For Ann M – Microbiology – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Define Immunology |
| study of the immune system and immune reponses |
| Define Immunity |
| resistance to an infection |
| What is the significance of Human Immunity ? |
| production of antibodies |
| What is the significance of Cell-Mediated Immunity? |
involves macrophages, T Cells, Hypersensitivity cells, natural Killer cells, and granulocytes [Note: Antibodies DO NOT play a majoy role] |
| What are the three types of acquired immunity? |
| active, passive, and protective |
| Descrive active acquired immunity. |
| natural (infection) artificial (vaccine) |
| Describe passive acquired immunity. |
natural atrificial (sera, gamma globulin) |
| Define passive immunity. |
| transfer of antibody or lymphocyte from an immune donor |
| Define protective antibodies. |
| antibodies that provide protction against infectious disease |
| Define Immunoglobulins |
| protein present in the serum and cells of the immune system functioning as antibodies |
| Name & describe the 4 lg classes. |
lgM: fightes blood infections and triggers the production of lgG lgG: main antibody against bacteria lgA: (most common) chief antibody in membrane of Gi & respiratory tract lgE: present in skin/mucous membranes |
| Define Antigens. |
| any foreign substances large enough to stimulate the production of Abs |
| Antigenic vs. Immunogenic |
Antigenic: any foreign particle that enters the body Immunogenic: any foreign particles that triggers an immune response All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens |
| Define Epitopes |
| also known as antigenic determenants; part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system |
| Define Haptens |
| small molecule that cannot be recognized by the immune system alone (antigenic) unless attached to a carried molecule larger than itself and then become an epitope (immunogenic) |
| Where are the locations of the immune response? |
| Spleen & lymph nodes |
| Define and describe Ag-Ab complexes |
binding of an antigen and antibody immune complexes & activate complement cascade |
| Define monoclonal antibodies |
monospecific antibodies that are the same b/c they are made by identical immune cells that are clones of the parent cells {note: used in cancer immunotherapy} |
| Define Vaccines and describe what is the ideal vaccine. |
materials that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease. The ideal vaccine: -contains enough antigens -covers all strains -few or no side effects -does not cause disease |
| Immediate vs. Delayed Hypersentivity |
{note: Hypersentivity: overly sensitive immune system} 1. Immediate hypersentivity reaction: within mintutes-24 hours 2. Delayed Hypersentivity reaction: greater than 24 hours cell-mediated |
| Describe type 1 hypersentivity |
involes lgE Abs and release of chemical mediators allergic response allergens allergy shots |
| Describe Type II Hypersentivity |
cytotoxic reactoins (cell damage) incompatible blood transfusions Rh factor incompatibility |
| Describe the process of Type II Hypersentivity |
1. Ag binds to cell surface 2. Ab binds to Ag 3. Ab binding starts complement activation 4. Complement cascade lyses cell |
| Describe Type III hypersentivity and its autoimmune diseases. |
tissue damage autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosis & rheumatoid arthritis |
| Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity |
delayed type transplant rejection |
| What is the process of Type IV Hypersensitivity? |
1. influx of PMN within 2-3 hourss of injection 2. PMNs dispearse; followed by macrophage and lymphocytes 3. Area becomes red within 12-18 hours 4. Redness peaks between 24-48 hours 5. Swelling and redness disappear with time |
| Immunolaboratory Serology Section. What does is detect, test for, and test paired sera? |
detection of Abs and Ag tests for lgM Abs Test paired sera: -acute serum -convalescent serum |
| What is the etiology, reservior, diagnosis, and mode of transmission for Chicken Pox & Shingles? |
Etiology: Varicella-Zoster Virus & Herpes Virus 3 Reserviors & MOT: infected humans, person-to-person, direct and airborne droplets Diagnosis: Clinical presentations/ immunology methods |
| What are the complications of Chicken Pox? |
| Pneumonia, secondary bacterial infectons, hemorrhagic, encephalitis |
| What is etiology, reservior, MOT, and Diagnosis of Rubella (German Measles)? |
Etiolgy: Rubella virus Reservior & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions Diagnosis: clinical presentation & immunology methods |
| What are the symptoms of Rubella? |
Fine, pink, flat rash 1-2 days post onset effects face & neck first |
| Describe Congential Rubella Syndrome |
1st trimester interuterine death, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations 26 cases in 2001 |
| What are the etiology, reservior, MOT, complications, and symptoms of Rubeola (Hard Measles? |
