FTCE BIOLOGY 6-12 CARDS – Flashcards

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atom
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a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus
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Molecule
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the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces
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Chemical Bond
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Any of several forces of mechanism, especially the ionic bonds, covalent bod, and metallic bond, by which atoms or ions are bound in a molecule or crystal.
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Neuton
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an electrically neutral subatomic particle in the baron family, having mass 1839 times that of the electron
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Proton
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a stable, positively charged subatomic particles in the baryon family having a mass 1836 times that of the electron
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Electron
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a stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066x10-28 grams of a unit negative electric charge
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atomic number
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the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
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isotope
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one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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Radioactivity
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spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei of as a consequence of a nuclear reaction
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Covalent bond
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a chemical formed by sharing one or more electrons especially pairs of electrons between atoms
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ionic Bond
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chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristics of salts
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hydrogen bond
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chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule attracted to a elctronegative atom, especially nitrogen, oxygen or fluoride usually on another molecule
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pH
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Potential of Hydrogen. the logarithm and reciprocal of hydrogen-ion
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Amino acids
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organic compound containing a amino group, a carboxylic group and any of various side groups, chemical message's and intermediates in metabolism
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protiens
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group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Components of substances such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies
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nucleoties
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compounds of nucleoside combined with phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA
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nucleic acids
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macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. In the form of DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity
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glycerol
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a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained from fats and oils as byproduct of saponification and used as a solvent, antifreeze, and plasticizer.
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Phosphate
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a salt of phosphoric acid, PO4 3-, carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid
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Monomers
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a molecule can join together with other small units to form polymers
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lipids
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Macromolecules ; includes fats, oils, and waxes; used for long-term storage of energy and carbon, and for building structural parts of cell membranes; fatty acids and glycerol make up the simple fats most common in our diets
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Monosaccharides
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The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.
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Carbohydrates
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organic substances, such as sugars, cellulose, gums, and starch, that are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain useful chemical energy.
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polymers
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a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain, Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule.
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Macromolecules
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large polymers, four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
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Anabolic
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phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. Build up. Requires energy.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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electrons bounce off surface. a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light 1000 times greater than a light microscope
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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father of microscopy-developed powerful microscopes-first to see and write about bacteria, years plants, living organisms in drop of water and circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries
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Stains
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special dyes used to color cells so that they can be seen under the microscope
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Electrophoresis
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A process where DNA fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges
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chromatography
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a group of procedures that are primarily used to separate molecules that may have different charges, sizes or solubilities, by passing the molecules over or through as supporting medium by means of a liquid or gas
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spectrophotometry
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measurement of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation of a substance at different wavelengths of the spectrum
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homologous
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describes two or more structures that have similar forms, positions and origins despite the differences between their current functions
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divergent evolution
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evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge; occurs when populations adapt to different environmental conditions; may result in the formation of a new species
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convergent evolution
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where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments
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atp
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(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work,
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speciation
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evolution of a new species. occurs when organisms in a species can no longer interbreed (geographic isolation and reproductive isolation).
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disaccharide
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a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
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DNA Bases
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the chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder A-T and C-G match A-adenine G-guanine C-cytosine T-thymine
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid. Type of nucleic acid, typically single-stranded important for transcription and translation some are catalytic. , bases A, C, G, and U (not T);
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Gene therapy
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the process of treating a disease or disorder by replacing a dysfunctional gene with a functional one
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polysaccharide
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any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules, large carbohydrate made up of monosaccharides, ex. starch and glycogen
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Properties of water
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adhesion (to stick two like glue) cohesion(too combine)it dissolves many substances., Polarity, good solvent, capillary action, surface tension, adhesion, high freezing and boiling points, floats as a soild (less dense),
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compound
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a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
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disaccharide
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A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
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Starch
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a carbohydrate, the main food energy source for human beings, polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; food storage molecule for plants
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glycogen
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An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
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cellulose
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Hard, nonliving material that makes up the cell wall of a plant
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chitin
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a carbohydrate that forms part of the exoskeleton of arthropods and other organisms, such as insects, crustaceans, fungi, and some algae
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Fats
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high energy source, twice as much as carbs. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. saturated-solid at room temp. unsaturated-liquid at room temp.
