Final World Geography – Flashcards
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List and describe each of the Five Themes of Geography. Ch. 1 Intro
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1-Location-Absolute vs. Relative 2-Place- Defined by the things in it.(Ex. School) 3-Human Environment Interaction- How people adapt and change the environment. 4-Movement- Way people, product, and info move. 5-Region- Similar characteristics.
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What is a region? What are the three types of regions we discussed class? Ch. 1 Intro
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1- Formal Region- defined by physical form. (ex. Mountain range/culture/language) 2- Functional Region- certain activity takes place.(ex. The Corn Belt) 3- Vernacular Region- peoples minds by stereotypes, no physical boundaries.(ex. South and Midwest)
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What is culture? What are the two key components of culture that we discussed in class? Ch. 1 Intro
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Culture: learned, behavior held in common by a group of people, empowering them with The Way of Life.
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Emigration vs Immigration with examples please Ch. 1 Intro
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Emigration is leaving or out migration. (Mexico) Immigration is coming in or in migration. (America)
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What are push-pull forces? Ch. 1 Intro
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Push forces- pushes people to move away. (wars or just discrimination) Pull forces- attracts people to migrate in. (better job opportunities or just general freedom)
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What are demographic indicators we discussed in class? Why are they important? Ch. 1 Intro
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Total Fertility Rate: Make sure you can understand what can happen if TFRs are too low or too high. BTW.....what is the term we use for this point of reference? Demographic Indicators: RNI(how quickly a population is growing/declining). TFR/Replacement Rate(2.1=replacing parents. 2.1decrease). Dependency Ratio(65).
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Make sure you know the following terms....Nation, State, Nation-State Ch.1 Intro
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Nation- Large group of people with shared sociocultured traits.(ex. Religion and Language) State- Internal political entity with clear boundaries, control, recognition. Nation-State- is both of them combined.
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What does a choropleth map look like (can you identify one if you saw it?) and what are they used for? Ch. 1 Intro
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Choropleth Maps- maps different levels of intensity of data. (ex. Population Density)
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What is population density? Ch. 1 Intro
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Amount of people per square mile
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Make sure you know the stages of the Demographic Transition Model Ch. 1 Intro
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Stage 1- Preindustrial: high birth & death rates, Low RNI, bad medical, Life expectancy low. (Europes preindustrial boom) Stage 2- Transitional: Death rates dropping, Birth rates rising, RNI rising, Public health rising, Stage 3- Transitional: Death rates still dropping, Birth rates dropping, RNI staying even, Stage 4- Industrial: RNI low, Birth and Death rates low. Stage 5- Post-industrial: Death rate exceeds the birth rates, RNI dropping. (Russia, Japan, Germany)
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I almost forgot Globalization! According to your text, most scholars agree that the major component of globalization is.................................
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Globalization- economic reorganization of the world
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Make sure you know what characteristics the authors of your text choose to describe each region! For this region we have two. Ch. 3 North America
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Post Industrial Economy- human geographies shaped by modern tech. Affluent wealth at it.
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Invasive species, exotic species, native species Ch. 3 North America
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Invasive Species Exotic Species Native Species
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Biological control: Good? Bad? Ch. 3 North America
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Bad, with biological control comes with acid rain and other pollutions.
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What is a primate city? Ch.3 North America
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Primate City- Largest urban settlement in a country that dominates all the other urban places, economically and politically. Not always but sometimes it's the nations capital. 3 to 4 times larger than the next closest city in the nation. (U.S. has none that are 3 to 4 times bigger so it doesn't have any)
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Where is the North American Megalopolis located? Could you find this region on a map? Ch. 3 North America
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Megalopolis- largest settlement cluster. (Washington D.C, Philly, Boston, NYC)
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What is the east-west corridor that runs north of the border between Canada and the U.S. called? Ch. 3 North America
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Define the following: (1) Primary sector; (2) Secondary sector; (3) Tertiary sector; (4) Quaternary sector. Can you give examples of each? Ch. 3 North America
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Please list the five phases of migration to the United States. Who are the migrants and what is the source region they are coming from? Ch. 3 North America
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1 (1800-1820) English and African influences. 2 (1820-1870) Irish and Germans dominated this time. 3 (1870-1920) Southern and Eastern Europeans 4 (1920-1970) neighboring countries Canada and Latin America 5 (1970-) Latin America and Asia are the most.
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Cultural assimilation Ch. 3 North America
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process in which immigrants were absorbed by the larger host society.
