FINAL HPP1 – Flashcards
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Which of the following options describes the Setting Goals and Objectives step in the Generalized Model of Program Planning? 1) Process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the health needs of the population 2) Identifies what will be accomplished through the intervention or program 3) Putting intervention into action 4) Improving the quality and effectiveness of the program
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2) Identifies what will be accomplished through the intervention or program
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Which of the following options describes the Evaluation step in the Generalized Model of Program Planning? 1) Process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the health needs of the population 2) Identifies what will be accomplished through the intervention or program 3) Putting intervention into action 4) Improving the quality and effectiveness of the program
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4) Improving the quality and effectiveness of the program
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When steps in the program planning process are, sequential or build on one another, they have 1) fluidity. 2) functionality. 3) flexibility. 4) formality.
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1) fluidity.
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Predisposing factors 1) almost always involve punishment. 2) include knowledge and affective traits. 3) are nearly impossible to change. 4) are the same thing as reinforcing factors.
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2) include knowledge and affective traits.
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According to PRECEDE-PROCEED, which of the following is NOT considered Impact Evaluation? 1) Quitting smoking 2) Weight loss 3) Increased exercise 4) Reduced incidence of heart attack
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4) Reduced incidence of heart attack
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Most health program models have uniquely different phases. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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The best way to obtain epidemiological data is for health education specialist to do their own survey research among priority populations. 1) True 2) False
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false
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The benefits of the General Model of program planning include all the following EXCEPT 1) it streamlines the planning process with a common framework. 2) the principles are the building blocks for all other models. 3) it is linear and steps only flow in one direction in practice. 4) it aligns with grant writing process.
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3) it is linear and steps only flow in one direction in practice.
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Which of the following program plans was created to help guide public health and health education specialists' efforts to reach Healthy People 2020? 1) MAP-IT 2) PATCH 3) MAPP 4) MATCH
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1) MAP-IT
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The central focus of the SMART model is 1) planners. 2) stakeholders. 3) constituents. 4) consumers.
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4) consumers.
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Matching appropriate strategies and interventions with projected changes and outcomes occurs during which phase of PRECEDE-PROCEED? 1) II, Epidemiological Assessment 2) IV, Administrative & Policy Assessment 3) V, Implementation 4) VIII, Outcome Evaluation
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4) VIII, Outcome Evaluation
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The Educational and Ecological Assessment Phase of PRECEDE-PROCEED includes determining 1) predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors. 2) educational strategies. 3) genetic and environmental factors. 4) health and policy strategies.
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1) predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors.
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Which of the following models had the goal to be the planning guide or model used to assist communities in adapting Healthy People 2020 at the state or local level? 1) PRECEED PROCEDE 2) SMART 3) MAP-IT 4) Health Communication
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3) MAP-IT
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Which of the following is NOT one of the five CHANGE sectors? 1) School sector 2) Financial sector 3) Community at large sector 4) Worksite sector
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2) Financial sector
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In PRECEDE-PROCEED, Phase ________, which seeks to subjectively define the quality of life of those in the priority population, is called ________. 1) II, Epidemiological Assessment 2) III, Behavioral and Environmental Assessment 3) IV, Administrative and Policy Assessment 4) I, Social Assessment
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4) I, Social Assessment
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Which of the following options describes the Developing Interventions step in the Generalized Model of Program Planning? 1) Process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the health needs of the population 2) Identifies what will be accomplished through the intervention or program 3) How the goals and objectives will be achieved 4) Improving the quality and effectiveness of the program
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3) How the goals and objectives will be achieved
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Refusing to wear a seatbelt because friends will tease you is an example of 1) a reinforcing factor. 2) an enabling factor. 3) a predisposing factor. 4) a strategic factor.
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1) a reinforcing factor.