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phospholipid
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a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
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hydrophillic
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water loving, molecules that are able to dissolve in water
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hydrophobic
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Repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water.
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steroids
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made up of four rings that are fused together; cholesterol hormones: cortisone, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
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Protein Functions
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-builds, repairs, maintains body cells -forms new tissue -transport nutrients -creates new tissue -provides protective coating in skin, nails, and hair
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cellular respiration
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the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
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Bile
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a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, a substance that breaks up fat particles
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enzyme lock and key theory
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theory that the shape of the enzyme is specific because it fits into substrates like a key fits into a lock
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enzyme induced fit theory
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theory that the enzyme can stretch and bend to fit the substrates.
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oxidation
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loss of electrons
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reduction
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Gain of electrons
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MONERA
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bacteria, single cells without a nucleus
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Prokaryotic Cells
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..., These cells do not have a nucleus nor do they have any membrane-bound organelles...examples include Archae and Bacteria cells.
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eukaryotic cells
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larger & more complex, have nucleus, have many types of organelles, 2 types : animal & plant
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ribosomes
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cellular structures on which proteins are made
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
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Smooth ER
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transports material in cell (without ribosomes)
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Rough ER
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contain ribosomes on the surface. this is abundant in cells that make many proteins like the pancreas, which produces many digestive enzymes.
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Golgi complex
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organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell.
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Lysosomes
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Contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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plastids
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organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA
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chloroplasts
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An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
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chromoplasts
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Plastids that contain colorful pigments, that may or may not partake in photosynthesis.
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Cell wall
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strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
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Vacuoles
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saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
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cytoskeleton
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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
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micortubules
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one of the components of the cytoskeleton serve as structural components within cells and are involved in many cellular processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport., move materials inside cell
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Passive transport
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the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
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diffusion
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process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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isotonic
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having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution
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hypertonic
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(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
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hypotonic
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(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
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active transport
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the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
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exocytosis
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process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
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pinocytosis
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process by which certain cells can drink and incorporate droplets of fluid
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mitosis
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the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
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Meiosis
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type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell, Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
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gamete
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sex cell or germ cell; eggs and sperm
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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chromosome
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condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
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Homologues
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chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, & genetic content
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diploid
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having two homologous sets of chromosomes. 2N
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haploid
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of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes 1N
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Interphase
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G1, S, G2, a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
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IPMAT
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Prophase
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first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
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Metaphase
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second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
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Anaphase
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the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
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Telophase 1
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2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
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Prophase 2
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Chromosomes condense, spindles form in each new cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
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Metaphase 2
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Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.
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Anaphase 2
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the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
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Telophase 2
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during this phase, four haploid daughter cells are created (each have 23 chromosomes)
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Exergonic Reaction
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A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
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Activation Energy
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the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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Law of thermodynamics
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#1: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed in form. #2: When energy changes, it is converted from a more useful more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form
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Catobolism
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breaking down molecule complex molecules to simple molecues, gives you energy
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Endergonic reaction
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A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
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Anabolism
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Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
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Gregor Mendel
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Father of genetics. Experimented with pea plants and discovered law of dominance, ind. assortment, and segregation.
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law of dominance
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one trait or allele is dominant over another
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Law of segregation
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Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
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Law of independent assortment
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each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
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homozygous
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an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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heterozygous
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having two different alleles for a trait
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Monohybrid cross
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mating of two organisms that differ in only one trait
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dihybrid cross
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a cross that considers two pairs of contrasting traits More combos possible
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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Phenotype
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an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
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punnet squares
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A diagram used to determine gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross (Used to predict and compare Genetic Cross
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incomplete dominace
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one allele is not completly dominante over the other, a individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents
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codominance
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a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
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linkage
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traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their EX: red hair and freckles,
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sex linked traits
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characteristic, such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X chromosome; also called an X-linked trait
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inborn errors of metabolism
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Genetic disorders that result from deficient or absent enzymes.
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lethal alleles
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Mutated genes that are capable of causing death
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