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Who were the main colonial influences in the region? Ch. 4 Latin America
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Iberian countries, Spain, and Portugal.
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What environmental issues are the inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico facing? Ch. 4 Latin America
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Water shortages, Air pollution, Deforestation of rainforests, Grassification(tropical forests and pastors)
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Cultural syncretism Ch. 4 Latin America
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The blending of elements of cultures; also refered to as hybridization or acculturation.
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Latifundia Ch. 4 Latin America
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Huge estates owned by wealthy families
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Minifundia Ch. 4 Latin America
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small farms that produce food chiefly for family use
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Japanese migration vs South Korean migration to Latin America Ch. 4 Latin America
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Bracero program Ch. 4 Latin America
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United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico
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Columbian Exchange Ch. 4 Latin America
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An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.
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Treaty of Tordesillas Ch. 4 Latin America
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(1494); Divides entire new world between Spain & Portugal, who gets Brazil
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What are some examples of supranational organizations operating in this region? What about subnational organizations? Ch. 4 Latin America
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Supranational- governing several states. Trade blocs UNASUR(union of SA nations). Subnational- group represented areas or people within a State. (ex. Native Groups seeking territorial control, or like drug cartels)
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What is the most important Trade Bloc in the region? Ch. 4 Latin America
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UNASUR
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What are maquiladoras? Where are they found and why are they located there? Ch. 4 Latin America
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Maquiladoras- Mexican assembly plants that use the border of the U.S. and have characteristics of many systems in a growing globalized economy.
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Core-periphery relationships Ch. 4 Latin America
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the fundamental difference between densely populated areas and rural areas characterised by a lower population density, a lower level of accessibility and, in most cases, less sustained economic activity.
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What is desertification? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Desertification- expansion of desert like conditions as a result of human induced degradation.
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What is the Sahel and where is it located? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Sahel- zone of ecological transition between the Sahara and wetter Savannas to the limited rain, from Senegal to Sudan.
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Transhumance: What are the two types of transhumance we discussed in class? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Transhumance- movement of animals between wet/dry season pastures. Fixed- settled, subset of pop move herds. Nomadic- people and animals move.
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What were the largest and most important early Western African Empires in the pre-colonial era? Tell me about them please? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Ghana(oldest), Mali, Song hai had government, trade, gold, infrastructure.
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What was the only Subsaharan African nation to successfully resist colonization? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Ethiopia
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Bantu Migrations Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Began in present day Nigeria and Cameroon, spreading southward and eastward across the continent. It resulted in the formation of the powerful Zulu Empire in the 19th century.
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What was the first European country to have extensive contact with Sub-Saharan Africa? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Portuguese established in East Africa by 1500's made large trade profits, converted local rulers to Christianity, defensive trading posts, and gained control of Swahilli trading cities.
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What role did disease play in European efforts to colonize Africa? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Disease prevented European colonization because they had no resistance to malaria and other diseases half of them died within the first year.
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What was the Scramble for Africa? Which country was the primary instigator of the scramble for Africa? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Germany was the main instigator(land=powers, colonies)
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What was the Berlin Conference? Who participated in the conference? More importantly who did not participate? What were the consequences of the conference for the region? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Berlin Conference- 13 countries determined effective control and carved SSA into a lot of pieces. Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. Most of Africa's civil conflicts can be traced back to this.
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Which European country had lost all of its African colonies by 1920? Why did this happen? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Germany lost all of its colonies at the end of WW1, Britain and France took them over.
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What is an enclave economy? What raw materials were provided by these economies? What were the consequences of these economies? Ch. 6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Enclave economy- economic system in which an export-based industry dominated by international or non-local capital extracts resources products from another. Raw minereal and agricultural exports couldn't industrialize because currency was low and China owned the market.
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What does the term 'apartheid' mean? Can you list and describe the three scales of apartheid that we discussed in class? Ch.6 Sub-Saharan Africa
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Apartheid- policy of racial segregrations. Petit- discrimination in public Meso- creation of ethnic neighborhoods Grande- creation of ethnic homelands
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What is the primary environmental issue in this region? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Shortages of water, deforestation, overgrazing, and salinization(toxic salts).
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What is fossil water? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Fossil Water- water supplies stored underground during earlier, wetter climate period.
