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EMS System (Emergency Medical Services System)

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A network of trained professionals linked to provide advanced out-of-hospital care for victims of sudden traumatic injuries or illness.

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USDOT

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Sets the standard for the EMS System, even though each state regulates its own EMS.

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Paramedics & Emergency Medical Technicians(EMT)

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Examples of advanced, specialized responders who can provide more comprehensive care than criminal justice officers.

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Criminal Justice First Aid Provider Levels of Training

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Airway Care Patient Assessment CPR Bleeding Control Stabilization of Injuries to the Spine and Extremities Care for Medical and Trauma Emergencies Use of Limited Amount of Equipment Assistance to other EMS Providers CANNOT Administer Medications

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EMS Levels of Training: First Responder

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Airway Care with use of Adjunctive Equipment Patient Assessment CPR Bleeding Control Stabilization of Injuries to the Spine and Extremities Care for Medical and Trauma Emergencies Use of Limited Amount of Equipment Assistance to other EMS Providers Other Skills or Procedures as Local or State Regulations Permit

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EMS Levels of Training: EMT - Basic

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Perform all Techniques of a First Aid Provider and a First Responder Perform Complex Immobilization Procedures Restrains Patients Staffs and Drives Ambulance

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EMS Levels of Training: EMT - Paramedic

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Perform all Functions of First Responder and EMT - Basic Administers Medications Performs Advanced Techniques, including Cardiac Monitoring

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CJ First Aid Provider Responsibilities

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Protect the Safety of YOU, the Patient, and Bystanders Gain Access to the Patient Determine Life-Threatening Emergencies (ABCs) Maintain Composure Keep your Appearance Neat, Clean & Professional Maintain a Caring Attitude Alert EMS Provide Care Based on Your Assessment Assist EMS Personnel Keep Your Skills Current Participate in Record Keeping Act as a Liaison with other Public Safety Personnel

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ABCs

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Airway, Breathing & Circulation

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Ethical Responsibilities

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Make the patient's physical and emotional needs a priority. Respect their needs without regard to nationality, race, gender or age. Practice your skills. Continue your education. Uphold professional standards. Show respect for the competence of others in the medical field. Maintain patient confidentiality. Work in accord with other medical professionals.

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Duty to Act

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"A duty to take some action to prevent harm to another and for the failure of which one may be liable depending on the relationship of the parties and the circumstances."

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Breach of Duty

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Occurs when you either fail to act or act inappropriately.

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Standard or Scope of Care

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Care that you are expected to provide to the same patient under the same conditions as would any criminal justice first aid provider who received the same level of training.

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Good Samaritan Act

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protects a civilian first aid provider from liability for medical care performed in good faith

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Abandonment

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When you stop providing care without ensuring that the patient continues or begins to receive the same or better care.

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Negligence

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"The failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in a similar situation; any conduct that falls below the legal standard established to protect others against unreasonable risk of harm, except for conduct that is intentionally, wantonly, or willfully disregardful of other's rights."

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Negligence Occurs if what Conditions are Present?

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Duty To Act-You were supposed to be there. Breach of Standard of Care-What you did was wrong. Causation-What you did caused the injury. Damages-The patient suffered an injury; the injury is additional to the original injury.

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Battery

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The use of force against another resulting in harmful or offensive contact; an intentional and offensive touching of another without lawful justification. "Unlawful physical contact"

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Consent

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"Agreement, approval, or permission as to some act of purpose, especially given voluntarily by a competent person"

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Expressed Consent

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Consent that is clearly and unmistakably stated

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Implied Consent

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Consent inferred from one's conduct rather than from one's direct expression. You may assume that the unresponsive patient is at risk of death, disability, or deterioration of condition and would agree to care if able to consent. May also apply to conscious patients who do not stop you from providing treatment, refuse care, and then become unresponsive and are not competent to refuse care.

