Final for Sociology – Flashcards

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The statement that "culture is the complex whole" was made by:
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Edward B. Tylor
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Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society?"
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sociology
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What is the term for the ways of thinking, ways of acting, and material objects that together form a people's way of life?
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culture
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Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:
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values
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What researchers employing (blank) methods do is collect data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts hat date tot he period they want to study
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Historical
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The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called
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Social interaction
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The functions of schooling include
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Creating new culture, helping to integrate a diverse society, socializing the young
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Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings is known as:
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technology
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An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings, regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before is known as:
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generalized others
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behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status is known as
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role
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the social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that
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humans have instincts that guide our lives
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Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the (blank) in the (blank)
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general; particular
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the concept "sociology" was coined in 1838 by
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Auguste Comte
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According to the text, we might define (blank) as any formats or vehicles that carry, present or communicate information
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media
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Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that
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science has an important place in sociology
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Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
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master status
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Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the
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id
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Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color?
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
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Material culture
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Which of the following is an important element of nonverbal communication
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hand gestures
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Which of the following would be the focus of a social-conflict analysis of sports
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how sports reflect social inequality
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a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions is known as
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an experiment
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who coined the term sociological imagination
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C. Wright Mills
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Shawna is an excellent artist, but as a mother she feels that she cannot work and devote enough time to her family. She is experiencing
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role conflict
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unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations
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all of the above
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When Charles Horton Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that
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people see themselves as they think others see them
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Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life . . . in other words, not being able to make sense of your surroundings is known as
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culture shock
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A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is known as:
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structural-functionalist approach
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Family is important to the socialization process because
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all of the above
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(blank) refers to ties that reinforced through indirect paths within a social network
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embeddedness
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Cultural transmission refers to the process of
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passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
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Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?
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two people on an airplane getting to know one another
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W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because
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they are Americans citizens who have a second identity based on their skin color
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When speaking about the social-conflict approach, Karl Marx argued that the point of studying society should be
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to bring about greater social justice
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From a historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has
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increased over time
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A ________________ is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
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symbol
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________________ refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.
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gender
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_____________________ refers to how many rules guide your daily life and what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis.
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social regulation
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All of the statuses a person holds at any given time is known as:
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Status set
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A theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture is known as:
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sociobiology
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The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy is known as:
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their bedroom
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Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
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Jane Addams
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Humor is produced by:
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the social construction of reality
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A scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation is known as:
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positivism
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The view advanced by Erving Goffman of social life as essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors is known as:
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dramaturgical theory
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Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?
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Harriet Martineau
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As part of human culture, religion is an example of:
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nonmaterial culture
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__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.
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folkways; mores
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A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time, also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it is known as a
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social institution
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Which sociological perspective claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?
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symbolic approach
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crime differs from deviance in that crime
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refers to a violation of norms enacted into the law
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a temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a
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crowd
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which type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens?
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democratic leader
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(blank) was known as the first lady of management
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Lillian Gilbreth
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(blank) had what many referred to as a humanizing influence on management
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Henry Gantt
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(blank) was known as the mother of conflict resolution
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Mary Parker Follett
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the U.S. department of justice has determined that a (blank) crime is organized criminal activity across one or more national borders
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transnational crime
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what is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue resulting from group conformity
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groupthink
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the argument that some organizational researchers make that women bring special management skills that actually strengthen an organization is known as
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female advantage
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men are arrested (blank) as often as women for property crimes
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twice
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in Marx's view, social stratification is rooted in
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people's relationship to the means of production
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the concept feminization of poverty refers to the fact that in the US
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women make up an increasing percentage of the poor
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which type of social group commands a member's esteem and loyalty
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an in-group
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according to the text, in general terms, the concept of due process means that anyone charged with a crime must receive all but one of the following
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the right to have an arresting officer removed from the force
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according to the ancient Greek philosopher (blank) every culture considers some type of inequality fair
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plato
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a business supplying illegal goods or services is known as
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organized crime
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crimes against the person are known as
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violent crimes
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the attempt by society to regulate people's thought and behavior is known as
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social control
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which of the following statements illustrates the medicalization of deviance
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all of the above
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in Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them
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innovation
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Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a shock generator showed
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people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals
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relative poverty is
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found everywhere
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(blank) is closely related to social standing
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health
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the concept of mcdonaldization of society refers to
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mcdonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society
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social stratification based on personal merit is known as
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meritocracy
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which of the following is the best example of a primary group
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a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday
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by world standards, the U.S. crime rate is
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high
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while some deviance may be necessary for a society to function (blank) argued that too much deviance results from particular social arrangements
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Robert Merton
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According to the text, one important dimension of economic inequality is
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income
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work involving mostly mental activity is called
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white-collar work
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A statistical technique called "individual fixed effects" is sometimes used in the social sciences. This technique involves:
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comparing an outcome across time as some factor changes
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Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:
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economic circumstances
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Which of the following is a practice that supports the culture of poverty argument?