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Which of the following models was designed to fill a gap in health promotion practice by translating data collected in the PRECEDE phases of PRECEDE-PROCEED into appropriate interventions? 1) Generalized Model 2) Health Plan It 3) SWOT 4) Intervention Mapping
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4) Intervention Mapping
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Which of the following would NOT be a factor for choosing a health planning model? 1) Preference of the health education specialist 2) Time and funding restrictions 3) Degree in which client/population are involved 4) Resources for data collection
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1) Preference of the health education specialist
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Which of the following was designed by the Healthy Communities Program to provide opportunities to create policy, systems, and environmental change? 1) SMART model 2) PRECEDE-PROCEED model 3) Generalized model 4) CHANGE tool
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4) CHANGE tool
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Planners must also understand the interaction between a priority population and the communities in which they live. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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All the following program models focus on linking the communities, local health departments, and the state level health department, EXCEPT PATCH MAPP PRECEED-PROCEDE APEX-PH
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PRECEED-PROCEDE
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When steps in the program planning process are adapted to the needs of stakeholders, they have Fluidity Functionality Flexibility Formality
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Flexibility
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24. It is critical for health education specialists to select one program planning per model, and to use all its components. True False
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False
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Examples of health-focused data bases include all the following EXCEPT 1) Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). 2) Medline. 3) PsycINFO. 4) ERIC.
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4) ERIC.
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Which of the following is NOT an important question for a needs assessment? 1) What is the cost of the needs? 2) Who is the priority population? 3) Where are any subgroups located geographically? 4) What is currently being done to resolve identified needs?
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1) What is the cost of the needs?
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What type of data collection is most likely to be timely and expensive? 1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary 4) Statistical
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1) Primary
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Which of the following is NOT an example of primary data obtained through observation? 1) Windshield tours 2) Walk-throughs 3) Photovoice (participatory data collection) 4) Individual surveys
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Individual surveys
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A benefit of using focus groups to collect needs assessment data is that they are very easy to conduct. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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HIAs are based on four values, which of the following is NOT one of the values? 1) Democracy 2) Equity 3) Multiculturalism 4) Ethical Use of Evidence
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3) Multiculturalism
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The process by which those who are planning programs can determine what health problems might exist in any population is called 1) survey. 2) evaluation. 3) research. 4) assessment.
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4) assessment.
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The Delphi Technique is usually carried out in a room where planners and people from the target population sit down face-to-face to discuss needs. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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Telephone interviews 1) have only one reliable method of selecting participants. 2) can use random digit dialing. 3) are quite expensive compared to other methods. 4) make it easier to reach participants than other methods.
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2) can use random digit dialing.
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A community forum involves a moderator who encourages those present from the priority population to share their concerns with others. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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The American Cancer Society and the American Heart Association are examples of 1) federal agencies. 2) fee-for-service organizations. 3) non-governmental agencies. 4) research arms of the CDC.
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3) non-governmental agencies.
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A good needs assessment considers both the needs identified by the planners and the concerns of the target population. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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Data already collected by someone else are considered secondary data. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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Which of the following is NOT a step to increase the accuracy of self-reported data? 1) Conduct a pilot study 2) Employ multiple methods 3) Use experimental groups only 4) Use multiple measures
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3) Use experimental groups only
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Key informants are strategically placed individuals who have knowledge and the ability to report on the needs of those in the priority population. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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The Nominal Group Process is highly structured. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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A windshield tour is a type of unobtrusive observation to look for indicators of community health and well-being. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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Which is a main goal of Photovoice? 1) To enable people to record and reflect on their community's strengths and concerns 2) To audio record the oral history of a community 3) To highlight the key community members on tape 4) To document preconceived ideas about the community
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1) To enable people to record and reflect on their community's strengths and concerns
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One source of secondary data about substance abuse and mental health is 1) SAMHSA. 2) US Census Bureau. 3) NCI. 4) EPA.
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1) SAMHSA.
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Administering surveys, facilitating focus groups, and conducting interviews are examples of 1) primary data collection. 2) secondary data collection. 3) tertiary data collection. 4) statistical data collection.