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Informed Consent

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A person's agreement to allow something to happen made with full knowledge of the risks involved and the alternatives

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In Florida what age is a Minor defined as?

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Under age 18.

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DNR/DNRO (Do Not Resuscitate Order)

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documents a terminally or chronically ill patient's wish to refuse resuscitation.

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Advanced Directive

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documents the patient's request to withhold specific medical care.

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Medic Alert

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an identification bracelet or necklace or a card carried in a patient's wallet that alerts you to a specific medical condition such as an allergy, epilepsy, or diabetes.

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HIPAA

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Protects the rights of patients and the release of patient information.

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What is always your first concern?

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Your own personal Safety!

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When does the patient become the priority?

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When the scene is safe.

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What kind of care should you provide?

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The best you can with your abilities and within the scope of your training.

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Effective Communication Skills

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Help you obtain needed information and give reassurances to patients, their families & bystanders.

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Confident Manner

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"characterized by assurance....full of conviction." & "characteristic or customary mode of acting, custom...a mode or procedure or way of acting."

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Empathy

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one of the most helpful tools you can use to deal with a crisis.

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Special Considerations you may need with Patients.

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Visual Impairments and Blindness Hearing Impairments and Deafness Elderly Patients Chronically Ill Patients Patients Who Speak a Foreign Language Developmentally Disabled Infants and Children

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Responsibilities to Dying Patients

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Consider the patient's emotional needs as well as injury or illness. Show the patient the greatest possible respect. Value and respect the patient's dignity by talking to the patient as if he or she were fully alert. Assure the patient that you are doing everything possible. Do not give false assurances. Take notes if the patient has a dying declaration. Accept all emotions as real and necessary.

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Warning Signs of Stress

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• inability to concentrate • difficulty sleeping, nightmares • anxiety • inability to make decisions • guilt • changes in appetite • changes in sexual desire • isolation • changes in work or recreation habits

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Lifestyle Choices to Help with Stress

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• Nutrition • Exercise • Relaxation

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On-Scene Stress Relief

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• Breathing • Though Patterns "This too shall pass"

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5 Stages of Death & Dying Stress

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• Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

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Universal Precautions

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A set of procedures designed to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens to first aid or health care providers.

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Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

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Using a form of infection control with all patients.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Includes eye protection, gloves, protective clothing (i.e., gown or coveralls, sleeves, shoe covers), masks or shields, and biohazard bags.

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When should you wash your hands to help reduce risk?

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After removing gloves or other PPE, before eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics, after using the restroom, after contact with blood or body fluids, and at the end of your shift.

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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

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A type of bacteria that is highly contagious and resistant to certain antibiotics.

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Hepatitis A

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Not a bloodborne disease, it is found in food and waste. Generally transmitted through fecal contamination and oral ingestion.

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Hepatitis B

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Usually contracted through sexual contact or contaminated needles. Symptoms range from minor flu-like symptoms to severe liver damage and even death. Other symptoms include weakness, various muscle and joint pains, dark urine, diarrhea, weight loss, and an enlarged and tender liver.

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Hepatitis C

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The most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States. Transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, usually through a contaminated sharp objects. Approximately 1/3 of inmates have it. Symptoms range from minor flu-like symptoms to severe liver damage and even death.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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A bloodborne virus that attacks the immune system. Transmission occurs primarily during sexual contact with an infected individual, when intravenous drug abusers share contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her unborn child, and from contact with blood, certain body fluids, and tissue from an infected individual.

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Airborne Infection

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Any infection spread from person to person through the air.

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Tuberculosis (TB) Infection

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Infected people carry the disease in their body, but their immune system protects them from it. They are not contagious until it become TB Disease. When illness weakens the immune system, TB infection can become TB disease.

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Tuberculosis (TB) Disease

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Active and contagious form of TB.

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Most Common STDs

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Chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, HIV infection and AIDS, syphilis, and hepatitis B. All are preventable.

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Skeletal System

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the supporting framework for the body, giving it shape and protecting vital organs.

