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Heroic Couplet

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Lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs: aa, bbl cc and so on.

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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Credited with introduction of the iambic pentameter type of poetry. The Canterbury Tales.

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Sonnet

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A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 14 lines of iambic pentameter linked by an intricate rhyme scheme.

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Slant Rhyme Scheme / Imperfect Rhyme

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Corresponding vowel sounds are only approximate, and sometimes the rhymed consonants are similar rather than identical.

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Syntax

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Order and arrangement of words or symbols forming a logical sentence.

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Affix / Bound morpheme

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Attaches to a root or stem and can be either a prefix or suffix.

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Dangling Modifier

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A verbal phrase that does not refer to a specific noun or noun phrase. EX After completing the course on grammar, Ina's essays showed great improvement.

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Predicate

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is the part of a sentence that expresses what is said about the subject and which has a verb. An example of predicate is "ate lunch" in the sentence "Mary ate lunch."

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Literary Naturalism

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The belief that every person exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul or any participation in a religious or spiritual world beyond nature.

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Booker T. Washington

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Up From Slavery

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Iambic Pentameter

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5 feet per line of light syllable followed by a stressed syllable.

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Concrete Poems

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Poems written in the visual shape of the text concept.

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Working Thesis

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A general idea that guides the writing of the essay but will be refined during the writing process.

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Pre-Raphaelite Poets

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Mid 1800's English artisans including Dante and his sister Christina created a group to return to the spirit of the art prior to the Italian Renaissance..."the brotherhood"

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Thomas Gray

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Elergy Written in a Country Churchyard (1715) (graveyard school of poetry)

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Origin of modern English language

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Germanic

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Note taking strategy

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Copy key words from the board and listen to cue words that reinforce the key words. Students write down information about key words using lines as bullets, they write down questions. Read text and find key concepts in class. Concepts are written in students own words

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5 Steps of the Writing Process

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1. prewriting or planning time 2. rough draft 3. organizing and revising the main ideas 4. polishing or editing 5. proofreading

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Webbing

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A visual network of ideas linked to a central theme or focus. A cooperative activity. Center of web can be a theme, genre, topic, author or specific book.

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What does alienation have to do with Romantic ideology?

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To commune with nature, one needs to be alone with nature.

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For an effective persuasive argument, you must include

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a full recognition and clear analysis of the counterargument showing its strengths and weaknesess

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English literature periods in chronological order

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Old English, Middle English, Renaissance, Romantic, Victorian, Modern

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Keats, Shelly, Coleridge, and Wordsworth are associated with which period of English literature?

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The Romantic Period

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Split infinitive

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An infinitive is the uninflected form of a verb along with to—for example, to walk, to inflect, to split. A split infinitive is created by placing an adverb or adverbial phrase between the to and the verb—for example, to boldly go, to casually walk, to gently push.

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Primary purpose of the IRI

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Diagnose reading difficulties and allow the teacher to provide instruction to remediate skill weaknesses.

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A writing portfolio should be arranged by

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the date on which each piece was written (Sept - June)

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Prewriting Phase

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Delimiting the topic, point of view, organizational format, audience for piece.

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4 Types of cooperative learning strategies

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1. Jigsaw 2. Think-Pair-Share 3. Numbered Heads Together 4. Roundtable

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Expressive language arts components

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Speaking, writing and visually representing

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Receptive language arts components

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Reading, listening and viewing

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Propaganda devices

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1. Glittering generalities 2. Testimonials/endorsements 3. Transfer 4. Name calling 5. Bandwagon 6. Snob appeal 7. Rewards

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Old English Period (British Literature)

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450-1066. Celtic England from invasion of Germanic tribes to the Battle of Hastings. Literature developed from an oral tradition. 8th century poetry appeared. Beowulf written.

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Middle English Period (British Literature)

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1066-1500. Modern English dialect appeared. Writings have secular rather than religions themes. The Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

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The Renaissance (British Literature)

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1500-1660. 4 Subsets of the period 1. Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) 2. Jacobean Age (1603-1625) 3. Caroline Age (1625-1649) 4. Commonwealth Period (1649-1660)

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Elizabethan Age (British Literature)

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1558-1603. Reign of Elizabeth I. Reflects medieval tradition, lyric poetry, prose and drama. Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, Johnson.

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Jacobean Age (British Literature)

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1603-1625. Reign of James I. More sophisticated literature with rivalry. King James Bible. Poetry of John Donne, Francis Bacon and Thomas Middleton.

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Caroline Age (British Literature)

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1625-1649. Reign of Charles I. Cavalier Poets. Last group to write in the Elizabethan tradition.

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Commonwealth Period/Puritan Interregnum (British Literature)

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During time Oliver Cromwell ruled England. John Milton, Thomas Hobbes, Andrew Marvell. In 1642 the Puritans closed the theaters on moral and religious grounds. Remained closed for 18 years.

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Neoclassical Period (British Literature)

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1660-1785. Period influenced by French literature. Known for philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit and refinement. Divided into 3 subsets.

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Restoration (British Literature)

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1660-1700. Monarchy was restored and reason and tolerance triumphed. Milton (Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained), John Locke and John Dryden

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Augustan Age (British Literature)

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1700-1745. Johnathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe. Refinement, clarity, elegance, and balanced judgment.

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Age of Sensibility/Age of Johnson (British Literature)

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1745-1785. Literature began to emphasize instinct and feeling rather than judgment and restraint. Samuel Johnson, Samuel Richardson (Clarissa) and Henry Fielding (Tom Jones)

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Romantic Period (British Literature)

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1785-1830. Literature is personal and uses symbolism, explores nature and the supernatural. Samuel Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Lord Byron. Gothic Literature began during this period. (Anne Radcliffe and Mary Shelley)

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Victorian Period (British Literature)

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1832-1901. Reign of Queen Victoria. 2 subsets occurred during this period 1. Pre-Raphaelites 2. Aestheticism and Decadence Literature deals with contemporary issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution. Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy.

