question

normal body temperature

answer

98.6 F

question

internal protections to maintain body temp

answer

shivering & vasoconstriction

question

vasoconstriction

answer

tightening of blood vessels, conserves body heat

question

shivering

answer

increases internal heat production

question

shivering forces

answer

muscles to contract and relax rapidly

question

What percentage of shivering is turned into body heat?

answer

80

question

shivering reflex stops when

answer

body temp is between 86-90 F or when there is no more fuel

question

What suppresses the shivering response?

answer

barbiturates, narcotics, beta-blocking agents, alcohol

question

to compensate for heat loss

answer

physical activity

question

heat loss increased after

answer

clothes become wet with sweat

question

cold injuries minimized

answer

hydration + nutrition - (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, inactivity in the cold)

question

shivering causes

answer

large increase in heat production, but rapidly consumes calories of glycogen in liver and muscles

question

heat loss occurs primarily

answer

through the skin

question

1st mechanism of heat loss

answer

conduction, direct contact with a colder object, small fraction of heat loss except in cold water

question

2nd mechanism of heat loss

answer

convection: air blowing over the skin or porous clothing

question

3rd mechanism of heat loss

answer

evaporation: conversion of a liquid on the skin to vapor 20% of heat loss (2/3 sweating & 1/3 respiration)

question

4th mechanism of heat loss

answer

radiation: primary method of heat loss, 65% heat radiates to cooler air up to 50% lost through the head

question

windchill

answer

combined effect of ambient temp + wind speed

question

susceptibility to cold injury

answer

physically unfit, dehydration, very lean, elderly, alcohol, caffeine, illness, injury

question

effects of altitude

answer

temp drops 3.6 F for every 1000 feet of elevation

question

at higher altitudes

answer

more wind, less oxygen, colder

question

effects of water

answer

conducts heat away from body much faster than air, up to 25 x faster

question

jumping into cold water can produce

answer

irregular heartbeat, gasping, hyperventilation leading to inhalation of water, heart failure, drowning

question

effects of wind

answer

body heat loss, skin cooling, decreased internal temp all increased by wind

question

effects of metals and liquid fuels left outdoors

answer

conducts heat away from he body rapidly

question

humans can tolerate temps a low as -72F

answer

when adequately protected

question

What is an excellent insulator?

answer

air, between layers of clothing

question

layered clothing important for

answer

changing environments or periodic vigorous activity

question

first layer

answer

removes perspiration

question

second layer

answer

insulates

question

third layer

answer

protects against the wind

question

synthetics are

answer

good middle layers

question

poor choices for outer layer

answer

nylon and vinyl

question

non-freezing cold injuries

answer

can occur when it is cold and wet, 32-55F, and hands & feet cannot be kept warm

question

chilblain

answer

a non-freezing cold injury, painful, develops in 3-6 hrs in skin exposed to cold and moisture

question

signs of chilblain

answer

swollen, tender, hot to the touch skin, blisters, pins & needles, numbness

question

care for chilblain

answer

get the person out of the cold

question

trench foot

answer

serious non-freezing cold injury caused by prolonged periods of feet in moisture and cold (12 hrs +)

question

people at risk for trench foot

answer

wearing rubber boots

question

signs of trench foot

answer

itching, numbness, tingling pain, swollen feet, pale skin that feels cold, red or bluish blotches

question

1st care for trench foot

answer

dry the skin

question

2nd care for trench foot

answer

rewarm the foot gradually

question

3rd care for trench foot

answer

care for open weeping areas by cleansing with mild soap and water and applying breathable dessing

question

freezing cold injuries

answer

when air temp below 32F

question

frostnip

answer

freezing limited to the skin surface

question

frostbite

answer

freezing extends deeper into the flesh

question

frostnip is caused when

answer

water freezes on the skin surface

question

recognizing frostnip 1

answer

red, sometimes swollen skin

question

recognizing frostnip 2

answer

painful, no further damage after rewarming

question

recognizing frostnip 3

answer

repeated frostnip in same area, it cracks and becomes sensitive

question

1st care for frostnip

answer

gently rewarm by placing next to warm body part

question

2nd care for frostnip

answer

do not rub the area

question

tissue is damaged in two ways

answer

actual tissue freezing, obstruction of the blood supply to the tissue, causing sludged blood clots

question

What type of tissue damage is worse?