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multifamily households
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During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, many blacks moved north to escape Jim Crow laws in
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competition for housing and employment in the North, resulting in violent clashes between whites and blacks
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Asians have been applauded for their smooth assimilation and are referred to as:
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model minority
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The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?
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nature and nurture
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Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?
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structural-functionalism
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Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:
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it studied subjects that were once considered abnormal
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Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:
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important social influence
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Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?
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racism
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Which nation has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?
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United States
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One of the explanations of continued racism in America is:
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we colonized others within the country itself, as with slavery
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According to the underclass thesis, the poor are:
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deviant and dangerous to the mainstream
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Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries
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change a male into a female
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A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don't apply for them. Why?
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are not always optimally located for recipients.
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What was one of the major outcomes of Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act?
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limited the amount of time one could receive benefits
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Which term describes the measurement of poverty where a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members?
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absolute poverty
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Inappropriate jokes on the job and sexual bartering are both examples of:
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sexual harrassment
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Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:
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pink-collared jobs
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Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?
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math and physics
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Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:
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mental disorder
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In cultures where scant resources are available, homosexuality is practical because:
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keep down the birthrate
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Patricia Hill Collins claims that gender intersects with race, class, nationality, and religion. Which group has made the case that early liberal feminism was largely by, about, and for white middle-class women?
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black feminists
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Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?
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Growing up as the opposite sex because of socialization
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The basic idea behind feminism is that women and men should be:
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accorded equal opportunities and respect
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As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society?
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sociological imagination
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How does the textbook author use the dialogue from Pulp Fiction, in which the characters discuss how in Holland people put mayonnaise on their french fries?
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to explain the sociological imagination
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Sociologists and economists have shown that the benefits of higher education include higher median incomes for college graduates. This is known as:
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the returns to schooling
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In today's society, Randall Collins might suggest that getting a "piece of paper" is more important to many than actually having the knowledge to do a job. He calls the priority placed on formal education:
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credentialism
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A family, as a group of people living together sharing individual stories, make up a(n):
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social institution
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Which of the following sociologists developed the theory of positivism?
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August Comte
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Which of the following lists the individuals known as "the founding fathers of the sociological discipline"?
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Durkheim, Marx, and Weber
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Which of the following sociologists wrote Suicide in 1897?
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Emile Durkheim
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Which of the following was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University?
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?
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conflict theory
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In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.
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the social environment
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What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?
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socialization
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The author of the text notes that ____________________ said because we are all actors with roles, the __________________ theory argues that we also need scripts, costumes, and sets.
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Erving Goffman, dramaturgical analysis
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According to the text, the socialization that occurs within the ______________ can be affected by various demographics.
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families
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The way in which we are socialized as adults is known as _____________________
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adult socialization
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Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as
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primary group
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What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
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a social group
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The concept "bureaucracy" refers to
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an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently.
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The concept "McDonaldization" of society refers to
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McDonald's organizational principles moving to dominate all of society.
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Max Weber noted many traits of bureaucracy. Which of the following list is NOT one of them?
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favoring family members over strangers
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Formal organizations are
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large secondary groups with a goal orientation.
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In general, which of the following categories of people are "well connected" in terms of social networks?
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All of these responses are correct.
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Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?
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reference group
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Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed
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people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals.
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Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed that
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group membership has the power to generate conformity.
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the basic idea behind labeling theory is that
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deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
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Which of the following statements illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?
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All of these responses are correct.
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Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
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deviance
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Based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer
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a very limited understanding of crime.
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Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that deviance is MOST likely to arise among
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low-income youths
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Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime
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results from limited (legal) opportunity as well as accessible (illegal) opportunity
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In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?
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the act and criminal intent
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The concept of due process refers to
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the criminal justice system operating within the bounds of the law
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The concept criminal recidivism refers to
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later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.
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Read the following four statements about the social foundations of deviance. Select the one statement that is FALSE.
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There are many acts that are always deviant everywhere.
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Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification
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gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others
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The concept of structural social mobility refers to
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a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
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According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves
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class conflict
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The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to
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the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position
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The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ percent of the nation's privately held wealth.
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35 percent
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Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions?
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Latin America and Africa
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Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?
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Herbert Spencer
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The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
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based entirely on personal merit
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Comparing societies in history and around the world, we see that social stratification may be universal, but ______________ varies from one society to another.
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what is unequal, how unequal people are, and why people are unequal
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