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6 Main Components of Skeletal System

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1. Skull 2. Jawbone 3. Shoulder Girdle 4. Chest 5. Spinal Column 6. Pelvis

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Muscular System

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Gives the body shape, protects internal organs, and provides body movement.

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3 Types of Muscles

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1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary 3. Cardiac

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Nervous System

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Controls voluntary and involuntary body activity. It also supports higher mental functions, such as thought and emotion.

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2 Main System of Nervous System

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1. Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves)

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Respiratory System

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Delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.

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5 Components of Respiratory System

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Nose Mouth Throat Voice box Windpipe

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Circulatory System

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Pumps blood throughout the body.

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Main parts of Circulatory System

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Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood

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carotid

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major artery in the neck, felt on either side of the neck

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femoral

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major artery in the thigh, felt in the groin area

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radial

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major artery in the lower arm, felt at the thumb side of the wrist

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brachial

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major artery in the upper arm, felt on the inside of the upper arm

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digestive system

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two main functions: ingesting and digesting food and nutrients.

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digestive system organs

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include the stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small and large intestines.

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endocrine system

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regulates body systems by secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream from glands.

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endocrine system glands

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thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and the pituitary.

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genitourinary system

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responsible for reproduction and waste removal.

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genitourinary system organs

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include kidneys, ureters, the urethra (tubes through which urine flows), and the bladder.

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skin

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the protective covering for the inside of the body. It provides a barrier against bacteria and other harmful substances and organisms. helps regulate body temperature. Acting as a communication organ, it also receives and relays information about heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. It transmits this information to the brain and spinal cord through nerve endings.

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Steps of SCENE SIZE-UP

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1. Scene Safety 2. Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness 3. Number of Victims 4. Need for Additional Rescuers or Special Equipment

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Level of Consciousness (LOC)

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(AVPU) Alert Verbal Pain Unresponsive

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Normal ADULT Breathing Rate

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12-20 Breaths per minute

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Normal CHILD Breathing Rate

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15-30 breaths per minute

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Normal INFANT Breathing Rate

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25-50 breaths per minute

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Quality of Breathing

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Determined by the rhythm and depth of breath

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Breathing "Rhythm"

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the interval between breaths. Could potentially be Regular or Irregular

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Breathing "Depth"

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"Manner" of breathing. Potentially described as follows: normal—breathing is average and hardly noticeable shallow—short gasps; very little airflow deep—hyperventilation; large airflow

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Assessing Circulation

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check pulse rate, skin color, and skin temperature.

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Where to check pulse on Conscious Adult or Child

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Radial Pulse

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Where to check pulse on Unconscious Adult or Child

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Carotid Pulse

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Where to check pulse on Infants

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Brachial Pulse

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Normal Pulse Rate for Adult

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60-100 per minute

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Normal Pulse Rate for Child

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100-120 per minute

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Normal Pulse Rate for Infant

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120-160 per minute

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Pulse "Rhythm"

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the interval between beats. Potentially Regular or Irregular

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Pulse "Force"

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Stength of the Pulse. Potenially Bounding(strong) or Weak

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Pale Skin Indicates

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possible shock or heart attack, fright, impaired blood flow

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Red (flush) Skin Indicates

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alcohol presence, heat stroke, fever, sunburn, high blood pressure, infection, or physical exertion

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Blue (cyanosis) Skin Indicates

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reduced oxygen level, possibly due to shock, heart attack, or poisoning. Look for changes in circulation in the color of lips, palms, and nail beds. Look inside the eyelid of a dark-skinned patient.

