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Fort Necessity

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Fort built by George Washington's soldiers in western Pennsylvania in 1754

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Ohio River Valley

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Region of fertile land along the Ohio River

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Fort Duquesne

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Fort built by the French in 1754 in western Pennsylvania, site of present-day Pittsburgh

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Quebec

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Capital of the Canadian province of Quebec, the first French colony in the Americas

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George Washington

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First President of the United States, 1789-1797. Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and President of the Constitutional Convention

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Metacom

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Massasoit chief called "King Philip" by the English. Led several Native American groups against the British during King Philip's War in the 1670s

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Hendrick

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Iroquois leader during the French and Indian War

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Pontiac

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Ottawa leader who led Pontiac's Rebellion, a revolt against the British in 1763

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George III

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King of Britain during the time of the American Revolution

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King Phili's War

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War in 1670s between Native Americans and English settlers living in New England

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Back country

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In the 13 colonies the rugged stretch of land near the Appalachian Mountain

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French and Indian War

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War fought by the British against the French and their Native American allies in North America, which was won by the British in 1763

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Pontiac's Rebellion

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Native American rebellion led by the Ottawa leader Pontiac in 1763

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Proclamation of 1763

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Law issued by King George III stating that colonist were no longer allowed to settle on land west of the Appalachian Mountains

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Conflict in North America. Europeans began establishing colonies in North America

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Hoped to make their countries richer

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France and Great Britain emerged as the two strongest powers

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1700s in North America

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France established colonies

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Canada and Louisiana

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The beautiful River. French traded and formed alliances with

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Native Americans as they pushed farther into the continent

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French missionaries sought to

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Convert

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French built chains of forts along major river to

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Protect their trade routes

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Great Britain's colonies were between

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The Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains

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The population of Great Britain's North American colonies was

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20 times as large as that of New France by the mid-1700s

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British colonists looked west

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For new places to settle as their numbers grew

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British and French expansion led both groups to the same place

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Western Pennsylvania

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Iroquois called it The great Ohio

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The French called it La Belle Riviere

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French wanted to keep the river out of the hands of

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British

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Celoron de Blainville buried lead tablets along the river's bank

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Stating the area was French territory

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The lead tablets did little to keep British colonists out of the area

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British colonist leaders believed that the Ohio country belonged to them

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British tobacco plantations used huge amounts of land and needed constant expansion

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More slaves were brought into the colonies to work larger plantations

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Ohio Company sent Christopher Gist

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To explore the valley to find the best spots for forts and settlements

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A third group the Iroquois Confederacy launched raids against tribes and the Great Lakes for more than a century

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They would have a say in anything that happened there

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1753 France began building a string of forts

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Between Lake Erie and the Ohio River

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Washington sent a letter to the French stating

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They were trespassing on British territory and had to leave

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Washington was a 21 year old major

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In the Virginia militia and he was loyal to Great Britain

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The French refused to leave

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Ohio River

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Washington came upon an ideal location

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To protect British traders and settlers during his trip

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A force was organized to cut a road through the forest

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Between Virginia and the Forks

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Stockade were build

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1754

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French forces of 500 well-armed soldiers chased off the Virginians and took control of the Forks

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They constructed Fort Duquesne and named after the governor general of New France

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Washington surprised a small group of 35 French soldiers

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May 28th Washington open fire and the ambush lasted 15 minutes. Killing 12 French Soldiers and their commander.

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Washington knew the French would come looking for revenge. He retreated to the Great Meadows

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Troops built a crude, circular stockade, and named it Fort Necessity

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500 French soldiers began firing down on Fort Necessity

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Washington surrendered and lost 31 men. French allowed him and his surviving troops to return to Virginia

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French made Washington sign a paper admitting to assassination of Jumonville

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Shots had been fired in a war that would spread around the world

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A Fight in The Wilderness. British colonies wanted to protect

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Themselves from the French attacks

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Seven of 13 colonies agreed to send representatives to Albany, New York to discuss defense plans

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They invited representatives from Iroquois nations

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British wanted help from

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Iroquois warriors and wanted to purchase land from them

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Iroquois unsure about taking Great Britain side in a war against the French.

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They wanted to make sure Great Britain could defeat French, so they promised to remain neutral.

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Benjamin Franklin

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Leader of Albany congress who wanted colonies to united in a common governement

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Albany congress presented a plan

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King of England appoint a president general of the colonies. Would be a grand council of representatives selected by colonies. Collect taxes and maintain army

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The plan turned ambitious for the colonies to approve

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Albany congress ended without any plan for a union

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British turned to General Edward Braddock to seize Fort Duqusene

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Frontier fighting was new to him

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Lack of good roads made travel slow

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Keeping armies supplied with food and equipment was a challenge

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French Canadian Militia and Indian allies were experts at wilderness fighting

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Able to move swiftly and strike suddenly

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George Washington was a officer on Braddock's staff.