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Pre-Raphaelites (British Literature)

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1848-1860. Group of English artists formed the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood. Truthfulness, simplicity, religious devotion.

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Aestheticism and Decadence Movement (British Literature)

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1880-1900. Outgrowth of the French movement. Experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed to natural norms. Art for arts sake. Oscar Wilde.

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Edwardian Period (British Literature)

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1901-1914. King Edward VII until the beginning of WWI. Writing about the prevailing social conditions. George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James and E.M. Forster.

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Georgian Period (British Literature)

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1910-1936. George V. Group of poets known as the Georgian Poets. Fosuces on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form.

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Modern Period (British Literature)

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1914 - 1945. W.B.Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, Seamus Heaney, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, Virginal Wolf, Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett.

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Post Modern Period (British Literature)

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1945-Present. Blends literary genres and styles in an attempt to be free of modernist forms.

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Colonial Period (American Literature)

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1607-1776. Primarily religious, practical and historical themes. John Winthrop, Cotton Mather, Benjamin Franklin and Anne Bradstreet.

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Revolutionary Age

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1765-1790. Great documents in US history. Thomas Paine (Common Sense), Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence), Alexander Hamilton (Federalist Papers), Constitution of the United States

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Early National Period

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1775-1828. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe

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Romantic Period

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1828 - 1865. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman

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Realistic Period

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1865-1900. Following Civil War. Realistic fiction. Commonplace and ordinary people. Mark Twain, Henry James, Bret Hart, Kate Chopin.

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Naturalistic Period

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1900-1914. Represent people with more accuracy. Stephen Crane, Jack London, Theodore Dreiser.

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American Modernist Period

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1914-1939. 3 subsets of this period. 1. Jazz Age 2. Harlem Renaissance 3. Lost Generation Robert Frost, Sinclair Lewis, Willa Cather.

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Jazz Age

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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Harlem Renaissance

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Langston Hughes and W.E.B. DuBois

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Lost Generation

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Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway

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Contemporary Period

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1939-Present. Eudora Welty, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Tennessee Williams, Ralph Ellison, Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou

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Gerund

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Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples of gerunds: Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion. Swimming = subject of the verb has been. Francisco's first love is swimming. Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.

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Appositive

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An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these appositive examples, all of which rename insect: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

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Concrete Noun

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Nouns name people, places, and things. One class of nouns is concrete. You can experience this group of nouns with your five senses: you see them, hear them, smell them, taste them, and feel them.

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Count Noun

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Nouns name people, places, and things. Many nouns have both singular and plural forms. If you can add a number to the front of a noun and put an s at the end of it, you have a count noun. Check out these examples: Beatrice offered Jeremy a chocolate-chip cookie. Jeremy, an impolite pig, grabbed all seventeen cookies off of the plate.

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Interrupter

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An interrupter is a word, phrase, or clause that significantly breaks the flow of a sentence. Read the examples that follow: Please take those smelly socks to the garage, Kris, and put them in the washing machine.

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Infinitive Phrase

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An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Here are some examples: To smash a spider To kick the ball past the dazed goalie

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Transitive Verb

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A transitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean, etc. Second, it must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb. Here are some examples of transitive verbs: Sylvia kicked Juan under the table. Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object. Joshua wants a smile from Leodine, his beautiful but serious lab partner. Wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object.

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Preposition

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Prepositions are the words that indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world

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Modifiers

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Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. Modifiers allow writers to take the picture that they have in their heads and transfer it accurately to the heads of their readers. Essentially, modifiers breathe life into sentences.

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Participle

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Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that every verb has. (Simple present, Simple past, Past participle, Present participle, Infinitive)

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Semicolon

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The semicolon [ ; ] is a powerful mark of punctuation with three uses. The first appropriate use of the semicolon is to connect two related sentences. The pattern looks like this: Complete Sentence + ; + Complete Sentence. Grandma still rides her Harley motorcycle; her toy poodle balances in a basket between the handlebars. A semicolon can also team up with a transition—often a conjunctive adverb—to connect two sentences close in meaning. The pattern looks like this: Complete Sentence + ; + Transition + , + Complete Sentence. My father does not approve of his mother cruising around town on a Harley motorcycle; however, Grandma has never cared what anyone thinks. Finally, use the semicolon to avoid confusion when you have complicated lists of items. The pattern looks like this: Item + , + More Information + ; + Item + , + More Information + ; + and + Item + , + More Information On a Harley motorcycle, my grandmother and her poodle have traveled to Anchorage, Alaska; San Francisco, California; and Tijuana, Mexico.

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Subordinate Clause

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A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.

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6 Types of Literary Criticism

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1. Historical Criticism 2. Textual Criticism 3. Feminist Criticism 4. Biographical Criticism 5. Cultural Criticism 6. Formal Criticism

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Literary Criticism

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Defines, classifies, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates the works of literature.

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Textual Criticism

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Recension is the selection of only the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text. Emendation is the effort to eliminate all the errors found in even the best manuscripts.

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Existentialism

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Emphasized individual existence, freedom and choice and influenced writers in the 19th and 20th centuries. Believe that there is no rational basis for moral choice.

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Surrealism

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1920's/ Surrealists aimed to free people form what the saw a false rationality and restrictive customs and structures.

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5 Types of context clues

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1. Restatement 2. Example 3. Comparison 4. Contrast 5. Parallelism

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Assessment

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tools a teacher uses to obtain an overall view of how a student is progressing.

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Evaluation

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requires judging the quality of a piece of work

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Assessment + evaluation =

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Grading

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