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Yellow (jaundice) Skin Indicates

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liver problems

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Moist Skin Indicates

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heart attack or possible shock

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Dry Skin Indicates

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heat stroke or diabetic emergency

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DOTS

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Deformities Open Injuries Tenderness Swelling

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Spinal Injury Symptoms

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• constant or intermittent pain or tenderness in the spinal column • weakness in the legs with or without movement • respiratory distress (Constantly monitor the patient's airway and breathing.) • injury to the head, neck, shoulders, back, and abdomen • tingling, numbness, loss of sensation in upper or lower extremities • obvious deformity of the spine (rarely seen) • loss of bladder or bowel control • persistent erection in males

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Steps to Protect Spine if Spinal Injury is Suspected

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1. Size up the scene and perform an initial assessment. 2. Stabilize the patient's head and neck. 3. Conduct physical assessment. 4. Keep the patient in position until EMS completely immobilizes the patient.

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Spinal Immobilization

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1. Kneel at the patient's head. 2. Place your palms on either side of the patient's head below the ears. 3. Hold the patient's head in the position you found it. 4. If the patient is not breathing, use the jaw thrust to open the airway to initiate rescue breathing. 5. You must keep the patient in position until EMS completely immobilizes the patient.

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Jaw Thrust with Spinal Immobilization

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1. Kneel at the patient's head. Place one hand on each side of the patient's head with your thumbs resting on the cheekbones. 2. Grasp the angles of the patient's lower jaw on both sides and press down with your thumbs as you lift the jaw. If the lips close, push the lower lip open with your thumb. 3. Use a lifting motion to move the jaw forward with both hands. This pulls the tongue away from the back of the throat. 4. You must keep the patient in position until EMS completely immobilizes the patient.

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SAMPLE

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Signs & Symptoms Allergies Medications Past History Last Oral Intake Events

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Ongoing Assessment

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ABCs, Treat For Shock

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Questions EMS may Ask

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• "How many patients are there?" • "Where are they?" • "Who are the high priority patients?" • "What treatment did you render?"

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Emergency Move

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A relocation performed when a patient is in immediate danger or when a patient's location prevents providing care to them or access to other patients

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Recovery Position

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A position where the patient is rolled over (preferably on their LEFT side) with knees slightly bent. This helps maintain an open airway if the patient becomes nauseated or vomits and may prevent positional asphyxia.

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Positional Asphyxia

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term used to describe the placement of a body in a position that interferes with the ability to breathe.

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Steps in a WALKING ASSIST

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1. Stand next to the patient on the same side as the injury. 2. Place the patient's arm across your shoulder. 3. Place your arm around the patient's waist. Grab his or her belt, if necessary. 4. Assist the patient to a safe or comfortable location and discourage the patient from placing body weight on the injury.

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Emergency Drag

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Used when a patient is on the floor, and emergency circumstances require them to be moved.

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Clothes Drag

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1. If the patient is unconscious, secure his or her hands to protect them during the move. 2. Stand at the patient's head. 3. Bend your knees. 4. Pull the patient's shirt under his or her head to form a support. 5. Using the shirt as a handle, pull the patient toward you.

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Blanket Drag

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1. Place a blanket directly against the patient's side. 2. Gather the blanket into accordion-style, lengthwise pleats. 3. Kneel on the patient's side opposite the blanket. 4. Reach across the patient and grasp his or her hip and shoulder. 5. Roll the patient toward you onto his or her side. 6. Tuck the pleated side of the blanket under the patient. 7. Roll the patient onto the blanket, preferably onto his or her back. 8. Wrap the blanket around the patient. 9. Grab the part of the blanket under the patient's head and drag it toward you.

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Shoulder Drag/Carry

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1. Stand at the patient's head. 2. Bend your knees. 3. Slide your hands under the patient's arms. 4. Firmly grasp the patient's wrists, and fold them across the patient's chest. 5. Stand up. As you do, lift the patient up and toward you. 6. Drag the patient toward you. The patient's feet will drag on the ground.

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Extremity Lift or Carry

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Considered non-emergency moves, these require at least two officers' efforts. Do not perform if you suspect or know a patient has an injury to the spine or an extremity injury.