answer

obstruction of the blood supply

question

frostbite mainly affects

answer

hands, feet, ears, nose

question

most severe consequence of frostbite

answer

gangrene

question

signs of frostbite 1

answer

skin is white, waxy or greyish yellow

question

signs of frostbite 2

answer

affected part feels cold and numb, maybe tingling, stinging, aching

question

signs of frostbite 3

answer

skin surface crusty or stiff, underlying tissue soft when depressed gently

question

deep frostbite

answer

cold, hard, solid, cannot be depressed, maybe blisters after rewarming, cold with pale waxy skin, cold part suddenly stops hurting

question

1st degree frostbite

answer

warm, swollen tender area

question

2nd degree frostbite

answer

blisters form minutes to hours after thawing, then enlarge

question

3rd degree frostbite

answer

small blisters with reddish-blue or purplish fluid, surrounding skin red or blue, may not blanch when pressure applied

question

4th degree frostbite

answer

no blisters or swelling, cold, numb, white to dark purple

question

care for frostbite victim

answer

seek medical care immediately

question

1st care for frostbite

answer

out of cold into a warm place

question

2nd care for frostbite

answer

remove wet clothing or restricting items (rings)

question

3rd care for frostbite

answer

seek immediate medical care

question

4th care for frostbite

answer

if partially thawed, use the wet, rapid rewarming method, place in 100F water, until it becomes soft

question

5th care for frostbite

answer

after thawing: stretcher if feet affected, no contact with bedding or clothing, place dry sterile gauze between toes fingers, slightly elevate affected area, apply aloe vera gel if advised by physician, provide aspirin ibuprofen acetaminophren

question

hypothermia

answer

body core temp falls below 95F

question

hypothermia happens when

answer

body loses more heat than it produces

question

if body temperature falls to 80F

answer

death

question

hypothermia occurs rapidly

answer

in cold-water immersion

question

if hypothermic victim has no signs of life

answer

begin CPR immediately

question

1st classification of cold exposure

answer

Acute exposure (immersion) loses body heat quickly, in 6 hrs or less, usually in water

question

2nd classification of cold exposure

answer

Subacute exposure (mountain or exhaustion exposure)

question

What is subacute exposure?

answer

exposure is 6 to 24 hours and can be land or water based

question

3rd classification of cold exposure

answer

Chronic exposure

question

What is chronic exposure?

answer

involves log-term cooling, usually on land, exceeds 24 hrs

question

recognizing hypothermia 1

answer

change in mental status (disorientation, apathy, personality changes)

question

recognizing hypothermia 2

answer

shivering

question

recognizing hypothermia 3

answer

cool abdomen (back of your hand between victim's clothing and abdomen) skin cooler than your hand

question

recognizing hypothermia 4

answer

low core body temperature (best indicator of hypothermia)

question

difference between mild and severe hypothermia

answer

based on core body temperature + shivering stops if victim becomes too cold

question

victims of severe hypothermia

answer

50-80% die

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 1

answer

core body temp less than 60F

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 2

answer

chest is frozen

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 3

answer

submerged in water for more than 60 min

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 4

answer

victim has a lethal injury

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 5

answer

transport for controlled rewarming will be delayed

question

CPR not applied on severe hypothermia if 6

answer

rescuers are endangered

question

do not start CPR until

answer

checked victim's circulation for 30-45 sec

question

signs of mild hypothermia 1

answer

vigorous uncontrollable shivering

question

signs of mild hypothermia 2

answer

mumbles, slurred speech

question

signs of mild hypothermia 3

answer

fumbles, difficulty using fingers

question

signs of mild hypothermia 4

answer

stumbles, staggers while walking

question

1st care for mild hypothermia

answer

stop further heat loss

question

2nd care for mild hypothermia

answer

handle the victim gently

question

3rd care for mild hypothermia

answer

prevent heat loss, replace wet clothing, cover the head

question

4th care for mild hypothermia

answer

cover victim with a vapor barrier

question

5th care for mild hypothermia

answer

keep victim in a flat position

question

6th care for mild hypothermia

answer

no walking or exercise, no massaging

question

7th care for mild hypothermia

answer

call 911 for immediate medical transportation

question

8th care for mild hypothermia

answer

allow the victim to shiver

question

9th care for mild hypothermia

answer

give warm, sugary drinks

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 1

answer

no shivering

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 2

answer

skin feels ice cold and blue

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 3

answer

muscles can be stiff and rigid

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 4

answer

altered mental status, not alert

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 5

answer

breathing and pulse low

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 6

answer

might appear to be dead

question

recognizing severe hypothermia 7

answer

core body temp below 90F

question

1st care for severe hypothermia

answer

stop further heat loss, get out of cold, replace wet clothing, handle victim gently

question

2nd care for severe hypothermia

answer

cover victim's head, cover with vapor barrier, keep in flat position, no walking or exercise

question

3rd care for severe hypothermia

answer

do not massage victim's body, call 911 for transport

question

4th care for severe hypothermia

answer

if in remote location, use any external heat source, even body to body contact

question

dehydration

answer

fluid loss + inadequate fluid intake

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