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1) primary data collection.
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Secondary data are often quite expensive to access. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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In the program planning process, the group who will be served is referred to as 1) the key informants 2) the pilot population 3) the priority population 4) the general population
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3) the priority population
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A community forum involves a moderator who encourages those present from the priority population to share their concerns with others. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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The Basic Priority Rating Process (BPR) is a method to quantify the subjective process of prioritizing True False
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True
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One disadvantage of collecting secondary data is that a needs assessment must be developed. True False
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False
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Terms such as distinguish, infer, prove, synthesize, and contrast are important in creating 1) program strategies. 2) outcomes for objectives. 3) vision statements. 4) goal measurements.
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2) outcomes for objectives.
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A goal is an expectation that 1) is written to include all aspects or components of a program. 2) provides specific direction for a component of a program. 3) generally has a specific timeline. 4) is easily observed by program planners and implementers.
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1) is written to include all aspects or components of a program.
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Objectives of each level type should be included in a health intervention program. 1) True 2) False
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False
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Mission statements, goals, and objectives are closely linked with 1) Areas II and IV of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators. 2) Areas II and VI of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators. 3) Areas III and IV of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators. 4) Areas III and VI of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators.
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Areas II and IV of the Responsibilities and Competencies for Health Educators
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"Before the beginning of the program, all participants will have received a DVD containing all pertinent materials and short lessons" is a(n) 1) learning objective. 2) outcome objective. 3) process objective. 4) participant objective.
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3) process objective.
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The words "understand," "know" and "appreciate" would be best suited for writing 1) objectives. 2) goals. 3) models. 4) strategies.
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2) goals.
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Objectives specify intermediate accomplishments or benchmarks that represent progress toward the goal. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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"To increase the number of people who have access to primary health care," is an example of a program 1) objective. 2) mission statement. 3) goal. 4) statement of purpose.
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3) goal.
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Healthy People 2010 was the first document of its kind in American public health history. 1) True 2) False
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False
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"By the end of the program, the participants will be able to list five risk factors for heart disease" is an example of a process objective. Question options: 1) True 2) False
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False
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Which of the following is an example of the criterion element of an objective? 1) "Reduce the occurrence of" 2) "After reading the pamphlets" 3) "With 100% accuracy" 4) "All employees of the company"
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3) "With 100% accuracy"
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The words "explain" and "define" would be best suited for what type of objective? 1) Awareness 2) Knowledge 3) Behavior 4) Environment
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Knowledge
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Questions such as "Can the objective be realized during the life of the program?" and "Does the program have enough resources?" are appropriate when planners are 1) assessing needs. 2) fine-tuning strategies. 3) selecting personnel. 4) developing objectives.
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developing objectives.
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Intermediate objectives occur soon after the program is implemented. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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The learning objectives hierarchy begins with awareness objectives. 1) True 2) False
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True
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A mission statement can be described as a program 1) goal. 2) objective. 3) overview. 4) assessment.
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overview
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"Before the beginning of the program, all participants will have received a DVD containing all pertinent materials and short lessons" is a(n) 1) learning objective. 2) outcome objective. 3) process objective. 4) participant objective.
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process objective
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"To increase the number of people who have access to primary health care," is an example of a program 1) objective. 2) mission statement. 3) goal. 4) statement of purpose.
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goal.
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According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, 1) attitude is the person's history with the behavior. 2) intention is an indication of a person's readiness to perform a behavior. 3) subjective norm is the belief that the person can accomplish the change. 4) belief is knowing that the health education specialist will be able to make the change for the client.
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intention is an indication of a person's readiness to perform a behavior
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When a person stops smoking because they recently had close friend die of lung cancer, which construct of the Health Belief Model is this consistent with? 1) Perceived Barriers 2) Perceived Susceptibility 3) Perceived Benefits 4) Perceived Seriousness
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Perceived Seriousness
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The Areas of Responsibility that relate most directly to health promotion models and theories of behavior change are 1) Area II and Area IV. 2) Area I and Area II. 3) Area III and Area V. 4) Area VI and Area VII.