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Washington tried to warn Braddock's that North American war would be different than war in Europe.

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French forces at the fort were growing stronger

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Joined daily by more Indians from Canada

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July 9, 1975 French Canadian and Indians ambushed Braddock's army

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Known as the Battle of the wilderness

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Victory for the French

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British marched four men across the woods making them easy targets. French and Indians hid behind tress and boulders that lined the trail.

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Braddock tried to rally his troops

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Forces suffered many casualties. He hoped to save his army by retreating, he was wounded badly. He died before leaving the battlefield and his army went back to Virginia

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Braddock's march was one of several attempts to strike the French

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None were successful

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Nations of Iroquois Confederacy formed the strongest alliance in North America before Europeans arrived

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Followed a constitution called the Great Binding Law. Iroquois soon was dominate over territory between Illinois and New York

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Britain and France conflict had grown global

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Fighting was not limited to Europe. France and Britain maintained colonies on several continents

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Conflict spread to India, islands of West Indies, and elsewhere

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Global was known as Seven Year's war.

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Fighting in North America

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Called the French and Indian War

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The war's expanded scope was bad for Great Britain

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William Pitt became the new prime minister. He knew Britain would need to send more troops into battle and spend money in order to win

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William Pitt wanted to rely more on American colonist to defeat French

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Pitt urge his commanders to treat the militias well and keep them supplied

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Pitts plan came at Louisbourg. Fort stood over the mouth of the St. Lawrence River some called the key to Canada

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Pitt attacked more than 15,000 British and Colonial troops.

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British warships circled Louisbourg cutting the for off from supplies and reinforcement

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French defenders surrenders

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British forces gathered to take the French Fort Carillon on Lake Champlin

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British suffered casualties when they stormed the French lines and they finally retreated

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Fort Carillon

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Renamed Fort Ticonderoga

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British forces in North America was beginning to wear down the French

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British could block any attempts by the French to send supplies and reinforcements from Canada to their forts

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French retreated from Fort Duquesne of the Ohio in 1758. Fort was destroyed as they left

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British rebuilt for and named it William Pitt

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British fleet sailed St. Lawrence river to capital of Quebec.200 ships and 9,000 soldiers hoped to defeat French army, capture Quebec and end the war

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French not worried. Believed city's defenses were strong enough to resist British. Quebec stands atop of rocky bluff

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Quebec name comes from Algonquain meaning the river narrows here.

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Currents become unpredictable which posed a challenge to enemy ships trying to navigate the river

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British armada arrived in Quebec in June. Wolfe had several attacks on the city over several weeks. Each attack was fought off by the French

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French were content to remain safe behind city's thick walls. Harsh Canadian winter would doom any invasion.

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Wolf discovered a lightly defended path leading from the riverbank to the walls of Quebec.

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Surprised attack worked. British scrambled to the top of the bluff in darkness

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French made the first move instead of waiting for the British. Montcalm marched his soldiers from behind the city wall

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British troops held their fire as French approached. British fired when French was within 40 yards. The attack quickly turned into a retreat.

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British swept the French from the battlefield and marched into Quebec on September 18 and raised their flag over city

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The battle of the French and Indian war ended and France's dream of an empire in North America. War went on for several years with France being defeated

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France and Britain were ready for peace,vthey were broke.1763 the Peace of Paris was signed making Great Britain the winner.

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Britain controlled Canada and French lands east of Mississippi River, control Florida which had belonged to Spain. Europe power divided up North America, they fail to consider the Native Americans who live there.

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English settlers poured the Appalachian Mountains searching for land. They violated treaties that promised land to Indian homelands

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Pontiac and some Indians struck back. Led a war against British settlements around Great Lakes.

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Frequent clashed were between settlers and natives at the frontier. 1763 King George III of England announced Proclamation Act

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Prohibited colonist from settling west of Appalachian Mountains. Intended to prevent conflict between settlers and Indians

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Victory in the French and Indian War gave British complete control over all North America east of Mississippi River

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Fighting had drained the British treasury, defending the new territory from Native American would be expensive.

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British began taxing everything from sugar to tea to newspapers in order to pay expenses. Colonist were outraged by taxes

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Unfair for British government to tax colonies when they weren't represented in the British Parliament

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French gone from America many native people set aside difference and saw themselves part of larger group

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Natives saw themselves not only as members of different tribes and nations, but part of one group. Native Americam

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