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Two-Person Extremity Lift

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1. Officer one, kneel on one knee at the patient's head. 2. Place your hands, palms up, under the patient's shoulders. 3. Lift the patient to a sitting position. 4. Support an unconscious patient's back with your kneeling leg. 5. Slide your hands under the patient's arms. 6. Firmly grasp the patient's wrists, and fold them across the patient's chest. 7. Officer two, stand between the patient's knees with your back to the patient. If necessary, separate the patient's feet. 8. Bend your knees and grasp under the patient's knees. 9. Officer one, standing at the patient's head, delivers all commands. Simultaneously both officers stand while lifting the patient.

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Two-Person Seat Carry

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1. Face each other, with the patient centered between you. 2. Place hands, palm down, on the shoulder of the officer facing you. 3. Extend your arms, and create back support for the patient. 4. Grasp the wrists of the officer facing you. 5. Extend your arms, and create a seat for the patient. 6. Bend your knees. 7. Instruct the patient to raise his or her arms. 8. Scoop the patient up from behind his or her knees. 9. Tell the patient to place his or her arms on your shoulders. 10. Lift from your legs using proper body mechanics. 11. Move the patient, keeping step with the other officer.

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Logroll

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1. Perform a logroll on the floor or ground with at least three officers on their knees. 2. Officer one, constantly maintain head, neck, and spinal stabilization. 3. Officer two, take your position at the patient's shoulder and hip. Stay far enough away from the side of patient's body so there is room to roll the patient toward you. 4. Officer three, take your position on the same side of the patient as officer two. Stand at the patient's thigh and lower leg. Stay far enough away from the side of patient's body so there is room to roll the patient toward you. 5. Officer two, reach across the patient. Place your hand on the patient's shoulder. Place your other hand on the patient's hip. 6. Officer three, reach across the patient. Place your hand closer to the second officer's hand on the patient's hip. Place your other hand on the outside of the patient's knee area. 7. Officer one, issue all commands to roll the patient toward officers two and three. Simultaneously maintain the patient's head, neck, and cervical spine alignment. 8. Assess the patient for injuries. 9. If applicable, reverse the process to return the patient to his or her original position.

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Multiple Casualty Incidents (MCI)

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Incidents that involve more than one victim.

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Triage

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term given to sorting and classifying patients.

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Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START)

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Classify patients: RED—immediate YELLOW—delayed GREEN—ambulatory (minor) BLACK—deceased (expectant/non-salvageable) Using RPM to make the decision on each patient.

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RPM

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Respiration Perfusion Mental Status

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ICS

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Incident Command System - used in Florida for multiple agency responses.

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Shock

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the failure of the heart and blood vessels (circulatory system) to maintain enough oxygen-rich blood flowing to the vital organs of the body.

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Signs and symptoms of shock

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• anxiety, restlessness, and fainting • nausea and vomiting • excessive thirst • eyes that are vacant and dull (lackluster) with large (dilated) pupils • shallow, rapid, and irregular breathing • pale, cool, or moist (clammy) skin • weak, rapid, or absent pulse

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Hypovolemic shock

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Caused by a decreased amount of blood or fluids in the body. Results from injuries that produce internal and external bleeding, fluid loss due to burns, and dehydration due to severe vomiting and diarrhea.

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Neurogenic shock

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Caused by an abnormal enlargement of the blood vessels, because of a brain or spinal cord injury.

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Psychogenic shock

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produced by excessive fear, joy, anger, or grief.

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Anaphylactic shock

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occurs when an individual is exposed to a substance to which his or her body is sensitive.

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How to Treat for SHOCK

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1. Maintain an open airway. • Remember your CPR training: use the head tilt-chin lift method to open the patient's airway. If you suspect spinal or neck injuries, use the jaw thrust method. 2. Prevent further blood loss by controlling bleeding. 3. Elevate the lower extremities. • Position the patient on his or her back, and elevate the lower extremities eight to 12 inches. • If you suspect the patient has serious head, neck, spinal, or pelvic injuries, do not elevate the lower extremities. 4. Keep the patient warm. • Maintain normal body heat by covering the patient with a blanket. 5. Perform ongoing assessment of the patient for life-threatening injuries. Maintain ABCs.