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1) Area II and Area IV.
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All the following ways will increase a participant's exercise self-efficacy, EXCEPT 1) walking on a treadmill. 2) watching one's peers exercise. 3) experiencing delayed-onset soreness from exercising. 4) encouraging words from a personal trainer.
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3) experiencing delayed-onset soreness from exercising.
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The Ecological Perspective recognizes multiple levels of intervention including all the following EXCEPT 1) interpersonal. 2) environmental. 3) institutional. 4) interracial.
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interracial
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When a group facilitator provides positive verbal feedback to a participant, it is an example of: 1) self-reinforcement. 2) vicarious reinforcement. 3) direct reinforcement. 4) behavioral capability.
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3) direct reinforcement.
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Variables specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific situation. 1) True 2) False
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True
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Program planners have a much better chance of success if they select one behavior change theory and use it exclusively, rather than trying to use two or more. 1) True 2) False
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False
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Which theory/model was originally designed to explain the effects of fear appeals on health attitudes and behaviors? 1) Protective Motivation Theory 2) Elaboration Likelihood Model 3) Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skill Model 4) Social Cognitive Theory
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1) Protective Motivation Theory
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Which of the following is NOT true about theories? 1) They aid in identifying information. 2) They are needed before developing an intervention. 3) They provide a concrete framework which all health behaviors fit consistently into. 4) They aid in providing direction and justification for program activities.
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3) They provide a concrete framework which all health behaviors fit consistently into.
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The primary elements or the building blocks of a theory are 1) models. 2) concepts 3) constructs. 4) variables.
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constructs
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According to the Stimulus-Response Theory, reducing health insurance benefits for employees who continue to participate in a health-harming behavior is an example of 1) positive reinforcement. 2) negative reinforcement. 3) positive punishment. 4) negative punishment.
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4) negative punishment.
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According to the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skill Model, prevention motivation includes both 1) personal and environmental motivation. 2) personal and social motivation. 3) internal and external motivation. 4) positive and negative motivation.
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2) personal and social motivation.
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An individual who has a lower cholesterol level after improved eating habits is experiencing negative reinforcement. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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A model is a subclass of a theory. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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If people are to exercise aerobically, first they must know that aerobic exercise exists, and second they need to know how to do it properly. This is an example of 1) behavioral capability. 2) expectations. 3) self-control. 4) self-efficacy.
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1) behavioral capability.
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In what stage of the Transtheoretical Model does a person actively plan change? 1) Precontemplation 2) Contemplation 3) Preparation 4) Action
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3) Preparation
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Which of the following models would best explain why women perform monthly self-exams to reduce their risk of breast cancer? 1) Precaution Adaption Process Model 2) Protective Motivation Theory 3) Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skill Model 4) Social Cognitive Theory
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1) Precaution Adaption Process Model
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Which construct of the Transtheoretical Model focuses on weighing the pros and cons? 1) Stages of Change 2) Process of Changes 3) Decisional Balance 4) Self Efficacy
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3) Decisional Balance
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For Janice to lose weight, she must believe both that she is able to lose weight and that the weight loss will benefit her health. These beliefs are examples of 1) self-esteem and efficacy. 2) efficacy and outcome expectations. 3) positive reinforcement and strategic change. 4) positive punishment and locus of control.
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2) efficacy and outcome expectations.
