
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What two nurses opened up Henry Street Settlement?
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Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster 1893
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What was Henry Street Settlement?
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A neighborhood nursing service serving the health needs of New York's poor living in tenements on the Lower East Side
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Which of the two nurses was considered the Founder of Public Health Nursing?
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Lillian Wald
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Who was the first Professor of Nursing?
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Mary Adelaide Nutting
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What are the four aims of nursing?
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Promote health Prevent Illness Restore Health Facilitate coping with Disability and Death.
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Name the Roles of a Nurse ELRACCCC
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Caregiver Communicator Educator Counselor Leader Researcher Advocate Collaborator
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Name some settings for Nursing Care
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Clinics Hospitals Workplace/Schools Nursing Homes
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Is Nursing considered a Profession?
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Yes. A profession that uses specialized skills and knowledge to promote wellness and provide care for people in health and illness.
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What are the two types of Nurses?
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Practical Nurse and Registered Nurse
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What are the Nursing Organizations?
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American Nurses Association (ANA) - nurses only National League of Nurses (NLN) - open to all International Council of Nurses (ICN) National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) - nursing students
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What are the 5 parts of the Nursing Process?
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ADPIE A- Assesss D-Diagnose P- Plan I- Intervention/ Implement E- Evaluation
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Of all the physiological needs which one is the most essential? food, water, elimination or oxygen?
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oxygen
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Maslow's hierarchy of basic human needs is useful when planning and implementing nursing care as it provides a structure for a. making accurate nursing diagnoses b. establishing priorities of care c. communicating concerns more concisely d. integrating science into nursing care
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b. establishing priorities of care
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Which of the following levels of basic human needs is more basic? A. physiologic B. safety and security C. love and belonging D. Self-actualization
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A. physiologic
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Of the following statements, which is true of self actualization? A. humans are born with fully developed self-actualization B. self-actualization needs are met by having confidence and independence C. the self-actualization process continues throughout life.
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C. the self actualization process continues throughout life.
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What is family?
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Any group of people who live together.
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What is a Nuclear Family?
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Two parents and their children. Also known as a Traditional Family
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What is the Traditional family?
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Two parents and their children. same as the nuclear family
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What is a blended family?
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Two parents and their unrelated children from other relationships. Ex: The Brady Bunch
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What is an extended family?
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Includes Aunts and Uncles, Grandparents. More common in African American, Hispanic and Oriental families
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What is a cohabiting family?
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Unmarried adults of any age (including seniors) living together.
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What is a bi-nuclear family?
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Divorced parents assume joint custody for children
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What is a dyadic family?
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The couple chooses not to have children.
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What are the 5 functions of the family?
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Physical- Safe comfortable environment Economic- financial aid to members Reproductive- have and raise children Affective and coping- provide emotional comfort ; help establish as sense of identity Socialization- teaches values, beliefs, attitudes, and coping mechanisms.
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Where do individuals learn their health beliefs and values?
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From their family
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What does cultural diversity include?
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Culture, Ethnicity and Race
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What is culture?
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Shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide social structure for daily living.
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What is a subculture or subgroup?
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A large group of people who are members of a larger cultural group but have certain ethnic, occupational or physical characteristics that are not common in the larger group.
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What is a dominant group?
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A group that has the most ability to control the values and sanctions of the society.
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What is the minority group?
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A group that has different physical or cultural characteristics (race, religion, occupation) from the dominant group.
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What is cultural assimilation?
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When many members of a minority group lose their cultural characteristics that made them different from the dominant group and they take on the values of the dominant group.
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What is acculturation?
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a merging of cultures because of prolonged contact.
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What are the values of the dominant group?
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1 youth, thinness, beauty 2. success and achievement 3. independence, self reliance 4 technology 5 work 6 ownership 7 duty and conscience
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What is culture shock?
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the feeling a person experiences when placed in a different culture.
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What is ethnicity?
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A sense of identity with a collective group, largely based on a group's common heritage.
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What is race?
