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atom

answer

a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus

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Molecule

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the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces

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Chemical Bond

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Any of several forces of mechanism, especially the ionic bonds, covalent bod, and metallic bond, by which atoms or ions are bound in a molecule or crystal.

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Neuton

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an electrically neutral subatomic particle in the baron family, having mass 1839 times that of the electron

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Proton

answer

a stable, positively charged subatomic particles in the baryon family having a mass 1836 times that of the electron

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Electron

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a stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066x10-28 grams of a unit negative electric charge

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atomic number

answer

the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.

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isotope

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one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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Radioactivity

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spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei of as a consequence of a nuclear reaction

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Covalent bond

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a chemical formed by sharing one or more electrons especially pairs of electrons between atoms

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ionic Bond

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chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristics of salts

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hydrogen bond

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chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule attracted to a elctronegative atom, especially nitrogen, oxygen or fluoride usually on another molecule

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pH

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Potential of Hydrogen. the logarithm and reciprocal of hydrogen-ion

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Amino acids

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organic compound containing a amino group, a carboxylic group and any of various side groups, chemical message's and intermediates in metabolism

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protiens

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group of complex organic macromolecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Components of substances such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies

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nucleoties

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compounds of nucleoside combined with phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA

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nucleic acids

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macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. In the form of DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity

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glycerol

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a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained from fats and oils as byproduct of saponification and used as a solvent, antifreeze, and plasticizer.

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Phosphate

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a salt of phosphoric acid, PO4 3-, carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid

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Monomers

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a molecule can join together with other small units to form polymers

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lipids

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Macromolecules ; includes fats, oils, and waxes; used for long-term storage of energy and carbon, and for building structural parts of cell membranes; fatty acids and glycerol make up the simple fats most common in our diets

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Monosaccharides

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The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.

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Carbohydrates

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organic substances, such as sugars, cellulose, gums, and starch, that are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain useful chemical energy.

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polymers

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a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar molecular units, called monomers, covalently joined together in a chain, Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule.

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Macromolecules

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large polymers, four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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Anabolic

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phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. Build up. Requires energy.

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Scanning Electron Microscope

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electrons bounce off surface. a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light 1000 times greater than a light microscope

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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father of microscopy-developed powerful microscopes-first to see and write about bacteria, years plants, living organisms in drop of water and circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries

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Stains

answer

special dyes used to color cells so that they can be seen under the microscope

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Electrophoresis

answer

A process where DNA fragments are separated according to size using electrical charges

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chromatography

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a group of procedures that are primarily used to separate molecules that may have different charges, sizes or solubilities, by passing the molecules over or through as supporting medium by means of a liquid or gas

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spectrophotometry

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measurement of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation of a substance at different wavelengths of the spectrum

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homologous

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describes two or more structures that have similar forms, positions and origins despite the differences between their current functions

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divergent evolution

answer

evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge; occurs when populations adapt to different environmental conditions; may result in the formation of a new species

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convergent evolution

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where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

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atp

answer

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work,

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speciation

answer

evolution of a new species. occurs when organisms in a species can no longer interbreed (geographic isolation and reproductive isolation).

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disaccharide

answer

a sugar formed from two monosaccharides

question

DNA Bases

answer

the chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder A-T and C-G match A-adenine G-guanine C-cytosine T-thymine

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RNA

answer

Ribonucleic acid. Type of nucleic acid, typically single-stranded important for transcription and translation some are catalytic. , bases A, C, G, and U (not T);

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Gene therapy

answer

the process of treating a disease or disorder by replacing a dysfunctional gene with a functional one

question

polysaccharide

answer

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules, large carbohydrate made up of monosaccharides, ex. starch and glycogen

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Properties of water

answer

adhesion (to stick two like glue) cohesion(too combine)it dissolves many substances., Polarity, good solvent, capillary action, surface tension, adhesion, high freezing and boiling points, floats as a soild (less dense),

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compound

answer

a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts

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disaccharide

answer

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

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Starch

answer

a carbohydrate, the main food energy source for human beings, polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; food storage molecule for plants

question

glycogen

answer

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

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cellulose

answer

Hard, nonliving material that makes up the cell wall of a plant

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chitin

answer

a carbohydrate that forms part of the exoskeleton of arthropods and other organisms, such as insects, crustaceans, fungi, and some algae

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Fats

answer

high energy source, twice as much as carbs. made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. saturated-solid at room temp. unsaturated-liquid at room temp.

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phospholipid

answer

a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.

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hydrophillic

answer

water loving, molecules that are able to dissolve in water

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hydrophobic

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Repelling, tending not to combine with, or incapable of dissolving in water.