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Program planning models help explain how behavior change takes place. 1) True 2) False
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False
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In the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (ELM) 1) there is only one route of attitude change, peripheral process 2) the model specifies how persuasion can have an impact on variables. 3) elaboration means the amount of cognitive processing that a person puts into 4) the process has not been successful with message tailoring
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3) elaboration means the amount of cognitive processing that a person puts into
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23. The first group of individuals to adopt a new program are referred to as 1) early adopters 2) early majority 3) laggards 4) innovators
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4) innovators
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When a person exercises to achieve weight loss, prevent heart disease, and lower blood pressure he or she is acting according to which component of the Health Belief Model? 1) Perceived Barriers 2) Perceived Susceptibility 3) Perceived Benefits 4) Perceived Seriousness
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3) Perceived Benefits
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25. An example of a construct would be Health Belief Model Social Cognitive Theory Perceived Barrier Likert Scale
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Perceived Barrier
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In the Multidirectional Communication Model when information is presented by an expert, it is considered a(n) ________ message. 1) top down 2) bottom up 3) horizontal 4) outward
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1) top down
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The culture of an organization can be thought of as its 1) behavior. 2) goals. 3) success. 4) personality.
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personality.
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Environmental change strategies 1) are designed to change the structure or types of services, or systems of care, to improve the delivery of health promotion services. 2) include completing Health Risk Assessment forms. 3) require action on the part of those in the priority population. 4) are often offered in settings like grocery stores, malls, worksites, and mobile units.
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are designed to change the structure or types of services, or systems of care, to improve the delivery of health promotion services.
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Support groups are an example of the interpersonal channel of communication. 1) True 2) False
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True
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When producing health education materials, it is important to use the same type of language for all populations. 1) True 2) False
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False
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For the public, writing at which grade reading level is usually best? 1) 6th 2) 8th 3) 10th 4) 12th
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6th
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Having access to medical facilities is an example of which of the following environments? 1) Service environment 2) Cultural environment 3) Psychological environment 4) Political environment
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1) Service environment
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When creating health communication, one can calculate the reading level by using the SMART formula. 1) True 2) False
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False
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The method of analysis that applies psychological insights into decision making is 1) traditional economics. 2) behavioral economics. 3) decision fatigue. 4) neoclassical economics.
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behavioral economics
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Which of the following intervention strategies generally has the highest penetration rate? 1) Health policy 2) Health communication 3) Health engineering 4) Health education
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Health communication
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Personal counseling is usually an example of a low-cost communication strategy. 1) True 2) False
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False
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The first three questions to ask when considering an intervention are, "What needs to change?" "What level of prevention?" and "What level of influence?" 1) True 2) False
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True
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Attending a small group meeting to learn about heart-healthy recipes is an example of a(n) 1) intrapersonal communication channel. 2) interpersonal communication channel. 3) mass media communication channel. 4) organization & community communication channel.
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2) interpersonal communication channel.
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An intervention is a ________ strategy or experience to which those in the priority population will be exposed or in which they will take part. 1) theory-based 2) self-regulated 3) single-dose 4) previously-discontinued
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theory-based
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Penalizing merchants who sell tobacco to minors is an example of 1) a worksite health program. 2) a public policy level disincentive. 3) an interpersonal level disincentive. 4) unlawful intervention.
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2) a public policy level disincentive.
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The degree to which individuals have the capacity to access, process, interpret, communicate, and act on numerical, quantitative, graphical, bio statistical, and probabilistic health information needed to make effective health decisions is called 1) health literacy. 2) health numeracy. 3) biostats. 4) health education.
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2) health numeracy.
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A buddy system is an example of a 1) 2-person group. 2) 3-person group. 3) 4-person group. 4) 5-person group.
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1) 2-person group.
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Which of the following communication channels uses church bulletins or company newsletters? 1) Intrapersonal 2) Interpersonal 3) Organization 4) Social Media
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Organization
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An intervention is sometimes referred to as treatment. 1) True 2) False
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True
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Personal visits to educate or lobby key people, community rallies, and telephone call campaigns are examples of 1) community education activities. 2) community advocacy activities. 3) community outreach activities. 4) community development activities.
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2) community advocacy activities.