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Based on specific characteristics such as skin pigmentation, body stature, facial features or hair texture.
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What are the 3 major races?
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Caucasian, Negroid, Mongoloid
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Are race and ethnicity the same?
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No
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What are the 3 race classifications?
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White, African American/Black, Asian, American Indian/Alaskan Native native Hawaiian or other pacific islander
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The Mongoloid Race includs what groups of people?
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peopel indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, The Pacific Ilands
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What are 4 factors that affect cultural sensitivity?
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Stereotyping Cultural Imposition Cultural Blindness Cultural Conflict
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What is stereotyping
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The assumption that all members of a cultural or ethnic group act alike.
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What is cultural imposition?
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The belief that everyone should conform to your own belief system.
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What is cultural blindness?
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When one group ignores differences and proceeds as though the differences do not exist.
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What is cultural conflict?
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When people are aware of cultural differences, feel threatened and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of the other to make themselves feel more secure.
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Cultural influences on healthcare include...
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Behaviors of the patient seem odd to the nurse. The reverse is true as well.
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What are 3 examples of physiological characteristics?
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Tay Sachs- Eastern European Jews Lactose Intolerance- Asians Sickle Cell Anemia- African Americans
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What are keloids and in what race of people are they found?
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Smooth, hard, benign growths that form when scar tissue grows excessively. Found in African Americans.
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What is lactase deficiency?
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Lack or little amount of the enzyme Lactase found in Asian people
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What is Lactose intolerance?
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the body cannot easily digest lactose. usually caused by a lactase deficiency found in Asian people
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What is sickle cell anemia. In what race of people is this disorder found?
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When RBC's have a shape of a sickle or crescent moon, abnormally shaped. Found in African American population.
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Do all people react the same way when they are in pain? T or F
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F. all people do not react the same way when they are in pain.
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Do people of all races seek help for mental illness when it is needed? T or F
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F. no all races do not seek help for mental illness when it is needed
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Concept of Gender Roles
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one gender has a more dominant role in making decisions for all family members.
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What is personal space?
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The areas around a person regarded as part of the person.
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The nurse should always ask the patient about individual food preferences. T or F.
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True. Always ask about individual food preferences, this can lead do inadequate nutrition when the patient does not approve of food choices.
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What is the feminism of poverty?
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An increase in the number of single parent households headed by women. Threatens to increase the number of people living at the poverty level. Also widows who outlive husbands living on fixed income.
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What is the culture of poverty?
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Feelings of despair, resignation or fatalism. Day to day attittude towards work.- no future Unemployment and need for financial assistance from Government Unstable family structure, possible abuse or abandonment. Decline in self-respect and retreat from community involvement.
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Do cultural influences in illness include religion? T or F
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True, cultural influences in illness do include religion.
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What is ethnocentrism?
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The belief that the ideas, beliefs and practices of one's own culture are superior to those of another culture.
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When caring for patients who are from a different culture than the nurse it is important to
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first ask the patients how they want to be treated based on their cultural values and beliefs.
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How do you develop cultural awareness?
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You must first be aware of the role of culture on your own life. Identify your biases.
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How do you develop cultural knowledge?
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Learn as much as possible of the beliefs and practices of the people in your community. Practice techniques of observation and listening to acquire knowledge from you patients but be careful with this approach.
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What do you do when you accommodate cultural practices in healthcare? Give an example.
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You include a patient's beliefs in their care and gain their respect and possible more adherence to treatment or patient refusing care. Example: if a patient does not believe in having a male nurse, see if the charge nurse can switch the assignment. If a family member insists on staying near the family during their stay, order another bed to ensure culturally competent care
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Nurses should respect culturally based family roles. T or F
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True. Nurses should respect culturally based family roles.
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Nurses should force clients to participate in care that conflicts with his or her values. T or F.
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False. You cannot force a client to participate in care conflicting with their values
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What is health?
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A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of illness.
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What is disease?
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Medical term referring to pathological changes in the structure or function of the body and mind.
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What is illness?