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Contusion

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closed injury that is discolored and painful at the injury site.

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Bruising

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the obvious discoloration (black and blue) of the soft tissue at the injury site.

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Hematoma

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a closed injury that appears as a discolored lump.

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Swelling

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the soft tissue raised when blood or other body fluids pool beneath the skin at the injury site.

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Treatment for closed soft tissue

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applying a cold compress to the injury site and elevating if the injury is in an extremity.

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abrasion

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open wound caused by scraping, shearing away, or rubbing the outermost skin layer

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amputation

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gross removal of appendage

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avulsion

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injury characterized by a flap of torn or cut skin that may not be completely loose from the body

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evisceration

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open wound where the organs protrude

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laceration

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open wound in soft tissue that varies in depth and width

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puncture wound

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result of driving a sharp or blunt, pointed object into soft tissue

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arterial bleeding

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bright red blood spurts from a wound

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venous bleeding

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dark red blood flows steadily from a wound

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capillary bleeding

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dark red blood oozes slowly from a wound

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tourniquet

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a device that restricts blood flow to an extremity such as an arm or leg. Used only as a last resort where the loss of blood is life threatening.

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Treating Eyelid Injuries

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Gently apply patches to BOTH eyes. (Limits movement)

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Treating Chemical Burns to Eyes

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Flush affected eye for 20 minutes. Run the water from inner portion to outer portion to avoid cross contamination to other eye.

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Treating Impaled Object in eye

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DO NOT REMOVE object or apply pressure. Cover unaffected eye to limit movement.

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Treating Extruded Eye (out of socket)

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Do not try to restore the eyeball to the socket. Cover it with a moist dressing, and apply a bandage over both eyes.

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occlusive dressing

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airtight dressing

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Treating Open Neck Injuries

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Cover the wound with dressing and a bandage. • Do not wrap the bandage around the neck. Apply only enough pressure to control bleeding while maintaining an open airway and cervical stabilization.

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closed chest injury

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results from blunt trauma to the chest area. It damages internal organs and/or causes internal bleeding.

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flail chest

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occurs when two or more adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places and become free floating.

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open chest injury

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occurs when penetration opens the chest area.

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sucking chest injury

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a type of open chest injury in which air and blood escape into the area surrounding the lungs, creating a change in the pressure in the chest cavity.

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abdominal evisceration

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an open wound where the organs protrude from the abdominal cavity

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What do you do with an impaled object?

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Leave it in place, unless it interferes with the patient's airway.

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What do you do with the blood-soaked materials from a first aid scene?

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DO NOT DISCARD them. They can be used to determine the amount of blood lost.

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Fracture

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the medical term for a broken bone.

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open fracture

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A broken bone where the skin at the injury site is broken, and the bone may protrude through the skin.

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closed fracture

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A broken bone where the skin at the injury site remains intact.

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Direct Force

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A cause of injury at the point of impact

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Indirect Force

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A cause of injury past the point of impact.

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Twisting Force

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A cause of injury where one part of a limb remains stationary, while the other twists.

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PMS

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Pulse Motor Sensory Function

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When do you assess PMS?

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BEFORE and AFTER splinting.

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dislocation

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occurs when the end of a bone comes out of its socket at the joint.

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sling

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supports the entire arm, and elevates that hand to decrease swelling.

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Swath

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Supports the arm, taking pressure off the collarbone. It prevents the arm from moving away from the body.

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Types of Amputations

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Complete & Incomplete

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1st Degree Burns

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Superficial Burns

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2nd Degree Burns

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Partial Thickness Burns

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3rd Degree Burns

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Full Thickness Burns

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Thermal Burns

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Occur when an external heat source comes into contact with the skin.

