Fundamentals I Test 4 Justement – Flashcards
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| What are the three main characteristics of pleuripotent cells? |
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| have indefinite regeneration capability, don't have a lot at one time, when they divide one daughter cell is the same as the original cell ; the other is a precursor for whatever cell type it will become |
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| T/F; There is a balance between the number of a specific type of cell in the bone marrow and in the whole body. |
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| True |
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| From which stem cell do cells for innate immunity arrise? What cells do they become? |
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| Myeloid ; Dendritic, Monocyte, Macrophage, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Mast, Basophil, Platelets, ; Erythrocytes |
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| Which stem cells lead to cells of the adaptive immune system?; What are these cells? |
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| Lymphoid ; NK, T cell, ; B cell |
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| What is the most numerous Leukocyte? |
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| Neutrophil |
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| What type of cells of the innate immune system are phagocytic cells that produce soluble factors that attack Ag? |
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| Granulocytes |
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| Describe extravasation. |
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| neutrophils roll along endothelium until the detect inflammation, then they extravasate into the area to aid the response (first cells recruited to infection site. |
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| Which granulocyte fights parasites, has a bi-lobed nucleus, is highly mobile, ; has red staining granules? |
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| Eosinophil |
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| Which granulocyte fights parasitic infection, have blue staining granules, ; have low affinity receptors on their surface for IgE? |
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| Basophils |
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| T/F; Mast cells must be completely differentiated prior to entering circulation. |
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| False; leave formation site undifferentiated then differentiate in circulation |
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| What stimulates the IgE of allergens? |
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| crosslinking with other receptors |
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| Where are monocytes formed?; Name some cells that they differentiate into. |
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| Bone Marrow; Macrophages, Kupfer cells, Microglial cells |
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| Which differentiated form of a monocyte has more projections and detects pathogen associated molecular patterns? |
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| Macrophages |
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| Once bacteria are broken down their peptides are loaded onto what? |
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| MHC class II's |
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| What type of lymphoid cells can kill host cells that are infected by virus? What is the signal for it to kill host cells? |
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| Natural Killer cells; lack of MHC class I |
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| What are the three Ag presenting cells? |
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| Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B cells |
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| What humoral cell can differentiate into a plasma cell with T cell activation? |
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| B cells |
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| Which adaptive immune cell produces cytokines? What do these secretions do? |
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| T helper cells; cytokines activate B cells and cause CD 8 cells to differentiate into CTL's |
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| What cells are important for directing the Cell-Mediated Response? |
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| Cytotoxic T Cells (CTL's) |
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| What are the primary Lymphoid Organs & what is their function? |
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Bone Marrow: hematopietic stem cells, B cell development Thymus: T cell development |
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| What are the outer and inner regions of the secondary immune organs (& thymus) called? |
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| Outer=Cortex, Inner=Medulla; undifferentiated cells enter medulla then migrate to the cortex where they differentiate |
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| What are the secondary Lymphatic organs? |
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| Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT, MALT, etc.) |
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| Where is Ag often presented to lymphatic cells? |
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| Lymph Nodes |
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| T/F Lymphatic vessels have two way valves & fluid is moved through them by muscle contraction. |
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| False; the valves are one way |
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| How are the Lymph Nodes segregated? |
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| B cells in the cortex & T cells in the medulla; segregated until cells need to be activated |
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| How is the Spleen structured? |
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| blood circulates through T cell white pulp & T cells migrate into B cell zone |
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| Where are Peyer's Patches found? |
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| Intestine |
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| What portion of the variable chain has the greatest variability? |
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| CDR (Complimentary Determining Region) |
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| T/F; Carbohydrates affect the function of the Ab and are important when developing therapeutic factors. |
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| True |
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| What structure is required to propagate messages from the IgM to the cytoplasm?; What does it do? |
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| ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif) with Ig-; and Ig-; receptors; docking site that recruits Tyr to initiate downstream signaling pathway |
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| How long is the cytoplasmic tail of B cell mIgM? |
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| 3 amino acids |
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| T/F; Only B cells have ITAM molecules associated with them. |
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| False; B and T cells have receptors |
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| What structures are important for modulating how the signal travels through the cell and must function along with an Ag receptor? |
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| Coreceptors |
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| What is characteristic of immunoglobulin domains? |
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| disulfide bonds forming loops |
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| Describe the MHC class and peptide binding cleft of CD 4 and CD 8 cells. |
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CD 4: Class II, ;1-;1 binding cleft CD 8: Class I, ;1-;2 binding cleft |
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| Where do the CD8 and CD4 receptors bind the T cell? |
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CD 8: ;3 segment of MHC I CD 4: ;2 segment of MHC II |
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| Which MHC class can present viral peptides that have infiltrated host cells?; What cells do they present to? |
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| MHC Class I; CTL's |
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| What MHC class is used to present peptides from invading cells? To what cells do they present? |
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| MHC Class II; Macrophages present to Th 1, B cells present to Th2 |
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| How do T cells initially bind APC? How does the affinity increase? |
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| LFA-1 to CAM-1 interaction; LFA-1 conformational change → prolonged cell-cell contact |
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| Describe the form and function of lipid rafts. |
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| cholesterol dense membrand regions; create a gap-like junction and allow B & T cells to associate quickly |
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| T/F SLP & LAT bring proteins together to form a complex for propagation of signaling pathway. |
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| True |
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| What are the functions of CD19 and CD22? |
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CD19 sends positive feedback to loop to enhance regulator CD22 sends negative feedback to induce inhibitory regulator |
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| Don't know how to ask this... |
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Ag binds to receptor ; CD21 binds C3d which enhances signal ; Tyrosine kinase leads to phosphorylation of Tyr on ICAM ; positive response to stimulus If it goes to CD22 ; inhibitory receptor |
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| What is the usual result of ITIM activity? |
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| reversible phosphorylation |
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| What molecules are involved in Signal 2?; Which have positive signals ; which have negative?; Which are expressed in resting T cell? |
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Negative: TH cell CTLA-4 interacts with B7 on APC or Bcell Positive:; TH cell CD28 interacts with B7 on APC or B cell Resting Cell only expresses CD28 |
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| What happens if you do not have both Signal 1 ; 2? |
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| the T cell will shut down ; become anergic |
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| What molecule is being used to control auto-immunity ; transplant tolerance?; What does it do? |
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| CTLA-4; shuts down T cell activation |
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| Getting tired, question asking skills waning, just read the card. |
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| CD40L on TH cells is inducibly expressed and interacts with CD40 on T cell Dependent Ag's |
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| T/F Only signals 1 & 2 are required for maximum lymphocyte response. |
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| False; 1 & 2 are required for minimal response, you need Signal 3 to induce the full range of cytokines |