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the response of a person to a disease. An abnormal process in which a person's level of functioning has changed when compared to a previous state.
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What is acute illness?
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Illness with rapid onset of symptoms and usually lasts a relatively short time. Examples: Common cold, diarrhea, appendicitis, pneumonia.
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What are the 4 stages of illness?
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1. Experiencing symptoms- recognition of 1 or more symptoms incompatible with the person's definition of health. 2. Assuming the sick role- Seeks validation of illness from others. Gives up normal practices 3. Assuming a dependent role- accepting the diagnosis, follows prescribed treatment plan. May seek second opinion at this time. 4. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation- may begin in hospital or rehab and end at home. Gives up dependent role. resumes normal activities.
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What is a chronic illness?
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characteristics: slower onset, permanent change, cause by or causes irreversible alteratinos in normal anatomy or physiology. Requires special patient education for rehab. Long periods of care or support.
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In Chronic Illness, what is remission? what is exacerbation?
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- symptoms go away, are not present - symptoms are back, patient feels sick from disease.
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What are some of the effects of illness on the family?
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Daily life changes for both patient and family. Change in behavior or activity Stress and feelings of guilt, severe anxiety, fear, blame.
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Explain the agent host environmental model of health and illness
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Leavell ; Clark- 1965 Agent, host and environmental factors must all be right for illness to occur
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Explain the health-illness continuum model of health and illness.
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Health is a constantly changing state with high level health and death at opposite ends of a graduated scale. Health is constantly changing as a person adapts to internal and external environments to maintain a state of health. ex. a person with cancer could be on any part of the continuum at any time
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Explain the high-level wellness model of health and illness.
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Dunn- 1961 Good health- passive wellness- active state ENCOURAGES THE NURSE TO CARE FOR THE TOTAL PERSON. Involves functioning to one's maximum potential while maintaining balance and a purposeful direction Regards wellness as an active state, oriented toward maximizing the potential of the individual regardless of his or her state of health.
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Explain the health belief model of health and illness.
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Rosenstock- 1974f Concerned with what people perceive to be true about themselves in relation to their health. based on three components of individual perceptions of threat of a disease -perceived susceptibility to a disease - perceived seriousness of a disease - perceived benefits of action
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What is the health promotion model?
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Pender- ONLY NURSE Illustrates multidemensional nature of persons interacting with their environment as they pursue health - incorporates individual characteristics and experiences and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivate health-promoting behavior - personal biologic, psychological and sociocultural factors are predicative of a certain health related habit. - Health related behavior is the outcome of the model and is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the lifespan.
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What nursing theorist developed the health promotion model?
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Nola Pender - only nurse that developed a nursing theory
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what factors affect health and illness?
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Importance person places on health - control person has over health - perceived self efficacy - person's definition of health - persons perception of health - benefits of health - perceived barriers to health
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What is a risk factor?
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Something that increases a person should risk for illness or injury. There are modifiable and non modifiable risk factors.
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Can some risks be modified? Example
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Yes. Smoking causing cancer can be modified by stopping smoking to eliminate that risk.
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What risk factors cannot be changed? Examples
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Things that cannot be changed. Genetic, family h/o cancer.
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Explain how the human dimensions affect health and illness (physical, emotional, intellectual, environmental, sociocultural, spiritual,
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Interrelate which each other and influences the person's behaviors in both health and illness. Physical - strongly influence person's health status and health practices Emotional - long-term stress affects body systems and anxiety affects health habits Intellectual - influences the persons responses to teaching about health in reactions to nursing care during illness Environmental-housing, sanitation, pollution Sociocultural-health practices and beliefs strongly influenced by person's economic level, lifestyle, family and culture. low income groups are less likely to seek medical care
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What is knowledge?
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The awareness of reality acquired through learning or investigation.
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What are the sources of knowledge?
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Traditional- knowledge passed down from generation to generation- making a bed Authoritative - knowledge from an expert and is accepted as truth based on a person's perceived expertise. Scientific- Knowledge obtained through the scientific method
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What are the types of Knowledge?