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Chemical burns

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occur when a chemical comes into contact with the skin.

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Electrical burns

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occur when manmade or natural (lightning) electricity comes into contact with the skin and body, causing the skin and perhaps internal organs to burn.

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Inhalation burns

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occur when the patient has a burn to any part of the airway.

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complications of pregnancy

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• poisoning of the blood (toxemia) • vaginal bleeding • pain in the lower stomach and/or under the diaphragm • passage of tissue from the vagina • tender, bloated, or rigid stomach • missed menstrual periods • signs of shock

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uterus

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organ that holds the developing fetus

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cervix

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neck of the uterus; contains a mucus plug

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placenta

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disk-shaped inner lining of the uterus; provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing fetus

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birth canal

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passage the fetus is pushed through during delivery

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umbilical cord

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cord connecting the fetus and the mother; transports nourishment to the fetus

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amniotic sac

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bag of fluid surrounding the fetus

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Stages of Delivery

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1. Dilation 2. Expulsion 3. Placental

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Dilation

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The first stage begins with the first contraction and continues until the fetus enters the birth canal. During this stage, the amniotic sac may rupture. As a result, fluid gushes from the vagina. When this occurs the patient may say something like, "My water broke."

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Expulsion

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In the second stage, the fetus moves through the birth canal and is born. As the fetus moves down the birth canal, the mother experiences considerable pressure and pain. She may have an uncontrollable urge to push down. Soon the fetus's head crowns, or becomes visible, as it emerges from the vagina. The shoulders and the rest of the body follow.

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Placental

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In the third stage, the placenta separates from the uterine wall and moves through the birth canal for delivery. This stage usually occurs within 30 minutes of the baby's delivery.

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breech birth

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occurs when the fetus's feet or buttocks present down the birth canal first.

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limb presentation

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when a leg or arm appears first during birth. Normal delivery is NOT possible, a physician needs to deliver this baby. Rapid transport to a medical facility is crucial.

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excessive bleeding after delivery

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Normal childbirth causes 1-2 cups of blood loss. If the mother is bleeding severely, treats as a genital wound.

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stillborn delivery

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A baby who dies long before delivery generally has an unpleasant odor and exhibits no signs of life.

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Asthma

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results from the narrowing of airway passages, which causes breathing difficulties.

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Stroke

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damage to part of the brain due to rupture or blockage of a blood vessel.

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heart attack

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caused by oxygen deprivation to part of the heart, typically from a blocked blood vessel.

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Diabetes

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a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin.

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Insulin

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a hormone needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life.

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Signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency

answer

• intoxicated appearance (may mimic drunken behavior), including staggering or slurred speech • altered mental state, including dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion • sweet, fruity, or acetone-smelling breath that you might mistake for the odor of alcohol • irregular breathing • rapid or weak pulse • flushed, dry or moist, warm skin • seizures

question

Seizure symptoms

answer

range from a blank stare into space or random shaking to twitching extremities or whole body muscle contractions.

question

various causes of seizures

answer

• head injury • trauma • stroke • high fever (predominately in children) • shock • poisoning, including alcohol and drug-related poisoning • complications from pregnancy • diseases such as epilepsy and diabetes • unknown causes

question

hypothermia

answer

an excessive cooling of the body's core temperature

question

frostbite

answer

a localized injury from overexposure to cold.

question

Hyperthermia

answer

occurs from loss of fluids and salts through heavy sweating, and the body cannot recover from this fluid loss.

question

3 Stages of Hyperthermia

answer

Heat Cramps Heat Exhaustion Heatstroke

question

Which stage of Hyperthermia can be Life Threatening?

answer

Heatstroke

question

anaphylaxis

answer

a severe allergic reaction in which air passages swell and restrict breathing.

question

Excited delirium

answer

a term used to describe the mental and physical effects of extreme drug abuse that can lead to death.

Florida Basic Recruit High Liability Chapter 2: First Aid – Flashcards

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