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In the Multidirectional Communication Model when information is presented by an expert, it is considered a(n) _____ message. 1) top down 2) bottom up 3) horizontal 4) outward
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top down
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Health policies are seldom easy to develop. 1) True 2) False
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True
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The general principles of learning show that people learn best when the learning 1) is recognized and encouraged by the instructor 2) moves from complex to simple concepts 3) connects concepts to only one setting 4) is fast paced
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is recognized and encouraged by the instructor
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___ refers to the number of components or activities that make up the intervention 1). Dose 2). Multiplicity 3). Treatment 4). Curriculum
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Multiplicity
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The route through which a message is disseminated to the priority population is called a 1). Health education specialist 2). Communication Channel 3). Communication Rate 4). Health Risk Appraisal
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Communication Channel
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Ways to improve awareness of diversity within a community include 1) try to group beliefs and feelings into a common denominator. 2) make statements about diverse groups to determine what reaction you will get. 3) avoid humor and cultural gestures. 4) read about current and emerging issues that concern diverse groups.
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read about current and emerging issues that concern diverse groups.
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The individuals who control, both formally and informally, the "political climate" of the community are referred to as 1) active participants. 2) coalitions. 3) executive participants. 4) gatekeepers.
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gatekeepers.
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An empowered community is one in which individuals and organizations apply their skills and resources in collective efforts to meet their respective needs. 1) True 2) False
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True
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People who are seldom involved in community organizing efforts, but contribute in nonactive ways or through financial contributions are called 1) active participants. 2) occasional participants. 3) supporting participants. 4) sporadic participants.
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supporting participants.
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The most accessible assets in community mapping are 1) primary building blocks. 2) secondary building blocks. 3) potential building blocks. 4) tertiary building blocks.
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primary building blocks.
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A planner is someone who often lives outside the community where the problems reside. 1) True 2) False
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True
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Coalitions are more successful when they employ consensus methods of decision-making. 1) True 2) False
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True
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What is the first step in community organizing and building? 1) Organizing the people 2) Recognizing the issue 3) Assessing the community 4) Determining priorities
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Recognizing the issue
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Methods of professional change that deal with issues beyond the individual, family, and small group level are called ________ methods. 1) community development 2) citizen participation 3) empowered community 4) macro practice
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macro practice
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People who become involved in community organizing on an irregular basis, usually only when major decisions are made, are called 1) active participants. 2) occasional participants. 3) supporting participants. 4) intermediate participants.
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occasional participants.
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The community organization and building typology model in the text compares 1) needs and strengths with consensus and conflict. 2) strengths and weaknesses with opportunities and threats. 3) needs and wants with abilities and assets. 4) plans and positions with challenges and communities.
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needs and strengths with consensus and conflict.
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The most successful community organizing efforts have been those originating from within the community. 1) True 2) False
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True
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The bottom-up, grassroots mobilization of citizens for undertaking activities to improve the condition of something in the community is best described as 1) citizen participation. 2) community capacity. 3) community development. 4) community participation.
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citizen participation
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Which of the following would be an example of an individual asset? 1) Hospitals 2) Individual business 3) Citizen's association 4) Library
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2) Individual business
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Hospitals, public schools, and libraries are all considered secondary building blocks or assets of a community. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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According to Israel and colleagues (1994), all the following are characteristics of communities EXCEPT 1) membership — a sense of belonging. 2) common symbol systems — language, rituals. 3) shared values & norms. 4) different locations.
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4) different locations.
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The final step in community organizing process is maintaining outcomes in the community. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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Assumptions that must be made by those who assist communities with organizing include 1) people are reluctant to change. 2) communities need outside help to deal with their problems. 3) a holistic approach can handle problems that a fragmented approach cannot. 4) democracy requires a strong leader who is not afraid to make decisions.
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3) a holistic approach can handle problems that a fragmented approach cannot.
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Try to keep volunteers' schedules rigid so they don't have to deal with change. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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Skills and attributes of successful organizers include all the following EXCEPT 1) change vision attributes. 2) interactional skills. 3) frugality attributes. 4) technical skills.
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3) frugality attributes.