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steroids

answer

made up of four rings that are fused together; cholesterol hormones: cortisone, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

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Protein Functions

answer

-builds, repairs, maintains body cells -forms new tissue -transport nutrients -creates new tissue -provides protective coating in skin, nails, and hair

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cellular respiration

answer

the process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP

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Bile

answer

a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, a substance that breaks up fat particles

question

enzyme lock and key theory

answer

theory that the shape of the enzyme is specific because it fits into substrates like a key fits into a lock

question

enzyme induced fit theory

answer

theory that the enzyme can stretch and bend to fit the substrates.

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oxidation

answer

loss of electrons

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reduction

answer

Gain of electrons

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MONERA

answer

bacteria, single cells without a nucleus

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Prokaryotic Cells

answer

..., These cells do not have a nucleus nor do they have any membrane-bound organelles...examples include Archae and Bacteria cells.

question

eukaryotic cells

answer

larger & more complex, have nucleus, have many types of organelles, 2 types : animal & plant

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ribosomes

answer

cellular structures on which proteins are made

question

Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

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Smooth ER

answer

transports material in cell (without ribosomes)

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Rough ER

answer

contain ribosomes on the surface. this is abundant in cells that make many proteins like the pancreas, which produces many digestive enzymes.

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Golgi complex

answer

organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell.

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Lysosomes

answer

Contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue

question

Mitochondria

answer

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

question

plastids

answer

organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA

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chloroplasts

answer

An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

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chromoplasts

answer

Plastids that contain colorful pigments, that may or may not partake in photosynthesis.

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Cell wall

answer

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

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Vacuoles

answer

saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

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cytoskeleton

answer

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

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micortubules

answer

one of the components of the cytoskeleton serve as structural components within cells and are involved in many cellular processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport., move materials inside cell

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Passive transport

answer

the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

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diffusion

answer

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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osmosis

answer

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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isotonic

answer

having a solute concentration equal to that of another solution

question

hypertonic

answer

(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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hypotonic

answer

(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

question

active transport

answer

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

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exocytosis

answer

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

question

pinocytosis

answer

process by which certain cells can drink and incorporate droplets of fluid

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mitosis

answer

the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each daughter cell

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Meiosis

answer

type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell, Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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gamete

answer

sex cell or germ cell; eggs and sperm

question

chromatin

answer

granular material visible within the nucleus consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

question

chromosome

answer

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

question

Homologues

answer

chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, & genetic content

question

diploid

answer

having two homologous sets of chromosomes. 2N

question

haploid

answer

of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes 1N

question

Interphase

answer

G1, S, G2, a period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins

question

IPMAT

answer

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

question

Prophase

answer

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

question

Metaphase

answer

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

question

Anaphase

answer

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

question

Telophase 1

answer

2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

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Prophase 2

answer

Chromosomes condense, spindles form in each new cell, and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

question

Metaphase 2

answer

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.

question

Anaphase 2

answer

the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

question

Telophase 2

answer

during this phase, four haploid daughter cells are created (each have 23 chromosomes)

question

Exergonic Reaction

answer

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.

question

Activation Energy

answer

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

question

Law of thermodynamics

answer

#1: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed in form. #2: When energy changes, it is converted from a more useful more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form

question

Catobolism

answer

breaking down molecule complex molecules to simple molecues, gives you energy

question

Endergonic reaction

answer

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

question

Anabolism

answer

Process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials

question

Substrate level phosphorylation

answer

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

question

Gregor Mendel

answer

Father of genetics. Experimented with pea plants and discovered law of dominance, ind. assortment, and segregation.

question

law of dominance

answer

one trait or allele is dominant over another

question

Law of segregation

answer

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

question

Law of independent assortment

answer

each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

question

homozygous

answer

an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

question

heterozygous

answer

having two different alleles for a trait

question

Monohybrid cross

answer

mating of two organisms that differ in only one trait

question

dihybrid cross

answer

a cross that considers two pairs of contrasting traits More combos possible

question

genotype

answer

genetic makeup of an organism

question

Phenotype

answer

an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits

question

punnet squares

answer

A diagram used to determine gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross (Used to predict and compare Genetic Cross

question

incomplete dominace

answer

one allele is not completly dominante over the other, a individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents

question

codominance

answer

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

question

linkage

answer

traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their EX: red hair and freckles,

question

sex linked traits

answer

characteristic, such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X chromosome; also called an X-linked trait

question

inborn errors of metabolism

answer

Genetic disorders that result from deficient or absent enzymes.

question

lethal alleles

answer

Mutated genes that are capable of causing death

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