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1. Science- observing, identifying, describing and explaining events and experiences perceived in the world. Science of nursing is the knowledge in and of nursing. 2. Philosophy- study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge and the preocesses used to develop and construct one's perceptions of life. Every nurses philosophy through educatioin and practice forms the basis for providing nursing care. 3. Process- series of actions, changes or functions intended to bring about a desired result. Devlivery of nursing care within the nursing process directected by the framework and theories define the patient, environment and health of nursing.
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What is a theory?
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A group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality.
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What is deductive reasoning?
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The examination of a general idea and considers specific actions or ideas.
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What is inductive reasoning?
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The building of specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas.
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What are concepts?
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Abstract impressions oranized into symbols of reality. Cocncepts describe objects, properties and events and the realtionsship among them.
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What is a conceptual framework or model?
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A group of concepts that follow an understandable pattern
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What is nursing theory?
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Describes, explains, predicts and controls desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Developed to describe nursing.
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Explain the General Systems Theory.
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Describes who to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in a system. 1920s Ludwig von Bertalanffy.
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Explain Adaption Theory.
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Defines adaptation as the adjustment of living mattre to other living things and to the environment.
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Explain the Developmental Theory.
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Process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable beginning with conception and ending in death.
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EWhat are the 4 concepts common in nursing theory?
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The patient the environment health nursing
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Of the 4 concepts which is most important?
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the patient
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What is research?
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The means to examine carefully or to search again. The collection of data in a systematic manner to describe, explain or predict events.
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What is data?
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Observable and verifiable information.
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What is nursing research?
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Research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as well as the broader study of people, the nursing profession including studies of education, policy development, ethics and nursing history.
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What are the 2 methods of nursing research? Define. What is the difference between them?
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Quantitative involves concept of basic (lab or pure) and applied (practical) research. Basic research does not directly influence the clinical setting. Applied research is used to improve or influence the clinical setting. Qualitative research is the method or research to gain insight by discovering meaning. at its core the belief that reality is based on perception which differs from person to person.
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What is basic research?
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Used to improve and refine theory- AKA Lab or pure research.
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What is applied research?
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used to improve or influence the clinical setting. AKA practical research.
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What are the 4 types of quantitative research? Define.
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1. Descriptive-descriptive research describes.describs events in real life situations. decribes concepts and identifyingnrelationships among and between events 2. Correlational- looks at relationships between two variables. 3. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental- looks at cause and effect 4. Experimental Research- looks at cause and effect in highly controlled environment- the highest research you can do.
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What are the steps of the QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH process? 9 steps.
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1. State the research problem. 2. Define the purpose of the study. 3. Review elated literature. 4. Formulate hypotheses and variables. 5. Select the research design. 6. Select the population and sample. 7. Collect Data. 8. Analyze Data. 9. Communicate finding and conclusions.
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What are the qualitative research methods? Define.
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1. Phenomenology- describe experiences as they are lived by subjects being sstudied. Based on subjects reality. Ex: experiences of health or having a heart attack. 2. Grounded theory- DISCOVERY OF HOW PEOPLE DESCRIBE THEIR OWN REALITY AND HOW THEIR BELIEFS ARE RELATED TO THEIR ACTIONS IN A SOCIAL SCENE. Ex: coping with a seriously ill child. 3. Ethnography- research used to examine issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing. Developed by the discipline of anthropology. 4. Historical- examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today. (many focus on nursing leaders and also historical patterns of nursing practice.)
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What is a variable?
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Something that varies and has different values that can be measured.
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What is a dependent variable?
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The variable being studied, determined as a result of the study.
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What is an independent variable?
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Causes or conditions that are manipulated or identified to determine the efffects on the dependent variable.
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What is a hypothesis?
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Statement of relationships between independent and dependent variables that the researcher expects to find.
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What is an instrument?