etiology: Rubeola (measles) virus Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions fomites contaminated with naspharyngeal secretions Symptoms: Blotchy, red, rash; 3-7 days post onset, face first Complications: bronchitis, pnemonia, otitis media, encephalitis |
| Etiology, Reservoir, MOT, and Diagnosis of Small Pox. |
Etiologic Agent: Variola Virus Reservoir & MOT: infected humans, droplet spread, direct contact w/ nasopharyngeal secretions, fomites contaminated with lesion secretions Diagnosis: nucleic acid-based methods |
| Name & describe the 6 Staph Infections of the Skin. |
folliculitis: infection localized to the hair follicle furnuncle: involves sebacious gland carbuncle: multiple furnuncles grouped together abscesses: collections of pus Impetigo: contagious skin infection with blisters and sores Scaled Skin Syndrom: skin becomes damages and sheds |
| What are hospital acquired characteristics of MRSA? |
highly resistant vancomycin (drug treatment) IV delivery, inpatient |
| What are community acquired characteristics of MRSA? |
susceptible to limited # of drugs other than vancomycin oral delivery, outpatient |
| Describe acne, its etiology, and diagnosis. |
skin pores become clogged Etiology: proprionibacterium acne Diagnosis: Clincial presentation |
| Name the 5 Streph infections of the skin. |
impetigo scarlet fever Erysipelas Facilitis Necrotizing Facilitis |
| Fungal Infections of the Skin. Name the different Dermatophytes and its reserviors. |
Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton Reservior: humans, animals, and soil |
| Tinea is also known as ____. |
| Ringworm Infection |
| Define tinea capitis. |
| infection of the scalp |
| Define tinea corporis. |
| infection of the skin; common in children |
| Define tinea barbae. |
| bearded areas on the face & neck |
| Define Tinea Cruis. |
| groin, "jocks itch" |
| define Tinea Pedis |
| infection of the foot |
| Define Tinea Unguim |
nail also called onychomycosis |
| Dermatrophyte Diagnosis |
Direct Microscopic exammination (potassium hydroxide prep & calcofluor white) Culture |
| Transmission, Diagnosis, Antivirals for Influenza. |
transmission: airborne spread, direct contact diagnosis: rapid antigen testing antivirals: must be given soon after symptoms appear; some specific for A and some A & B |
| Reservoir, Transmission, Diagnosis of Hantavirus. |
Reservoir: rodents Transmission: inhalation of feces, urine, saliva Diagnosis: Serology |
| Characteristics of Mycoplama Pneumonia and its transmission and diagnosis. |
small gram (-) bacteria lacking a cell wall "walking pneumonia" or atypical transmission: humans & fomites Diagnosis: serology pathonumonic: bubbles formed in ear drums |
| Characteristics of Tuberculosis. |
acid-fast, slow growing acute or chronic advanced symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood and parts of lungs), hoarseness Multidrug resistance: M. Tuberculosis |
| Reservior, Diagnosis, and Transmission of Tuberculosis. |
Reservoir: humans and other mammals Transmission: airborne, infected animals, contaminated milk and dairy products Diagnosis: radiogram, skin, culture, nucleic acid-based tests |
| Describe Miliary TB. |
more advanced destroys lungs active bacilli sits for over 20 years activates after immune system weakens clinical presentation |
| What are the three stages of pertusis (whopping cough)? |
prodromal stage: mild, cold-like symptoms Paroxymal stage: severe symptoms; lung rupture, eyes bleeding, broken ribs Convalescent stage: 4 weeks post onset |
| Characteristics and diagnosis of Pertusis. |
small gram (-) coccobacilli Diagnosis: direct flororescent antibody and culture slow/insensitive |
| Describe Legionellosis. |
poorly staining gram (-) bacillus acute bacterial pneumonia older demographic [note: found in hotel fountains] |
| Reservoir, Transmission, and Diagnosis of Legionellosis. |
Reservoir: environmental water sources Transmission: airborne water droplets, dust Diagnosis: rapid urine Ag detection, culuture, serology |
True/False All fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract start of as primary pulmonary infections. |
| True. |
| Coccidioidomycosis: dissemination, reservoir, transmission, diagnosis. |
dissemination: lung lesions, abscesses throughout the body Reservior: dry soil in Western Hemisphere Transmission: inhalation of arthrospores Diagnosis: Culture, serology |
| Cryptococcosis: characteristics and reservior, and transmission. |
most common fungal meningitis most common in AIDS patients pulmonary--> systemic Reservior: bird feces, soil transmission: inhalation of yeasts |
| Reservior and Transmission of Histoplamosis. |
Reservoir: bird, bat feces, soil Transmission: inhalatoin of conidia from soil [note: 3 um (microns) live and reproduce inside a macrophage) & are slow growing] |
| Reservior and Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia. |
(aka P. Carinii & P. Jiroveci) Reservior: infected humans Diagnosis: direct observation of P. Jiroveci in clinical specimens |