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Hydropolitics Ch. 7 NASWA
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water resource issues and politics.(land with water=power)
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What are the three main religions that originate in this region? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Christianity(monotheism) Islam(sunnis-popular) Judaism(only in Israel)
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What is the city that these religions consider to be holy? What state is this city in? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Holy City= Jerusalem Jews-Western Wall Christians- Church of Holy Sepulchral Muslims- Eastern Quarter
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What are the Five Pillars of Islam? Which of the two is most closely tied with geography? Ch.7 NASWA
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1. Repeating the basic creed. 2. Pray facing mekkah 5 times a day. (Location) 3. Giving charitable contributions. 4. Fasting. 5. Making at least one pilgrimage(HAJJ) to mekkah. (Place)
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What is spatial diffusion? What are the different types of diffusion we discussed in class? Which type of diffusion was important in the early days of Islam? What type of diffusion is important today? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Diffusion- Contagious: passing on culture as they meet new people. Relocation: spread with relocation of migrants. Stimulus: observe and think might be cool but doesn't fit. Takes only pieces. Hierarchical: diffusion of ideas. Spatial: over space and time.
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What was the Balfour Declaration and what was its goal? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Balfour Declaration- pledged to encourage the establishment of Palestine as home for the Jewish people.
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Make sure you are familiar with the Arab Spring Uprisings of 2011. Who, what, when, where, why? Ch. 7 NASWA
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Arab Spring-series of public protests, strikes, and rebellions often facilitated by social mediathat called for fundamental government and economic reforms. (Man set himself on fire because there was no hope, had 2 weeks to die)
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Several national capitals in Europe, for example Oslo, Stockholm and Helsinki, sit less than 7° of longitude south of the Arctic Circle, yet they have temperate climates. How is this possible? Ch. 8 Europe
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The Mild North Atlantic current and the Atlantic Ocean heats the air 5-10degrees.
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The highest population densities in the region are found in what portion of the region? Ch.8 Europe
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Population density followed the path of industrialization. Core of Europe- (England, North France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Western Germany, North Italy)
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What European mountain range forms the political border between Spain and France? Ch.8 Europe
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Pyrenees mountains- On the border(IS) for Spain and France.
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Where are the less prosperous countries of Europe generally located? Why is this? Ch. 8 Europe
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In old Yugoslavia due to it having such horrible racial tension and turmoil.
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In general, is Europe experiencing positive or negative population growth? Why? Ch.8 Europe
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Negative. They are in stage 5 the post-industrialization stage. Urbanization
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What country was at the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution? Why? Ch.8 Europe
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Britain, England was the epicenter and the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
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Centrifugal vs centripetal forces Ch.8 Europe
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Centrifugal Forces- dividing forces. Centripetal Forces- unifies a state.
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Supranationalism with examples Ch.8 Europe
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Supranationalism- 2 or more countries that make an agreement or join together for mutual benefits. (military example would be NATO).
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Devolution Ch.8 Europe
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results of centrifugal forces where the big government would shrink or give more power to the states.
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Treaty of Versailles Ch.8 Europe
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The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded a loss of land and creation of new states for unrecognized people.
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What countries are included in this region? Ch.9 Russia
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Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, and Armenia.
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Climate: In general, the climate of the Russian Region is considered to be Ch.9 Russia
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Russia has a very bad environment from air and water pollution and the misuse of nuclear bombs and such has left the place extremely toxic. But other than that Russia is normally a harsh weather type of place with harsh cold winters.
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What is Russification? How 'bout reverse Russification? Ch. 9 Russia
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Turning around policies, using ethnic Russians
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What is meant by the term Rus? Ch.9 Russia
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What is significant about the Kievan Rus.? Ch.9 Russia
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What does the term 'Near Abroad' refer to? Ch.9 Russia
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Who were the Bolsheviks? Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks? Ch.9 Russia
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Fraction of the communist party represented industrial workers to pretty much make the Soviet Union. Leaders- V. Lenin, L. Trotsky, J. Stalin.
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What is the Gulag Archipelago and where is it located? Ch.9 Russia
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Gulag Archipelago is a vast collection of political prisons in which inmates would often disappear and go long lengths without their families.
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Perestroika Ch.9 Russia
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A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
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Glasnost Ch.9 Russia
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A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
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What Russian city is among the top ten most polluted cities of the world? Ch.9 Russia
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St. Petersburg
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Warsaw Pact vs NATO Ch.9 Russia
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Why is life expectancy among men so low in this region? Ch.9 Russia
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War and Unemployment leads to alcoholics(Vodka), also Russia has a lot of toxins and deadly environments, and the Russian mob whacking people.