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Devices used to collect and record the data. Like rating scales, tests, and biological measurements. They should be reliable, (repeatable) and valid (test what they are supposed to test)
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What is evidence-based practice?
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Problem solving approach to make clinical decisions. Combines science and art of nursing so that the best patient outcome is achieved.
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What are the sections of a research journal?
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1. Abstract- beginning of article. Summarizes article and purpose of study, describes subjects, data collection, data analysis. Summarizes important findings. 2. Introduction- Review of literature and statement of purpose. Discusses relevant studies conducted in this area. 3. Method- describes subjects, design of study, data collected and method of capture and types of analysis done. ENough data for study to be replicated. 4. Results- Presented in charts, graphs, tables and words 5. Discussion (Conclusion)- What the results mean with respect to study and the literary review. May also include suggestions of future studies. 6. References- List of articles and books used by the researcher.
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Who was Florence Nightingale?
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Defined nursing as art and science. Differentiated nursing from medicine. Created freestanding nursing education. Published books about nuring and health care. Is regarded as THE FOUNDER OF MODERN NURSING.
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Who is Clara Barton?
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Cared for wounds and fed union soldiers during civil war. Founded the Red Cross in 1882. Supervisor of nurses for the Army of the James.
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Who was Dorthea Dix?
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Reform for treatment of the mentally ill. Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army during civil war. Recruited and equipped a corp of army nurses .
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Who is Linda Richards?
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FIRST TRAINED NURSE IN UNITIED STATES ? Graduated from New England hospital for women and children in Boston - Superintendent of Bellevue Hospital in 1874 BEGAN KEEPING RECORDS AND WRITING ORDERS
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Who is Lillian Wald?
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Est. neighbor nursing service- for sick and poor, Henry Street Settlement in LOWER EAST SIDE in New York with Mary Brewster FOUNDED PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
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Who is Harriet Tubman?
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Nurse and abolitionist Underground railroad then joined Union army during Civil War
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Who is Mary Agnes Snively?
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- Director of Nursing school @ Toronto general hospital and - 1 founder of Canadian Nurse association she established the first nursing student residence and a proper curriculum
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Who is Sojourner Truth?
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-Nursing care to soldiers during Civil War Women's movement worker
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Who is Isabel Hampton Robb?
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- Lead nursing and nurse education - John Hopkins Hospital nursing school organized by Isabel, - Limited nursing work hours in a day - Student learning textbook - 1st president of American Nurses Association- originally Nurses Associated Alumnae of USA and Canada
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Who is Mary Adelaide Nutting?
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- 1st NURSING PROFESSOR ? Teacher's College- COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY with Lavina Dock Published HISTORY OF NURSING
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Who is Lavinia Dock?
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- Women's rights activist - Helped give women the right to vote in constitutional amendment
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Who is Mary Brewster?
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- Founded public health nursing, Henry street settlement with Lillian Wald - Lived with Lillian Wald and employed 6 other nurses
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describe the 4 aims of nursing
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- Promoting health ? enabling clients to increase their own control over their health and to improve it. Not only behavioral focuses but the impact all of one's scope of life has in impacting their reactions and wanting to change their health habits and the likelihood of them improving their health by actions and § Example, showing ways of preventing obesity, eating healthy, ways that family can contribute and things that are fun to do with family that is healthy § Increase health awareness by assisting in understanding that health is more than just not being ill § Teach self care activities. § Encourage health promotion by providing information and referrals - Preventing illness ? An anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence of illness ? Objective is to reduce risk for illness, promote good healthy habits by education and personal example § Live what you preach § Prenatal health programs in community and stress reduction seminars - Restoring health ? Performing assessments that detect an illness and referring questions and abnormal findings to others professionals. Giving physical care, giving medications, teaching healthier habits. ? Giving procedures and treatments - Facilitating coping with disability and death ? Assist in showing patients the new normal. Participate in occupational and physical therapy. Nurses are also involved in hospice programs
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What are the steps of a PICO question?
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Using the PICO format, "P" refers to the population, which in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which would be lower blood pressure
